3.
8-BIT DIVISION
STEP 1: Start the Program.
STEP 2: Set up initial references and counter.
STEP 3: Loop through values starting from memory 4151.
STEP 4: Compare each value against the first value.
STEP 5: Count how many values are greater than or equal.
STEP 6: Store the last processed value and the count in memory.
STEP 7: Stop the Program.
III-SORTING AND SEARCHING
1 SEARCHING FOR AN ELEMENT IN AN GIVEN ARRAY
STEP 1: Start the Program.
STEP 2: Set the initial pointer to the reference value.
STEP 3: Load the reference value for comparison.
STEP 4: Set up the pointer for the values to compare.
STEP 5: Initialize the loop counter.
STEP 6: Loop through the values:
Load the current value.
Compare it with the reference.
If a match is found, jump to store the result.
If not, continue to the next value and decrement the counter.
STEP 7: If no matches are found after the loop, store 00.
STEP 8: If a match is found, store 01.
STEP 9: Stop the Program.
2.a) SORTING IN ASCENDING ORDER
STEP 1: Start the Program.
STEP 2: Set up counters for outer and inner loops.
STEP 3: Iterate through a block of data at memory address 8100 for a total of 4 iterations.
STEP 4: In each inner loop:
Compare the current value with the next value.
If the current value is greater, swap it with the next value.
STEP 5: Repeat the process until all outer loop iterations are complete.
STEP 6: Stop the program.
3.a) LARGEST ELEMENT IN AN ARRAY
STEP 1: Start the Program.
STEP 2: Set up the initial pointer to the data at address 8100.
STEP 3: Load the first value from memory into register A.
STEP 4: Set a loop counter (B) to iterate 4 times.
STEP 5: In each iteration:
Increment the address in HL to access the next value.
Compare the current value with the value in A.
If the current value is less, update A with this new value.
STEP 6: Decrement the loop counter after each comparison.
STEP 7: Store the final value in A into memory at address 8105.
STEP 8: Stop the program.
3.a) SMALLEST ELEMENT IN AN ARRAY
STEP 1: Setup: Initialize memory address and loop counter.
STEP 2: Load First Value: Get the initial value from memory.
STEP 3: Loop:
For each of the 4 values:
o Move to the next memory location.
o Compare the current value with the value in A.
o If the current value is less, update A.
STEP 4: Decrement the counter and repeat until all values are checked.
STEP 5: Store the minimum value found into memory address 8105.
STEP 6: Stop the program.
REVERSING ARRAY ELMENT
STEP 1: Start the Program.
STEP 2: Setup: Initialize registers and memory addresses.
STEP 3: Load Initial Values: Load the first value into C and prepare the destination in D.
STEP 4: Loop through Values:
STEP 5:For each value:
o Decrement HL to access the current value.
o Copy the current value to B.
o Increment HL to access the next value.
o Store the value from B back to the current memory address.
o Store the processed value into the memory location pointed to by D.
o Update the pointers and counters accordingly.
STEP 6: Repeat until all values have been processed.
STEP 7: Terminate the program.
4. BLOCK MOVE
STEP 1: Start the Program.
STEP 2:Setup: Initialize the registers and set the loop counter to 5.
STEP 3: Loop Through Values:
For each of the 5 values:
o Load the value from the source address into register A.
o Store that value into the destination address.
o Increment both the source (HL) and destination (DE) addresses.
o Decrement the loop counter.
STEP 4: Repeat until all values have been moved.
STEP 5: Stop the Program.
IVCODECONVERSION
1.a)BCD TO HEX
STEP 1: Start the Program.
STEP 2: Setup: Initialize the pointer to memory address 5000.
STEP 3: Load Value: Get the value from 5000 into register A.
STEP 4: Calculate:
1.Double the value and store it in B.
2.Update A to be four times the original value.
STEP 5: Add Another Value:
1.Read the next value from 5001, and add it to A.
STEP 6: Store the Final Result: Place the resulting value into 5002.
STEP 7: Stop the program.
1.b)HEX TO BCD
STEP 1: Start the Program.
STEP 2: Setup: Initialize the memory pointer and registers.
STEP 3: Load Initial Value: Get the value from memory at 5000H into register C.
STEP 4: First Loop:
1.Continuously add 01H to A and adjust it for valid BCD until a carry occurs.
2.Each carry increments D, which counts how many times A reached the limit.
STEP 5: Second Loop:
1.Decrement C, ensuring the loop continues for the number of initial values loaded.
STEP 6: Store Results: Save the adjusted value back to 5000H and potentially
store another value (from B) into 5003H.
STEP 7: Stop the program.
BINARY TO ASCII
STEP 1: Start the Program.
STEP 2: Setup: Initialize the pointer to memory address 5000H.
STEP 3:Load Value: Get the value from 5000H into register A.
STEP 4: Check and Convert:
1.If the value is less than 10, convert it to its ASCII equivalent ('0' to '9').
2.If the value is 10 or more, convert it to ASCII ('A' and above).
STEP 5: Store the Result: Save the converted ASCII value into the next memory
address (5001H).
STEP 6: Stop the program.
2.a) ASCII TO BINARY
STEP 1: Start the Program.
STEP 2: Setup: Initialize the pointer to memory address 8030H.
STEP 3: Load Value: Get the value from 8030H into register A.
STEP 4: Convert ASCII to Numerical:
1.Subtract 30H to convert an ASCII character (e.g., '0'-'9') into its numerical equivalent.
STEP 5: Check Range:
1.If the value is less than 10, jump to the label.
2.If it is 10 or greater, further adjust the value by subtracting 07H.
STEP 6: Store the Result: Save the adjusted value into 8031H.
STEP 7: Stop the program.
3.a) ASCII TO BCD
STEP 1: Start the Program.
STEP 2: Setup: Initialize the HL register to point to the memory address 8030H.
STEP 3: Load Value: Read the value from 8030H into register A.
STEP 4: Convert ASCII to Numerical: Subtract 30H from A to convert the ASCII
value of a digit into its corresponding numerical value.
STEP 5: Store the Result: Write the numerical value to the memory address 8031H.
STEP 6: Stop the program.
3.a) BCD TO ASCII
STEP 1: Start the Program.
STEP 2: Read data from memory location M into accumulator A.
STEP 3: Add 30H to the value in A.
STEP 4: Store the result from A into memory location 8031H.
STEP 5: Stop the program.
MICROCONTROLLER 8051
PROGRAMS
SIMPLE PROGRAMS IN MICRO CONTROLLER
1. Addition 2.Subtraction 3.Multiplication 4.Division
STEP 1: Start the Program.
STEP 2: Addition
Load the accumulator (A) with the value 2.
Add 3 to the value in A.
Store the result in register R0.
Clear the accumulator (A) and the carry flag (C).
STEP 3: Subtraction
Load A with 5.
Subtract 2 from A.
Store the result in register R1.
STEP 4: Multiplication
Load A with 3.
Load register B with 4.
Multiply A and B.
Store the product in register R2 and the multiplier in register R3.
Clear A.
STEP 5: Division
Load A with 95.
Load B with 10.
Divide A by B.
Store the quotient in register R4 and the remainder in register R5.
STEP 6: Stop the Program.
INTERFACING EXPERIMENTS USING 8051
1. REALISATION AND BOOLEAN EXPRESION
STEP 1: Start the Program.
STEP 2: Initialize Values
Load accumulator (A) with 45H.
Load register (R0) with 67H.
STEP 3: Bitwise AND Operation
Perform a bitwise AND between A (45H) and R0 (67H).
Store the result in memory address 20H.
STEP 4:Bitwise OR Operation (First Instance)
Load A with 45H.
Perform a bitwise OR between A (45H) and R0 (67H).
Store the result in memory address 21H.
STEP 5: Bitwise OR Operation (Second Instance)
Load A with 45H again.
Perform another bitwise OR between A (45H) and R0 (67H).
Store the result again in memory address 21H (overwrites the previous value).
STEP 6: Bitwise XOR Operation
Load A with 45H.
Perform a bitwise XOR between A (45H) and R0 (67H).
Store the result in memory address 22H.
STEP 7: Bitwise Complement
Load A with 45H.
Complement (invert) the value in A.
Store the complemented result in memory address 23H.
STEP 8: Stop the Program.
3..LED PORTS
Initialize Port 1 (P1)
Set all bits of Port 1 (P1.0 to P1.7) to output mode.
Initialize P1 to 00H, turning all LEDs off.
Main Loop
Enter the MAIN label:
o Toggle LEDs: Complement (invert) the bits of P1, which toggles the state of the
connected LEDs.
o Delay: Call the DELAY_SHORT subroutine to create a visible delay so that the LED
blinking can be seen.
o Repeat: Jump back to MAIN to continue toggling the LEDs.
Delay Subroutine
Set R2 to 20 for the outer loop counter.
Enter the OUTER_LOOP:
o Set R1 to 30 for the inner loop counter.
o Enter the INNER_LOOP:
Decrement R1. If R1 is not zero, jump back to INNER_LOOP.
o After finishing the inner loop, decrement R2. If R2 is not zero, jump back to
OUTER_LOOP.
After both loops complete, return from the subroutine.
