CHE202L.

Experiment Name: Identification of functional

groups of organic compounds.

Section: 1
Experiment ID: 01
Student Name: Osama Bin Abedin
Student ID: 1912906647
Group ID: 03
Date of Submission: 13/07/22
Purpose: Identification of functional groups of organic compounds.

INTRODUCTION: Since carbon and hydrogen are invariably present in

organic compounds it is not necessary to test for these elements. In fact,
if the tests for other Clements e.g. nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens are
negative it is assumed that the compound belongs to this category.
Nevertheless, the presence of carbon and hydrogen may be ascertained
by appropriate tests described under the detection of elements.

For the detection of oxygen, there is no direct test but if the substance is
readily soluble in water then the presence of oxygen in the compound is
almost certain. The tests for various functional groups should be
performed in the following order only if the compound responds
positively to these tests, then the presence of that group is certain.

MATERIALS: 1. Test tube

2. Test tube holder

3. Wash Bottle

4. Pipette

5. Spatula

Reagents/Solvents: 1. 2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine solution

2. Tollen's A Solution

3. Tollen's B Solution

4. Fehling's Solution 1

5. Fehling's Solution 2

6. Sodium bicarbonate solution

7. Litmus paper
 8. Ferric chloride solution

9. HCI

10. NaNO2

11. Dilute HCI Solution

12. Sodium bicarbonate solution.

13. Universal indicator paper.

14. 1% FeCl3 Solution

15. Metallic Sodium

Supplied Compounds: 1. Acetone

2. Formaldehyde

3. Benzaldehyde

4. Glucose

5. Methyl alcohol

6. Benzoic acid

7. Nitroaniline

8. 2, 4-dinitrophenol

9. Picric acid

10. Phenol

11. Others.

METHODS:

(A) Test for Carboxylic acid Group (-COOH)

(1) Bicarbonate test

Procedure:

1. Take a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate in a test tube and heat

the solution.

2. Then add a pinch of the organic compound.

Observation and inference:

Effervescence indicates the presence of a -COOH group.

Reaction:

(B) Test for Phenolic group

Ferric chloride test

Procedure:

1. Take 1 drop (or 0.05gm) of the compound in a test tube.

2. Add 4-5 ml of alcohol.

3. Add just 1 drop of ferric chloride solution,

Observation and inference:

The appearance of a blue, green, red, or violet color indicates the presence of
the phenolic group,

Reaction:
(C) Test for Aldehydes and Ketones

2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine test

Procedure:

1. Take 1 or 2 drops of the test substance.

2. Add 2 ml of 95% ethanol.

3. Add 3 ml of a solution of 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.

4. Shake vigorously.

5. Allow the solution to stand for 15 minutes.

Observation and inference:

Yellow, orange, or red-colored crystalline precipitate indicates the presence of

the carbonyl group (both aldehydes and ketones).

Reactions:
(D) Test for Aldehydes (-CHQ)

1. Fehling's test

Procedure:

1. In a test tube mix 1 ml each of Fehling's A and Fehling's B solution. A

deep blue color appears.

2. To this add 0.1 gm or 2-3 drops of substance and apply slow heat using the
burner until a reddish-brown precipitate form. · (Note: If the test sample is not
an aldehyde the solution might be blown out from the test tube. So be careful.]

Observation and inference:

If the blue color of Fehling's solution slowly fades away and a reddish-brown
precipitate of Cu2O is obtained, this indicates that the compound is an
aliphatic aldehyde.

Reaction:
2. Tollen's test

Procedure:

1. To 2 ml of Tollen's reagent in a test tube (Tollen's reagent A) add 2 ml of

NHOH solution.

2. Add 2-3 drops or 0.1 gm of substance.

3. Keep the test tube in boiling water without disturbing it for 5 minutes.

Observation and inference:

A shining silver mirror deposition on the walls of the test tube indicates the
presence of the aldehyde group. The compound is either an aliphatic or
aromatic aldehyde.

Reaction:

Test for Ketones:

Sodium nitroprusside test

Procedure:

1. Take 2-3 drops or 0.5 gm substance.

2. Add 1 ml freshly prepared sodium nitroprusside solution.

3. Then add NaOH solution drop by drop.

Observation and inference;

A wine red or orange-red color confirms the presence of the keto group.

Reaction:
 (E) Test for Alcohol

(THIS TEST WASN’T PERFORMED BY US)

1. Sodium Test

Procedure:

1. Take a small piece of dry sodium metal.

2. Add about 0.2 ml of the organic compound.

Observation and inference:

Vigorous effervescence indicates the presence of the hydroxyl/- OH group.

Reaction:
 3. Lucas Test for 1°, 2°, and 3° Alcohols

Principle: The test depends upon the different rates of formation of the alkyl
chlorides upon treatment with a hydrochloride acid-zinc chloride reagent
(containing 1 mol of acid to 1 mol of anhydrous zinc chloride) and with
hydrochloric acid.

Standards:1-Butanol, 2-Butanol, t-Butyl alcohol.

Procedure:

1. Take 1ml or 0.2 gm of test substance in a test tube.

2. Quickly add 6.0 ml of Lucas reagent.

3. Close the tube with a cork.

4. Shake and allow to stand.

5. Observe the mixture for 5 minutes.

Reaction:
Observation and inference:

The appearance of a cloudy second layer or emulsion

3°alcohols: immediate to 2-3 minutes.

2°alcohols: 5-10 minutes.

1° alcohol: no reaction.

(G).Test for -NH2Group

Azo-dye test:

Procedure:

1. Take 5 drops of the organic compound (0.25 gm).

2. Add 2ml of 5%HCI.

 3. Cool in ice water for 3-5 min.

4. Add 5 drops of sodium nitrite,

5. Add 1 ml of a strong solution of sodium acetate.

6. Slowly pour a solution of B-naphthol into sodium hydroxide.

Reaction:

Observation and inference:

If a red or orange precipitate of azo-dye is formed, the compound is a primary

aromatic amine.
(H) Test for -NO2Group

Procedure:

1. Add 5 ml of 20% sodium hydroxide solution in a test tube.

2. Add 3 ml of ethanol.

3. Add a drop of the test compound.

4. Shake vigorously.

Observation:

>If no color is seen, it is a mono-nitro compound.

>If blush purple color develops, it is a di-nitro compound.

> If blood-red color develops, the compound has three nitro groups.

Ferrous hydroxide test:

Procedure:

1. Add 5 ml of 5% sodium hydroxide solution in a test tube.

2. Add 3 ml of Acetone.

3. Add a drop of the test compound.

4. Shake vigorously.

Observation:

Red-brown colored PPT confirms the presence of ferrous hydroxide.

Reaction:
 Result:

Functional Compound Name of Observation Results Conclusion

Group the Test
Positiv Negative
e

Aldehyde D-Glucose 2,4 DNPH orange  An aldehyde

Group solution, No group may not
ppt be present

Fehling’s Red-brown  An aldehyde

test solution, ppt group is
present

Keto group Benzophenone 2,4 DNPH Yellow ppt  Aldehyde keto

group is
present
Phenolic Phenol FeCl3 test Dark- violet  The
Group solution substance is a
phenolic
compound

1° and 3° 1° alcohol Lucas Clear solution  May have a 1°

alcohol test (ethanol) reagent hydroxyl
(Zinc group
chloride
3° alcohol test) Very faint  May have a 3°
cloudy hydroxyl
(t-butanol) emulsion group

1° alcohol Sodium Vigorous  -OH group is

(ethanol) effervescence present

3° alcohol Vigorous  -OH group is

effervescence present
(t-butanol)

Discussion:
First, we performed a 2,4-DNPH test for the aldehyde or keto group,
which involves adding 3ml of 2,4-dinitrophenylhdrazine solution to 3ml
of ethanol and shaking the mixture firmly before waiting 15 minutes.
After 15 minutes of observation, we noticed that the solution had
become orange and deduced that the presence of an aldehyde or keto
group meant the outcome was favorable. However, we concluded it as
the aldehyde group was not present, which was not correct. We
repeated Fehling's test to determine the presence of an aldehyde or keto
group and obtained a positive result as 2,4 DNPH test. For the Fehling's
test, we first combine 1 ml of each Fehling's A and B solution in a test
tube; this results in the appearance of a deep blue hue. 0.1 gram of
material is added after that, and the burner is used to slowly heat the
mixture until a reddish-brown precipitate appears. When it turns
reddish-brown, we know that an aldehyde or keto group was present in
the solution. Another reason is that the solution did not blow out of the
test tube since we know that if the test sample is not an aldehyde or
keto, the solution may blow out of the test tube. So, we must exercise
caution. Both tests showed that the substance was D-glucose.

Again, we performed the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) test as

previously, adding 2 ml of ethanol and 3 ml of the 2,4-
dinitrophenylhydrazine solution to the mixture, shaking it vigorously, and
then waited 15 minutes. After 15 minutes of observation, we noted that
the solution was becoming orange and inferred the presence of an
aldehyde or keto group, or we might conclude that the outcome was
good. Thus, we deduced that the substance is benzophenone.

Then, a phenolic group ferric chloride test was carried out. In order to
determine whether a compound is phenol, we first put 1 drop of the
compound in a test tube, added 4/5 ml of alcohol, and just 1 drop of
ferric chloride solution. As a consequence, we saw that the solution
turned dark green, indicating a positive result that indicated the
existence of phenolic group.

The Lucas reagent test was performed on 1° and 3° alcohol. In this case,
we took 1ml or 0.2 gram of test material in a test tube, then promptly
added 6.0 ml of Lucas reagent . We then agitated it and waited 5 minutes
before seeing the combination. For 1° alcohol, the solution was clear,
resulting in a negative result, indicating that perhaps 1° alcohol was
present in the solution. But we have done a mistake and marked the
result as a positive one, which should be prevented. For 3° alcohol,
however, we saw an emulsion and foggy layer, resulting in a positive
result, indicating that 3° alcohol group was present in the solution.

The sodium test for both types of alcohol—1° and 3°—was successful,
and both types of alcohol— 1° and 3°—showed robust effervescence,
indicating the presence of the OH group in the solution. However, the
lab teacher performed the sodium test; we did not do so.