Projection keyboard

Andriod
The iphone

Mobile Computing
•

Goolge glass Portable projectors

The iPad
 Chapter Outline

• Definition
• Trends of computing
• Mobile devices
• Mobile computing issues & Challenges
• Mobile computing applications & platforms
• Mobile OS

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 What is computing?

• Computing is the activity of performing computations.

• It can also be defined as the activity of using computer
hardware and software for some purpose.

3 3
 Computing Trend
Size

Number One Computer for One

Person
One Computer for Many Many Computer for One
People (PC Computing) Person
(Mainframe Computing) (Pervasive Computing)

1960’s 1980’s 2000’s

 Existing computing paradigms
Personal
Parallel
Computing
Computing

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i strib u p er ng
D u t i ng S p u ti
o m p Com
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Mobile Cloud
Computing Computing

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Perv n o g
asive u o
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Com A p
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 Computing Paradigms…

Personal computing system

– refers to the use of personal computers for Computation.
Characterized by
– Local software installation,
– Local system maintenance
– Customizable to user needs
– Very low utilization

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 Computing Paradigms…
Distributed computing :
• refers to the use of distributed systems to solve computational problems.
Distributed system
• consists of multiple autonomous computers that communicate through
a computer network.
• it appears to its users as a single coherent system.

• Example: surfing the web from different terminals on university. Each

web page consists of hypertext, pictures, movies and elements
anywhere on the internet.
– Google has more than 1.5 million servers across the globe.

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 Distributed computing…

• Distributed systems are characterized by:

- remote information access (Message passing )
- High availability (replication , mirrored execution, ...)
- fault tolerance (atomic transactions, consistency …)
- Security

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 Computing Paradigms…
Parallel Computing
• Calculations of large problems are divided into smaller parts and carried
out simultaneously /concurrently on different processors.
• Characterized by
– Shared memory (to exchange information between processors)

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 Computing Paradigms…
What is Mobile Computing?
 Mobile
- Able to move freely.
- usually Wireless is need to move freely.
 Computing
- The activity of performing computations.
 A simple answer =>
- Performing computation in mobile units

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 Mobile Computing
• Using:
– small size portable computers, hand-helds and other small wearable
devices,
• To run stand-alone applications (or access remote applications) via:
– wireless networks: IR, BlueTooth, W-LANs, Cellular, W-Packet Data
networks, SAT. etc.
• By:
– nomadic or mobile users (animals, agents, trains, cars, cell phones, ….)
 Three basic components of mobile computing;
 Networks: communication
 Devices and computing units :mobile
 Applications : Computation
 Computing Paradigms…
Pervasive/ Ubiquitous computing
- is about the invisible and everywhere (every time) computing
• Ubiquitous= “seeming to be in all places”
• Pervasive= “present or noticeable in every part of a thing or
place”
Characteristics
 Invisible: tiny, embedded, attachable…
 Every where: wireless, dynamically configurable, remote access,
adapting, …

“It is about making computers so embedded, so fitting, so natural that we

use them without even thinking about them.”

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 Pervasive computing Example
- Automatic adjustment of heating, cooling and lighting levels in a room
based on an occupant’s profile.
- refrigerators "aware" of their suitably tagged contents, able to both plan
a variety of menus from the food actually on hand, and warn users of
stale or spoiled food.
• Characterized by :
- Context Awareness (physical location, physiological state,
emotional state,….. distraction-free)
- Ad-hoc Networks
- Smart Spaces(equipped with visual and audio sensing systems)
- Smart Sensors, Wearables…

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 Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing provides computation, software, data access, and
storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of physical
location and configuration of system that delivers the services.
• Characteristics: Agility, Reduced Cost, Device And Location
Independence, On-demand Scalability and Performance.

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 Mobile devices
• A mobile device (a.k.a. handheld device, handheld computer) is a
pocket-sized computing device, typically having a display screen with
touch input or a miniature keyboard.
• Due to the rapid advancement of the technology its hard to make a
specific classifications of mobile devices.
Different types of mobile devices
Laptop Tablet PC
- Notebook E-book readers
- Netbook
- Ultra-Mobile PC
Communication devices
- pager
- Smartphone
- PDA &Pocket PC
- cell phone
- Cordless phone 15
 Mobile devices…
• Laptop in general
– is a small personal computer designed for portability.
– Usually all of the interface hardware(ports, graphics card, sound
channel, etc.,) are built in to a single unit.
– Contain batteries that can power the device for some periods of
time.
– upgrade is usually difficult/impossible. ( Keyboard / display)

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 Laptop…
Notebook
• Screen -(10” and above)
• Purpose- (multi- purpose)
• Weight – (light)
• Computing power (high )
– heavy multi-tasking loads e.g creating and editing HD video
or computer aided engineering SWs.
– contain high capacity batteries.

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 Laptop…
Netbook
• Screen -(7”-10”)
• Purpose
– (limited,.. internet, basic applications)
• Weight – (very light)
• Computing power (low )
– Used for basic applications. E.g. Office applications
– Longer battery life.

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 Laptop…
Ultra mobile-pcs(UMPCs)
• Screen -(4”-7”)
• Purpose
– (very limited,…, Internet, veiw info)
• Weight –(very very light)
• Computing power (very low )
– Used for basic applications. E.g. Office applications
– Longer battery life.
• UMPCs are pocketable!
• reduced specification (lack CD-drive, LAN )

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 Communication devices…
• Pager
• Beeper
– because of the sound it made
• Voice Tone Pagers
– Recorded Voice message.
• Numeric Pagers
– can display up to twenty digits at a time.
• Alphanumeric Pagers
– modified versions of numeric pagers with
sophisticated display to accommodate text

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 Communication devices…
• Two-way Alphanumeric pagers
– are alphanumeric pagers capable of both sending &
receiving text messages.
• Still used in
• emergency services: fire & police stations.
• large hospital complex, where cellular coverage is often
weak or nonexistent
• Fancy Restaurant( waiting staff )

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 Communication devices…
Mobile phone/cellphone
• Provides
– voice communications,
– Short Message Service (SMS),
– Multimedia Message Service (MMS),
• newer phones also provide
– Internet services
• Web browsing, instant messaging capabilities &
• e-mail.

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 Communication devices…
PDA: Personal Digital Assistant
– designed primarily to provide the functionality of
maintaining appointments, tasks, contacts, etc.
– usually pen-based,(use a stylus rather than a keyboard for
input)
• Traditional PDAs have not had phone or fax services
• Today PDAs function as a
– cellular phone, fax sender, Web browser and personal
organizer.
• Pocket PC: A type of PDA/smartphone which runs
WindowsMobile as its operating system.

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 Communication devices…

Smart phone
• traditional PDA + cellular phone
– combines standard phone features,
such as making and receiving phone calls,
with computer functionality.
• Incorporates
– Wi-Fi access, email, calendars and
– GPS
• let you store information & install programs

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 Smart phone Functionality
• Voice calls (of course), Video calls
• Local File Storage
• Internet/Cloud Services
• Office Computing
• eBook Reader
• Multimedia Player
• Digital Audio/Video Recorder
• Location Based Services
• Context awareness

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 Communication devices…
• Cordless telephone is a telephone with a wireless
handset that communicates via radio wave with
base station connected to a fixed telephone line.

Tablet PC
– portable personal computer equipped with a touch screen as
a primary input device and designed to be operated and
owned by an individual.
– use virtual keyboards and handwriting recognition for text
input through the touchscreen.
– Tablet PCs also can be connected to a full-size keyboard
and monitor

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 Cont...
• Two main types of tablet PCs:
• Convertible -look a lot like normal laptops except the
screen can be rotated all the way around and laid down flat
across the Keyboard.
• Slate- looks like a flat screen without a keyboard

Advantage
- Great mobility
- Save money
• stationer costs stays in your pocket
- digital ink
• record your handwriting and drawings

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 Mobile devices…
• E-book reader
– portable electronic device that
is designed primarily for the purpose
of reading digital books and publication.
Support
- Text to Speech
- Internet Capabilities( Wi-Fi ,3G)

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 Mobile computing application
• Transport
– position and tracking via GPS
– prevent accidents, navigation system.
– Tourist navigation

• Emergencies/ Disaster relief

– early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current
status, first diagnosis.
– earthquakes, hurricanes, fire etc.

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 Mobile computing application…
• Business
– M-Commerce: mobile E-commerce /shopping …
– M-Banking: offer mobile access to financial and account
information.
– Dashen bank provides the first mobile Banking service in Ethiopia
– Advertising: using SMS is becoming very popular in our country.
– Traveling salesperson
• Entertainment, education
– outdoor Internet access
– multi user games
– M-learning : E-learning

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 Mobile computing application…
• Location aware
– find services in the local environment, e.g. printer
– nearest cash ATM/ shop / restaurant/hotel
• Web access & Communication
– outdoor Internet access
– Electronic Mail
– Chatting
• Application Services in general
– push: e.g., breaking news info
– pull: e.g., nearest cash ATM

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 Activity
• State one mobile application idea that you will develop
as your course project .

• Start thinking about What you will do ?

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 Quiz (10%)
1. Define Mobile Computing
2. Why will mobile computing revolutionize the way we use
computers?
3. What problems are associated with mobile computing and
wireless networks?
4. What is a palmtop?
5. How can the network capacity of a wireless network be
improved?

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 Ans.
1. Performing computation in mobile units
2. Because these wireless computers can communicate with other
computers even though the user is changing location. This means
that if you are carrying a mobile computer you will be able to
communicate and access information from any position at any time.
3. Network failure is a problem because wireless communication is
more affected by disconnection than wired communication. Low
power is a problem since hand-held computers need to be small
and light and small batteries must be used
4. Palmtops are hand held computers with low speed CPU and limited
memory. They provide applications such as schedule, calendar
and spread sheets. To improve their portability, manufacturers
design palmtops such that they are powered by small light batteries.
5. Increasing the number of cells. The capacity of a wireless network is
measured by its bandwidth per unit cubic meter. The network
bandwidth is divided among the users sharing a cell. Therefore
increasing the number of mobile users in a cell decreases the network
capacity.
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 Comparison to Wired Net.
• Wired Networks • Mobile Networks
- high bandwidth - low bandwidth
- low bandwidth variability - high bandwidth variability
- can listen on wire - hidden terminal problem
- high power machines - low power machines
- high resource machines - low resource machines
- need physical - need proximity
access(security) - higher delay
- low delay - disconnected operation
- connected operation

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 Mobile OS
• Mobile OS is the operating system that controls a mobile device similar
in principle to an operating system such as Windows, Mac OS, or Linux
that controls a desktop computer or laptop.
• What are the major functions of any OS?
– managing the various peripheral devices: eg. mouse, keyboard
– Provides a user interface:, e.g. CLI, (GUI)
– Handles system resources: such as computer's memory and sharing
of the central processing unit (CPU) time by various applications or
peripheral devices
– Provides file management : refers to the way that the operating
system manipulates, stores, retrieves and saves data.

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Types of Mobile OS

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Symbian
– Market share(2010): 37.6%( #1 )
– License : open source - CPU Architecture: ARM
– Company: Nokia. - Programmed in: C++
– Application store: Symbian Horizon,Ovistore(10000+)
– Package manager: Nokia Ovi Suite
– Other: multi-touch, easily affordable cost
• Pros
– Massive global reach(Leads WW market with 62% of smartphones)
– being open source could help accelerate pace of innovation
• Issues
– Limited reach in the US/Developed countries
– Application distribution more difficult today vs. iPhone’s app store
– Manufacturer dependent.

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Android
– Market share(2010): 22.7% Aug 2017 72.7%
– License : open source - CPU Architecture: ARM, x86
– Company: Open Handset Alliance(Google).
– Application store: Google play (700,000+)
– Package manager: APK - Programmed in: C, C++, Java
– Other: multi-touch, Linux
• Pros:
– Open source => accelerate pace of innovation
– Manufacturer-independent => could help accelerate consumer
adoption
– Technology support (touchscreen,GPS,accelerometer,video cameras)
• Issues:
– Late to market relative to iPhone
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 Sensors
• Ambient Light Sensor:
– adjusts the display brightness
• Proximity Sensor
– detects how close screen of the phone is to your body. display turns
off in order to save battery
• Accelerometer, Gyroscope
– detect the orientation of the device and adapts the content to suit the
new orientation
• Combining a gyroscope with an accelerometer allows the device to
sense motion on six axes – left, right, up, down, forward and backward,
as well as roll, pitch and yaw rotations – allowing for more accurate
motion sensing abilities comparable to a game controller such as the
Wii-mote.

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 Types of Mobile OS
• BlackBerry RIM OS
– Market share(2010): 16.0%
– License : Proprietary
– Company: Research in motion (RIM).
– CPU Architecture: ARM
– Programmed in: Java
– Application store: Blackberry App World(30000+)
– Package manager: Blackberry Desktop Manager
– Other: not multi-touch, push email service

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 BlackBerry OS (RIM)
• Pros:
– Large reach and data-hungry user base
• Leads US market with 31% of smartphone traffic
• #3in WW market with 11% of smartphone traffic
– Developers not limited to single distribution
channel
• Issues:
– Less Developer momentum
– Application distribution more difficult today vs.
iPhone’s app store
– Users more email focused vs. web consuming
iPhone users
– RIM / hardware dependent

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 Types of Mobile OS
• Apple iOS
– Market share(2010): 15.7%
– License : Proprietary - CPU Architecture: ARM
– Company: Apple. - Programmed in: C,C++,Objective-C
– Application store: Apple App Store(300,000+)
– Package manager: iTunes
– Other: Mac OS X, multi-touch, for iphone ,ipod touch ipad, Apple Tv
Pros:
Strong user growth and data-hungry user base
Application store creating a vibrant app ecosystem
Powerful technology (e.g., multi-touch, GPS, accelerometer)
Issues:
App approval process is largely a black-box to developers
Apps viewed as competitive to Apple are often shut down
App store is the only authorized distribution channel
Apple / hardware dependent
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 Types of Mobile OS
• Windows Mobile
– Market share(2010): 4.2%
– License : Proprietary - CPU Architecture: ARM
– Company: Microsoft. - Programmed in: C++
– Application store: Windows Marketplace for Mobile
– Package manager: Windows Mobile Device Center/ActiveSync
– Other: multi-touch, Windows CE
Pros
Strong user reach: US market with 30% of smartphone traffic
Manufacturer independent
>18K apps
Windows Mobile 7 support refurbish UI and multi-touch
Issues
Less developer enthusiasm vs. that for iPhone and Android
Application distribution more difficult today vs. iPhone’s app store
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 Types of Mobile OS
• Others
– Palm OS- mobile operating system initially developed by
Palm
– webOS – Mobile operating system from HP/Palm
– Bada - Mobile operating system developed by Samsung
Electronics
– MeeGo OS – from Nokia and Intel (open source, GPL)

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 More on Mobile OS
• Mobile OS introductions / summaries
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_OS
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_OS
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Android
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_OS
• Comparison / analysis
– http://mobithinking.com/mobile-marketing-tools/latest-mobile-
stats

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 Mobile computing issues & Challenges
• Location issues
• Connection Quality
• Device limitations
• Security risks
• Wide variety terminals and devices with different
capabilities

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 Challenges
• Location
– Device location is always changing
– Mobility: challenges and opportunities
– Localization & Location sensitivity
– Routing data and messages
• Localization is the ability of mobile application to accommodate logic
that allows the selection of different business logic, level of work flow,
and interfaces based on a given set of location information commonly
referred to as locales.

• E.g Location in Ethiopia currency ETB , TAX… e-commerce Web sites

are able to take into account the different taxation rules depending on the
locale of the sale and the location of the purchase.

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 Location…
• Location sensitivity is the ability of the device and the software application
to first obtain location information while being used and then to take
advantage of this location information in offering features and functionality.
• Methods for collecting location
– Prompt the user to select the location
– Using the device( GPS, signal strength and triangulation can be used to
come up with some approximate location information, depending on the
cellular network)
• Techniques
– Triangulation: calculation of position information based on distance.
– Proximity: detecting an object when it is near a known location through
observed changes at that location.
– scene analysis: uses features of a scene observed from a particular
vantage point to draw conclusions about the location of the observer or of
objects in the scene. E.g. using camera

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• Examples:

– Location-based recommendations, geo-tagging

– GeoLife: shopping list when near a grocery store
– TrafficSense: real-time traffic conditions
– Fieldworker assistant

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 Connection ….

• Quality of Service
– Wireless connection is used usually
– loss of network connectivity, due to mobility.
– Frequent Disconnection
– Variable Bandwidth(indoor , outdoor)
– Heterogeneous Networks (2G,3G, Satellite, wifi..

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 Frequent Disconnections
 Handoff blank out (>1ms for most cellulars)
 Drained battery disconnection
 Voluntary disconnection (turned off to preserve battery power, also
off overnight)
 Theft and damage (hostile environment)
 Roam-off disconnections

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 Device limitation

• Device limitation
– Power
– Storage
– CPU
– User interface
– Lack of de-facto general architecture
• Mobile device are small!
– Physical limitation => Display , Memory, Cpu, Power…
limitations
– The heaviest part of mobile devices are batteries

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 Mobile software development(WHY?)
• Motivation
In Africa:
– + 1 billion people
– + 30 million computers
– + 264 million mobiles
• Largest growth rate of mobile subscribers
• For most Africans/Ethiopians, our mobile is our only computing
device!

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 Mobile Application Marketplaces
• Google, Apple, Nokia, Palm, etc. have mobile marketplaces where one
can sell applications.
– Application delivery over the Network!
• Apple iPhone App store:
– 350,000 applications
– 1 Billion downloads !
– $1 Million USD a day in sales!

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 Mobile Software Development
• Challenges
– Different Operating Systems.
– Different Screen Size.
• are a challenge even on the same OS
– Different Input methods.
• Keyboard (Keypad – Keyboard – Soft Keyboard),
• TrackBall/Joystick, Pen (Handwriting), Touch,
• Microphone(Voice Command), Camera(Image Recognition), GPS
– Different Hardware Architectures.
• most dominant architectures in the market of CPUs is the ARM
architecture
– Limited computing capabilities.
– Lack of good language support
– Security (Always shared medium)

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 Mobile Software Development
• Solutions to Challenges
– Multi Modal Interface.
• E.g Combining the face and speech recognition together helps to
increase speech recognition accuracy and lower word error rate.
– Simplified Algorithms (Speed ).
– Data Compression (Size & Speed).
– Programming Language Selection.
– Screen independent graphical coordinates or layout managers.
– Unicode Support
– Encryption and authentication

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 Mobile Software Development
• Programming Languages
– C/C++, .NET, Java ME, FlashLite, SilverLight Mobile
– JavaFX, HTML/WML/JAVASCRIPT/AJAX
• selection is same reasons for using them on the desktop.
• Some languages are for web,
• some are for performance,
• some for portability,
• some of skills and preferences.

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 Architecture( Managed Vs. native)
Managed code
• If you write programs for the mobile devices you should plan to work
in the Compact Framework using “managed” code.
• This makes your programs
– Portable
– Safe
– Easy to write
• Programs execute within a managed environment.
• Code is not produced for a specific target hardware.
• Code is validated before execution.
Native (unmanaged) code
• Compiled for the specific hardware in the device.
• Has direct access to the processor instruction set.

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 So, Rules To Code By
• Use Managed Code wherever possible
• Good reasons to use Native Code:
– You *really* want speed
– You *really* want to drive the hardware directly
– You are being paid *really* large sums of money to do it

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 Why Android?
• Open source
• Easy to develop
• Wide tech support
• Android NO. #1 Mobile Os in the current market !
• To start to develop you need:
– JDK
– Eclipse IDE/Android Studio
– ADT plug-in
– Android SDK

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 Application Categories
• Informational
– Converters, weather, area-guides, finance
– Location-based
• Data Entry
– Business records, medical records, exercise
• Multimedia
– Camera, video, music, photos, ringtones
• Shopping
– m-commerce, compare prices

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 Application Categories
• (Social) Networks
– IM, MySpace, Facebook, binu
• Communication
– Skype, Tango, viber, VoIP, SMS, video
• Business productivity
– spreadsheets, inventory
• Utilities
– Torch (flashlight), notepad, stopwatch
• Games

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Recent Facts

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Global smart phone share

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 Summary
• Computing Trend
• Existing computing paradigms
• Mobile computing applications
• Different types of mobile devices
• Mobile OS
• Mobile Software Development

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