Math Study Guide
a. Solving Simultaneous Equations (Elimination or Substitution)
• Elimination: Add/subtract to eliminate a variable.
• Example:
x + y = 10
x-y=2
→ Add: 2x = 12 → x = 6 → y = 4
• Substitution: Solve one equation for a variable, substitute in the other.
• Example:
x = 2y
x + y = 9 → 2y + y = 9 → y = 3 → x = 6
b. Word Problems Involving Simultaneous Equations
• Translate real-world situations into equations.
• Example: 'Sum of two numbers is 20. One is twice the other.'
• Equations: x + y = 20, x = 2y → 2y + y = 20 → y = 6.67 → x = 13.33
c. Area & Perimeter of Plane Figures
• Square: A = s², P = 4s → s = 5 → A = 25, P = 20
• Rectangle: A = l × w, P = 2(l + w) → l = 6, w = 4 → A = 24, P = 20
• Parallelogram: A = b × h → b = 10, h = 5 → A = 50
• Rhombus: A = (d1 × d2)/2 → d1 = 8, d2 = 6 → A = 24
• Kite: A = (d1 × d2)/2 → d1 = 5, d2 = 4 → A = 10
• Trapezium: A = ½(a + b)h → a = 6, b = 4, h = 5 → A = 25
• Triangle: A = ½ × b × h → b = 10, h = 8 → A = 40
• Heron's: a = 7, b = 8, c = 9 → s = 12 → A = √[12(12-7)(12-8)(12-9)] ≈ 26.83
• Circle: A = πr², C = 2πr → r = 7 → A ≈ 153.94, C ≈ 43.98
d. Area of Sector & Segment
• Sector: A = (θ/360) × πr² → r = 6, θ = 60° → A = (60/360)×π×36 = 18.85
• Segment: Subtract triangle area from sector area.
e. Surface Area & Perimeter of Complex Figures
• Add areas of simple parts. For perimeter, add all outer sides.
• Example: L-shape = 2 rectangles → A = 20 + 30 = 50
f. Volume, Density & Surface Area of Solids
• Cube: V = s³, SA = 6s² → s = 3 → V = 27, SA = 54
• Cuboid: V = lwh, SA = 2(lw + lh + wh) → l = 4, w = 3, h = 2 → V = 24, SA = 52
• Cylinder: V = πr²h → r = 3, h = 5 → V ≈ 141.37
g. Sphere
• V = (4/3)πr³ → r = 3 → V ≈ 113.1
• SA = 4πr² → SA ≈ 113.1
h. Pythagorean Theorem
• a² + b² = c² → a = 5, b = 12 → c = √(25+144) = 13
i. Types of Angles
• Acute: < 90°, Right: = 90°, Obtuse: 90°–180°, Straight: = 180°, Reflex: > 180°, Full: = 360°
j. Construction using Protractor/Compass
• Use protractor to draw specific angle.
• Use compass to bisect angles or lines.
k. Properties of Intersecting Lines
• Vertically opposite angles are equal.
• Angles on a line = 180°, around a point = 360°
l. Compass Angle Construction
• 60°: Compass arc; 30°: Bisect 60°; 45°: Bisect 90°; 15°: Bisect 30°
m. Plotting Points
• Use table for x → find y. Ex: y = 2x → (0,0), (1,2), (2,4)
n. Gradient (Slope)
• m = (y2 - y1)/(x2 - x1) → (1,2), (3,6) → m = (6-2)/(3-1) = 2
o. Length & Midpoint
• Length = √[(x2-x1)²+(y2-y1)²], Midpoint = ((x1+x2)/2, (y1+y2)/2)
p. Sketching Lines
• Plot 2 points using slope or table, connect to draw line.
q. Parallel & Perpendicular Lines
• Parallel: same slope. Perpendicular: m1 × m2 = -1
r. Trigonometry Ratios
• Sine = Opp/Hyp, Cos = Adj/Hyp, Tan = Opp/Adj
s. Solving for Sides/Angles
• Given angle and side → use trig ratio to find missing value.
t. Trig Word Problems
• Use triangle diagram, label sides, apply trig ratios.
• Ex: Tree shadow = 10m, angle = 30° → height = 10 × tan(30°) ≈ 5.77m