BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY

Seminar report
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Submitted to: Submitted By :

Mrs. Kratika mam

Mr. Vikash sir Dev Prakash Saini
Assistant Professor Roll No. 22/655
Department of Computer Science Univ. Roll No: 22EUCIT203
Semester/Year: VI Sem/IIIYear

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

University Department,
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
 BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN FOOD SUPPLY
Seminar report
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Submitted to: Submitted By :

Mrs. Kratika mam

Mr. Vikash sir Abhishek Mittal
Assistant Professor Roll No. 22/654
Department of Computer Science Univ. Roll No: 22EUCIT200
Semester/Year: VI Sem/IIIYear

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

University Department,
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I’ve got this golden opportunity to express my kind gratitude and sincere thanks to my Head
of Department of “IT” for their kind support and necessary counselling in the preparation of
this report. I ’m also indebted to each person responsible for the making up of this project
directly or indirectly.

I must also acknowledge our deep debt of gratitude to each one of my colleagues who led this
project to come out in the way it is. It’s my hard work and untiring sincere efforts and mutual
cooperation to bring out the project work.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents for their sound counselling and cheerful
support. They have always inspired us and kept our spirit up.

Dev Prakash Saini

CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO.

Abstract ii

List of Figures iii

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 History 2

2. WORKING

2.1 Components 4

2.1.1 Transaction 4

2.1.2 Block 4

2.2 Working 4

2.2.1 Blocks 5

2.2.2 Miners 5

2.2.3 Nodes 6

3. TYPES OF BLOCKCHAINS

3.1 Public Blockchain 7 -8

3.2 Private Blockchain 9 -10

3.3 Consortium Blockchain 11-12

3.4 Hybrid Blockchain 12-13

4. ADVANTAGES 14
5. DISADVANTAGES 15

6. APPLICATIONS 16-17

7. CONCLUSION

7.1 Project Conclusion 17

7.2 Future of Blockchain 17-18

8. REFERENCES 18

ABSTRACT
Blockchain technology has been described as the biggest technical revolution since the
Internet. The technology – which is the basis for the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, but which
can be used for much more – enables digital transactions without the use of
intermediaries, which are much faster and also more secure than has previously been
possible. Blockchain technology is expected to change a wide range of business sectors
fundamentally, such as banks and finance, consumer goods, supply chain, automotive,
energy, legal services, etc.

With Blockchain technology in financial sector, the participants can interact directly
and can make transactions across the internet without the interference of a third party.
Such transactions through Blockchain will not share any personal information
regarding the participants and it creates a transaction record by encrypting the
identifying information.

The most exciting feature of Blockchain is that it greatly reduces the possibilities of a
data breach. In contrast with the traditional processes, in Blockchain there are multiple
shared copies of the same data base which makes it challenging to wage a data breach
attack or cyber-attack . With all the fraud resistant features, the block chain technology
holds the potential to revolutionize various business sectors and make processes
smarter, secure, transparent, and more efficient compared to the traditional business
processes.

Ii

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION

The Blockchain is an encrypted, distributed database that records data, or in other

words it is a digital ledger of any transactions, contracts - that needs to be
independently recorded. One of the key features of Blockchain is that this digital ledger
is accessible across several hundreds and thousands of computer and is not bound Fig
1.1: blockchain technology

to be kept in a single place. Blockchain chain has already started disrupting the
financial services sector, and it is this technology which underpins the digital currency-
bitcoin transaction.

Blockchain is an open and distributed ledger that can be used to record transactions
between two parties. This way of recording a transaction is both permanent as well as
verifiable, which makes it one of the best ways to keep transactions. Blockchains are
built on the open-source platform. So different versions of these blockchains are
possible, which are developed as per the needs of different industries.

As blockchain is a distributed ledger, hence every transaction is stored on more than

one computer, which makes us sure that every transaction is going to be permanent
without any fear of loss. As blockchain is distributed, it can neither be owned nor be
fully controlled by a single entity. Transactions are between two parties, and no other
parties are involved, this results in lower cost, and once a transaction is performed, it
cannot be changed under any circumstances.

1.2 HISTORY
Although blockchain is a new technology, it already boasts a rich and interesting
history. The following is a brief timeline of some of the most important and notable
events in the development of blockchain.

Satoshi Nakamoto, a pseudonym for a person or group, publishes “Bitcoin: A Peer to

Peer Electronic Cash System."

The first successful Bitcoin (BTC) transaction occurs between computer scientist Hal
Finney and the mysterious Satoshi Nakamoto.

Florida-based programmer Laszlo Hanycez completes the first ever purchase using
Bitcoin — two Papa John’s pizzas. Hanycez transferred 10,000 BTC’s, worth about $60
at the time. Today it's worth $80 million.

The market cap of Bitcoin officially exceeds $1 million.

1 BTC = $1USD, giving the cryptocurrency parity with the US dollar.

Electronic Frontier Foundation, Wikileaks and other organizations start accepting

Bitcoin as donations.

Blockchain and cryptocurrency are mentioned in popular television shows like The
Good Wife, injecting blockchain into pop culture.

Bitcoin Magazine launched by early Bitcoin developer Vitalik Buterin.

BTC market cap surpassed $1 billion.

Bitcoin reached $100/BTC for first time.

Buterin publishes “Ethereum Project" paper suggesting that blockchain has other
possibilities besides Bitcoin (e.g., smart contracts).

Gaming company Zynga, The D Las Vegas Hotel and Overstock.com all start accepting
Bitcoin as payment.

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Buterin’s Ethereum Project is crowdfunded via an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) raising
over $18 million in BTC and opening up new avenues for blockchain.

R3, a group of over 200 blockchain firms, is formed to discover new ways
blockchain can be implemented in technology.

PayPal announces Bitcoin integration.

Number of merchants accepting BTC exceeds 100,000.

NASDAQ and San-Francisco blockchain company Chain team up to test the technology
for trading shares in private companies.

Tech giant IBM announces a blockchain strategy for cloud-based business solutions.

Government of Japan recognizes the legitimacy of blockchain and cryptocurrencies.

Bitcoin reaches $1,000/BTC for first time.

Cryptocurrency market cap reaches $150 billion.

JP Morgan CEO Jamie Dimon says he believes in blockchain as a future technology,

giving the ledger system a vote-of-confidence from Wall Street.

Bitcoin reaches its all-time high at $19,783.21/BTC.

Dubai announces its government will be blockchain-powered by 2020.

Facebook commits to starting a blockchain group and also hints at the possibility of
creating its own cryptocurrency.

IBM develops a blockchain-based banking platform with large banks like Citi and
Barclays signing on.

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2. WORKING

2.1 COMPONENTS

A Blockchain comprises of two different components, as follows:

2.1.1. Transaction:

A transaction, in a Blockchain, represents the action triggered by the participant.

2.1.2. Block:

A block, in a Blockchain, is a collection of data recording the transaction and other

associated details such as the correct sequence, timestamp of creation, etc.

The Blockchain can either be public or private, depending on the scope of its use. A
public Blockchain enables all the users with read and write permissions such as in
Bitcoin, access to it. However, there are some public Blockchains that limit the access to
only either to read or to write. On the contrary, a private Blockchain limits the access to
selected trusted participants only, with the aim to keep the users’ details concealed. This
is particularly pertinent amongst governmental institutions and allied sister concerns or
their subsidies thereof. One of the major benefits of the Blockchain is that it and its
implementation technology is public. Each participating entities possesses an updated
complete record of the transactions and the associated blocks. Thus the data remains
unaltered, as any changes will be publicly verifiable. However, the data in the blocks are
encrypted by a private key and hence cannot be interpreted by everyone.

2.2 WORKING

The whole point of using a blockchain is to let people — in particular, people who don't
trust one another — share valuable data in a secure, tamperproof way.Blockchain
consists of three important concepts: blocks, nodes and miners.

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2.2.1 Blocks:

Every chain consists of multiple blocks and each block has three basic elements;

• The data in the block.

• A 32-bit whole number called a nonce. The nonce is randomly generated when a
block is created, which then generates a block header hash.

• The hash is a 256-bit number wedded to the nonce. It must start with a huge
number of zeroes (i.e., be extremely small).

When the first block of a chain is created, a nonce generates the cryptographic hash.
The data in the block is considered signed and forever tied to the nonce and hash unless
it is mined.

2.2.2 Miners:

Miners create new blocks on the chain through a process called mining.In a blockchain
every block has its own unique nonce and hash, but also references the hash of the
previous block in the chain, so mining a block isn't easy, especially on large
chains.Miners use special software to solve the incredibly complex math problem of
finding a nonce that generates an accepted hash. Because the nonce is only 32 bits and
the hash is 256, there are roughly four billion possible noncehash combinations that
must be mined before the right one is found. When that happens miners are said to have
found the "golden nonce" and their block is added to the chain.

Making a change to any block earlier in the chain requires re-mining not just the block
with the change, but all of the blocks that come after. This is why it's extremely difficult
to manipulate blockchain technology. Think of it is as "safety in math" since finding
golden nonces requires an enormous amount of time and computing power.

When a block is successfully mined, the change is accepted by all of the nodes on the
network and the miner is rewarded financially.

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2.2.3 Nodes:

One of the most important concepts in blockchain technology is decentralization. No

one computer or organization can own the chain. Instead, it is a distributed ledger via
the nodes connected to the chain. Nodes can be any kind of electronic device that
maintains copies of the blockchain and keeps the network functioning.

Every node has its own copy of the blockchain and the network must algorithmically
approve any newly mined block for the chain to be updated, trusted and verified. Since
blockchains are transparent, every action in the ledger can be easily checked and
viewed. Each participant is given a unique alphanumeric identification number that
shows their transactions.

Combining public information with a system of checks-and-balances helps the

blockchain maintain integrity and creates trust among users. Essentially, blockchains
can be thought of as the scalability of trust via technology.

Another major advantage of the Blockchain technology is that it is decentralized. It is

decentralized in the sense that:

• There is no single device that stores the data (transactions and associated
blocks), rather they are distributed among the participants throughout the network
supporting the Blockchain.

• The transactions are not subject to approval of any single authority or have to
abide by a set of specific rules, thus involving substantial trust as to reach a consensus.

• The overall security of a Blockchain eco-system is another advantage. The

system only allows new blocks to be appended. Since the previous blocks are public and
distributed, they cannot be altered or revised.

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 3. TYPES OF BLOCKCHAINS

At a glance, there are four different major types of blockchain technologies. They
include the following.

• Public

• Private

• Hybrid

• Federated

3.1 PUBLIC BLOCKCHAIN

A public blockchain is one of the different types of blockchain technology. A public

blockchain is the permission-less distributed ledger technology where anyone can join
and do transactions. It is a non-restrictive version where each peer has a copy of the
ledger. This also means that anyone can access the public blockchain if they have an
internet connection.

One of the first public blockchains that were released to the public was the bitcoin
public blockchain. It enabled anyone connected to the internet to do transactions in a
decentralized manner.

The verification of the transactions is done through consensus methods such as Proof-
ofWork(PoW), Proof-of-Stake(PoS), and so on. At the cores, the participating nodes
require to do the heavy-lifting, including validating transactions to make the public
blockchain work. If a public blockchain doesn’t have the required peers participating in
solving transactions, then it will become non-functional. There are also different types
of blockchain platforms that use these various types of blockchain as the base of their
project. However, each platform introduces more features in its platform aside from the
usual ones.

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Examples of public blockchain: Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, NEO Advantages:

Public blockchains are good at what they do. Its advantages include the following.

• Anyone can join the public blockchain.

• It brings trust among the whole community of users

• Everyone feels incentivized to work towards the betterment of the public

network

• Public blockchain requires no intermediaries to work.

• Public blockchains are also secure depending on the number of participating

nodes

• It brings transparency to the whole network as the available data is available for
verification purposes.

Disadvantages:

Public blockchain does suffer from disadvantages. They are as follows: • They
suffer from a lack of transaction speed. It can take a few minutes to hours before a
transaction is completed. For instance, bitcoin can only manage seven transactions per
second compared to 24,000 transactions per second done by VISA. This is because it
takes time to solve the mathematical problems and then complete the transaction.

• Another problem with public blockchain is scalability. They simply cannot scale
due to how they work. The more nodes join, the clumsier, and slow the network
becomes. There are steps taken to solve the problem. For example, Bitcoin is working
on lighting the network, which takes transactions off-chain to make the main bitcoin
network faster and more scalable.

• The last disadvantage of a public blockchain is the consensus method choice.

Bitcoin, for example, uses Proof-of-Work (PoW), which consumes a lot of energy.
However, this has been partially solved by using more efficient algorithms such as
Proof-of-Stake (PoS).

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Use Cases:

There are multiple use-cases of the public blockchain. To get a better idea, let’s list
some of them below.

• Voting: Governments can do voting through public blockchain employing

transparency and trust.

• Fundraising: Companies or initiatives can make use of the public blockchain for
improving transparency and trust.

3.2 PRIVATE BLOCKCHAIN

A private blockchain is one of the different types of blockchain technology. A private

blockchain can be best defined as the blockchain that works in a restrictive
environment, i.e., a closed network. It is also a permissioned blockchain that is under
the control of an entity.

Private blockchains are amazing for using at a privately-held company or organization

that wants to use it for internal use-cases. By doing so, you can use the blockchain
effectively and allow only selected participants to access the blockchain network. The
organization can also set different parameters to the network, including accessibility,
authorization, and so on!

So, how is it different from a public blockchain? It is different in the way it is accessed.
Otherwise, it offers the same set of features as that of the public blockchain, providing
transparency, trust, and security to the selected participants.

Another major difference is that it’s kind of centralized as only one authority looks over
the network. So, it doesn’t have a decentralized theoretical nature. There are also
various types of blockchain platforms that use private blockchain as the base of their
platform. More so, each one of them tends to be unique and offer different features.In
many cases, a private blockchain is considered permissioned blockchain. But the
concept of permissioned blockchain is much broader as it can include public blockchain
as well.

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Examples of Private blockchain: Multichain, Hyperledger Fabric, Hyperledger
Sawtooth, Corda

Advantages:

• Private blockchains are fast. This is because there are few participants compared
to the public blockchain. In short, it takes less time for the network to reach consensus
resulting in faster transactions.

• Private blockchains are more scalable. The scalability is possible because, in a

private blockchain, only a few nodes are authorized to validate transactions. This means
it doesn’t matter if the network grows; the private blockchain will work at its previous
speed and efficiency. The key here is the centralization aspect of decision making.

Disadvantages:

• Private blockchains are not truly decentralized. This is one of the biggest
disadvantages of private blockchain and goes against the core philosophy of distributed
ledger technology or blockchain in general.

• Achieving trust within the private blockchain is tough because the centralized
nodes make the last call.

Lastly, as there are only a few nodes here, the security isn’t all that good. It is
important to understand that it is possible to lose security if a certain number of nodes
go rogue and compromise the consensus method utilized by the private network.

Use Cases:

There are multiple private blockchain’s use-cases. Some of them are listed below.

• Supply chain management: Organizations can deploy a private blockchain to

manage their supply chain.

• Asset ownership: Assets can be tracked and verified using a private blockchain.

• Internal Voting: Private blockchain is also effective at internal voting.

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3.3. CONSORTIUM BLOCKCHAIN

A consortium blockchain is one of the different types of blockchain technology. A

consortium blockchain (also known as Federated blockchains) is a creative approach to
solving organizations’ needs where there is a need for both public and private
blockchain features. In a consortium blockchain, some aspects of the organizations are
made public, while others remain private.The consensus procedures in a consortium
blockchain are controlled by the preset nodes.

More so, even though it’s not open to mass people, it still holds a decentralized nature.
How? Well, a consortium blockchain is managed by more than one organization. So,
there is no one single force of centralized outcome here.

To ensure proper functionality, the consortium has a validator node that can do two
functions, validate transactions, and also initiate or receive transactions. In comparison,
the member node can receive or initiate transactions.

In short, it offers all the features of a private blockchain, including transparency,

privacy, and efficiency, without one party having consolidating power.

Examples of Consortium Blockchain: Marco Polo, Energy Web Foundation, IBM Food
Trust.

Advantages:

• It offers better customizability and control over resources.

• Consortium blockchains are more secure and have better scalability.

• It is also more efficient compared to public blockchain networks.

• Works with well-defined governance structures.

It offers access controls.

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Disadvantages:

• Even though it is secure, the whole network can be compromised due to the
member’s integrity.

• It is less transparent.

• Regulations and censorship can have a huge impact on network functionality.

• It is also less anonymous compared to other types of blockchain.

Use Cases:

There are multiple use-cases of consortium blockchain. Some of them include the
following

• Banking and payments: A group of banks can work together and create a
consortium.

They can decide the nodes that will validate transactions.

• Research: A consortium blockchain can be used to share research data and

results.

• Food tracking: It is also great for food tracking.

3.4 HYBRID BLOCKCHAIN

Hybrid blockchain is one of the different types of blockchain technology. More so,
Hybrid blockchain is the last type of blockchain that we are going to discuss here. More
so, hybrid blockchain might sound like a consortium blockchain, but it is not. However,
there can be some similarities between them.

Hybrid blockchain is best defined as a combination of a private and public blockchain.

It has use-cases in an organization that neither wants to deploy a private blockchain nor
public blockchain and simply wants to deploy both worlds’ best.

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Example of Hybrid Blockchain: Dragonchain, XinFin’s Hybrid blockchain Advantages:

• Works in a closed ecosystem without the need to make everything public.

• Rules can be changed according to the needs.

• Hybrid networks are also immune to 51% attacks.

• It offers privacy while still connected with a public network.

• It offers good scalability compared to the public network.

Disadvantages:

Not completely transparent.

• Upgrading to the hybrid blockchain can be a challenge.

• There is no incentive for participating and contributing to the network.

Use Cases:

Some of the best use-cases of the Hybrid blockchain are as follows:

• Real estate: You can use hybrid networks for real-estate purposes where real-
estate companies can use it to run their systems and use the public to show information
to the public.

• Retail: Retail can also use the hybrid network to streamline their processes.

• Highly regulated markets: Hybrid blockchains are also ideal for highly regulated
markets such as financial markets.

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4. ADVANTAGES

The crucial advantages of implementing Blockchain Technology for the industry are:

• Decentralization : This is one of the primary benefits of this technology because,

in a Blockchain-powered system, the need for third-party or intermediaries is
eliminated by its working mechanism that manages the process of validating, verifying,
and clearing the various transactions.

• Process Integrity : Due to the security reasons, this program was made in such a
way that any block or even a transaction that adds to the chain cannot be edited which
ultimately provides a very high range of security.

• Traceability : The format of Blockchain designs in such a way that it can easily
locate any problem and correct if there is any. It also creates an irreversible audit trail.

• Trustworthy: A distributed ledger in blockchain technology records all crucial

transactions in such a manner that they are readily available to all the blockchain
members. As now the ledgers are being shared publicly, this brings more transparency
and trust in the entire system.

• Simplification: Present working model in various organizations, in whichever

sector like an automobile, healthcare, banking, etc. every department is maintaining
their own databases. Blockchain technology serves a single shared ledger that makes
data sharing fast and simpler involving all departments.

• Faster Trades: Any kind of trade or contract has to pass through various
verification processes before reaching its final destination. Blockchain technology can
assist in saving time here, by offering a single ledger to all the associated parties by
providing faster settlement of trades.

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5. DISADVANTAGES

Of course, every system has both merits and drawbacks.With some crucial advantages,
Blockchain Technology has some drawbacks too for an industry:

• Nascent Technology: With having several benefits of Blockchain Technology, the

primary disadvantage of this cutting-edge technology is that there are some nasty
challenges like transaction speed, the verification process, and data limits that should be
resolved before making blockchain widely applicable.

• Uncertain: As most of the modern currencies of today have been created and
regulated by national governments, financial institutions, etc. Blockchain or bitcoin
faces a hurdle in widespread adoption as their financial transactions would be restricted
because not authorized by the government institutions and as a result remain unsettled.

• Higher Costs: Developing a Blockchain into your organization is not an easy

task, it involves massive energy consumption, a decent amount, colossal capital cost, etc.
that might be not possible for medium-scale as well as low scale businesses. It is a fact
that it offers tremendous savings in transaction costs, but at the same time, its
implementation cost is too high.

• Power Use: The consumption of power in the implementation of Blockchain

Technology is comparatively high. Keeping a real-time ledger is one of the underlying
reasons for this higher consumption because every time it produces a new node, it
communicates with every node at the same time.

Despite all these drawbacks, blockchain is one of the most advanced and secured
technologies of the decade. If you are struggling while deciding whether to adopt
blockchain or not, shade-off your doubts and integrate the blockchain technology into
your business infrastructure. If you are finding it difficult to get a blockchain
development company that can help you create a highly functional and feature-rich
blockchain-enabled solution, then SARA could be a one-stop destination.

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6. APPLICATIONS

Blockchain has a nearly endless amount of applications across almost every industry.
The ledger technology can be applied to track fraud in finance, securely share patient
medical records between healthcare professionals and even acts as a better way to track
intellectual property in business and music rights for artists.

Fig 6.1 Applications of blockchain

Blockchain technology can be utilized in multiple industries including Financial

Services, Healthcare, Government, Travel and Hospitality, Retail and CPG.

• Financial Services: In the financial services sector, Blockchain technology has

already been implemented in many innovative ways. Blockchain technology simplifies
and streamlines the entire process associated with asset management and payments by
providing an automated trade lifecycle where all participants would have access to the
exact same data about a transaction. This removes the need for brokers or
intermediaries and ensures transparency and effective management of transactional
data.

• Healthcare: Blockchain can play a key role in the healthcare sector by increasing
the privacy, security and interoperability of the healthcare data. It holds the potential to
address many interoperability challenges in the sector and enable secure sharing of
healthcare data among the various entities and people involved in the process. It
eliminates the interference of a thirdparty and also avoids the overhead costs. With
Blockchains, the healthcare records can be stored in distributed data bases by
encrypting it and implementing digital signatures to ensure privacy and authenticity.

 Government: Blockchain technology holds the power to transform

Government’s operations and services. It can play a key role in improving the
data transactional challenges in the Government sector, which works in siloes
currently. The proper linking and sharing of data with Blockchain enable better
management of data between multiple departments. It improves the
transparency and provides a better way to monitor and audit the transactions.

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  CPG and Retail: There is a huge opportunity for Blockchain technology to be
applied in the retail sector . This includes everything from ensuring the
authenticity of high value goods, preventing, fraudulent transactions, locating
stolen items, enabling virtual warranties, managing loyalty points and
streamlining supply chain operations.
 Travel and Hospitality: It can be applied in money transactions, storing
important documents like passports/ other identification cards, reservations and
managing travel insurance, loyalty and rewards.

7. CONCLUSION

7.1 CONCLUSION

The application of the Blockchain concept and technology has grown beyond its use for
Bitcoin generation and transactions. The properties of its security, privacy, traceability,
inherent data provenance and time-stamping has seen its adoption beyond its initial
application areas. The Blockchain itself and its variants are now used to secure any type
of transactions, whether it be human-to-human communications or machine-to-
machine. Its adoption appears to be secure especially with the global emergence of the
Internet-of-Things. Its decentralized application across the already established global
Internet is also very appealing in terms of ensuring data redundancy and hence
survivability. Thus the invention of the Blockchain can be seen to be a vital and much
needed additional component of the Internet that was lacking in security and trust
before. BC technology still has not reached its maturity with a prediction of five years as
novel applications continue to be implemented globally.

7.2 THE FUTURE OF BLOCKCHAIN

According to the Gartner Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies 2017, shown in Figure
2, below, Blockchain still remains in the region of “Peak of Inflated Expectation” with
forecast to reach plateau in “five to ten years”. However, this technology is shown going
downhill into the region of the “Trough of

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Disillusionment”. Because of the wide adoption of the Blockchain in a wide range of
applications beyond cryptocurrency, the authors of this paper are forecasting a shift in
classification from “five to ten years” to “two to five years” to reach maturation.
Blockchain possesses a great potential in empowering the citizens of the developing
countries if widely adopted by e-governance applications for identity management, asset
ownership transfer of precious commodities such as gold, silver and diamond,
healthcare and other commercial uses as well as in financial inclusion. However, this
will strongly depend on national political decisions.

8. REFERENCES

Blockchain Technology Explained: The Ultimate Beginner’s Guide About Blockchain

Wallet, Mining, Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Zcash, Monero, Ripple, Dash, IOTA and
Smart Contracts, Alan T. Norman

Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy, Melanie Swan

https://builtin.com/blockchain https://www.computerworld.com/article/3191077/what-
is-blockchain-the-completeguide.html

http://graphics.reuters.com/TECHNOLOGY-
BLOCKCHAIN/010070P11GN/index.html

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