Fundamentals of Nursing (Lecture) 5.

​ To express feelings
-​ Convey emotions like joy,

Communication frustrations, love or sadness

-​ Verbal and Non-verbal
-​ Process of sharing information 6.​ To influence
-​ Interchange of information between -​ To persuade or motivate
two or more people. others to think or act in a
-​ Process of generating and certain way
transmitting 7.​ To meet social expectations
-​ Exchange of ideas/thoughts -​ Society follows norms for
-​ A two-way process in which communication, such as
information, whether facts or feelings greetings, politeness, and
is shared small talk
-​ Verbal and nonverbal methods -​ Professional, ethical, and
-​ Transmission of feelings or a more culturally appropriate
personal and social interaction communication that aligns
between people with societal norms and
workplace etiquette
General Purposes (GVSDEIM) IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION IN
1.​ To gather information NURSING (BEEPD)
-​ Often used to seek 1.​ Building Trust
knowledge, clarify doubts and -​ Promote cooperation and
acquire facts adherence to treatment plan
-​ Conversation, questioning or 2.​ Enhance patient outcomes
research (accurate explanation)
2.​ To validate information -​ Improves patient
-​ Once information is gathered, understanding of their
communication helps confirm condition
its accuracy 3.​ Emotional Support
-​ Repeating what the nurse has -​ Help cope with stress, anxiety
said and uncertainty associated
-​ Cross-checking sources, with illness or hospitalization
discussing with others or 4.​ Promoting Collaboration
seeking expert opinions -​ Active listening and involving
3.​ To share information patient in decision making
-​ Pass on knowledge, 5.​ Detecting Issues
experiences or instructions, -​ Identify patients' unspoken
teaching, reporting or needs, concerns, or potential
storytelling complications
4.​ To develop a trusting relationship
-​ Key in building and The Communication Process
maintaining trust in personal -​ Series of step involving
and professional relationships communication
-​ Foster trust, rapport, reliability The Sender
and mutual respect -​ The communication process begins
when a person, known as the
sender, generates a message.
 -​ Encoding involves the use of receive or understand the
language and other specific signs message being conveyed
and symbols for sending messages
-​ Example: to convey important Feedback
discharge instructions to a patient -​ The response or reaction provided by
The Message the receiver to the sender’s message
-​ The message is a stimulus produced -​ It allows the sender to gauge the
by a sender and responded by a effectiveness of their communication
receiver. and adjust their message or
-​ Messages may be verbal, nonverbal, approach (if necessary)
written, materials and arts. -​ Example: “Understood doctor, we will
-​ Example: “Please ensure that patient ensure that the patient will receive
receives the prescribed medication his medication on schedule and
every 4 hours” monitor him closely for any changes
The channel in his condition”
-​ Medium through which a message is
transmitted from the sender to the Cognitive process
receiver. -​ Standard of human
-​ It can be face-to-face conversation,
written communication, phone calls, 3 Major Sensory Communication
video calls, presentation, etc. Channels:
-​ Example: Decides to communicate 1.​ The Visual channel is right,
the message observation, and perception.
-​ Verbally during the morning rounds, Example:
as it allows for direct interaction with a.​ Physical Assessment
the nursing staff b.​ Assess vital signs
The receiver c.​ Assess safety and
-​ The person who intercepts the cleanliness
sender’s message. d.​ A nurse using a diagram to
-​ Message is received through the show a patient how to inject
chosen communication channel and insulin
decode it to understand its meaning 1.​ D
-​ Example: the receiver listens 2.​ The Auditory channel consists of
attentively to the Doctor instructions spoken words and cues.
and takes notes to ensure they Example:
understand fully the care of plan a.​ Conversation, instructions,
-​ Receiving is influenced by complex explanations and discussions
physiological, psychological, and between individual.
cognitive processes. b.​ Sounds, indicating changes in
-​ Example: respiratory pattern, lung
a.​ Hearing impairment, pain and sound or heart sound
fatigue 3.​ The Kinesthetic channel refers to
b.​ Emotions like shock, fear, experiencing sensations.
denial upon hearing the -​ Learn and understand
diagnosis information through hands-on
c.​ Someone is distracted or activities, movement, and
preoccupied may not fully tactile sensations
 -​ Example: observe patient’s -​ literacy
body language, posture, or c.​ Avoid when information is urgent to
facial expressions, palpating client’s health, highly confidential, or
pulses, gentle hand on the potentially distressing or confusing
shoulder E.g. abnormal lab values

Mode of Communication Differentiation Verbal Messages

1.​ Verbal -​ Messages communicated through
-​ Uses spoken or written words words and language, either spoken
2.​ Nonverbal or written.
-​ Uses gestures, facial -​ Accompanied by paraverbal (also
expressions, touch, and other referred to as paralinguistic) cues:
forms tone and pitch of voice; speed and
-​ Makes up majority of volume
communication
3.​ Electronic Metacommunication is the relationship
-​ Technology such as e-mail aspect of communication
-​ Electronic health records: -​ It refers to the message about the
digital versions of a patient’s message.
paper charts in healthcare -​ The “reading between the lines” that
setting. occurs in metacommunication allows
-​ E-mail:most common form of the receiver to better understand the
electronic communication sender’s true message
-​ Purposes of e-mail: -​ Example: client says “I’m fine” with a
-​ To schedule and confirm flat tone and avoid eye contact
appointments
-​ Report Normal laboratory NURSING ALERT
results Interpreting Nonverbal Behavior
-​ Conduct client education -​ Never assume that a nonverbal
-​ For follow-up with discharged behavior has the same meaning for
clients everyone. Interpretation of various
Advantages nonverbal
a.​ Fast, efficient and legible -​ Aspects of communication varies
b.​ Provides record of date and time of among people because of
the message that was sent or developmental, cultural, and
received experiential factors
c.​ Can improve communication and Factors Influencing the Communication
continuity of care Process (DVGVPTRECIB)
Disadvantages 1.​ Development
a.​ Risk to client confidentiality (HIPAA): -​ Communication abilities evolve with
Implement robust encryption and age and development
authentication measures -​ Children, adolescents, and adults
-​ Robust encryption and have different levels of
authentication measures to understanding, vocabulary, and
safeguard patient information social skills, which affect how they
b.​ Socioeconomics communicate
-​ Access to technology -​ Example:
 a.​ Toddlers: Use short and -​ Body contact, elevated sense
concrete terms of body warmth and smell
Use play for demonstration perception, low-key
Use visual aids such as vocalizations and focused
picture books, puppets and and localized visual
dolls allow to handle the experience with potential
equipment or instrument distortions
2.​ Gender -​ Bathing a client; cuddling
-​ Societal norms and expectations baby; feeding a baby
often influence how males and -​ Personal: 1⁄2 to 4 feet
females communicate -​ The tone of speech is
-​ Example: In some cultures, Males moderate, accompanied by a
are socialized to be more direct and lessened perception of both
assertive in communication, while body warmth and odors
females are encouraged to be more -​ Provides a more
nurturing and accommodating comprehensive view of the
3.​ Values and Perceptions person, resulting in a clearer
-​ Personal values and beliefs shape understanding of nonverbal
how individuals interpret and respond signals like facial expressions
to communication -​ Nurse and clients often
-​ Perceptions, influenced by culture, interact within this range,
upbringing and experiences, affect facilitating effective
how messages are received and communication
understood (personal view of an -​ Example: providing nursing
event) procedure like medicating
-​ Example: Someone with a positive client
perception of authority figures may -​ Social: 4 to 12 feet
be more receptive to feedback and -​ Marked by a distinct ability to
guidance from supervisors or visually perceive the entire
mentors. person clearly. There is no
4.​ Personal Space discernible sense of body
-​ Cultural norms and individual heat or odor, with heightened
preference dictate the distance eye contact and vocalizations
people feel comfortable maintaining that are loud enough to be
during interactions heard by others.
-​ Respect for personal space varies -​ Example: making hospital
across cultures and can impact the rounds, small group
comfort level and effectiveness of education and teaching a
communication class
-​ Proxemics is the study of distance -​ Public: 12 feet and beyond.
between people in their interactions. -​ Speaking clearly and with
Middle-class North Americans use precise articulation is
definite distances in various necessary. While people’s
interpersonal relationships, along faces and bodies are visible
with specific voice tones and body at this distance, their distinct
language. features and identities are
-​ Intimate: 1 to 1⁄2 feet less discernible
 -​ Example: conference or (such as calm tone, relaxed posture)
public event when calming an anxious client
5.​ Territoriality before procedure
-​ Space, things that individual 9. Interpersonal attitudes
considers as belonging to self -​ Refers to the feelings, beliefs, and
-​ People have a sense of ownership or predispositions that individuals have
territorial boundaries, which can be toward others during interaction
influence communication -​ Attitudes such as empathy, respect,
-​ Example: In a workplace, employees trust, and openness, influence the
may feel a sense of ownership over quality of interpersonal
their desks or workspaces, communication.
influencing how they respond to -​ Positive attitude foster rapport and
others encroaching on their territory understanding, while negative
6.​ Roles and relationship attitude can hinder effective
-​ Between sender and receiver communication: indifference, hostility
-​ The roles individuals occupy in a -​ Elderspeak: involves using simplified
relationship and the nature of their language, exaggerated intonation,
relationship affect communication baby talk, and diminutive terms such
dynamics, expectations, and power as dear, honey, or sweetie when
dynamics addressing older individuals
-​ Example: A nurse interacts differently -​ Patronizing to older adults;
with patients, colleagues, and conveying lack of respect, dignity
supervisors. and autonomy
-​ Adjusting communication style, level 10. Boundaries
of formality, and content bases on -​ The limits, guidelines, or rules that
these roles and relationships. individuals establish to define and
7. Environment protect their personal space,
-​ Most effective communication is in emotions, thoughts, needs, and
comfortable environment values during interaction with others.
-​ The physical and social context of -​ Help individuals maintain a sense of
communication, such as: (NLSDP) self-respect, autonomy, and
-​ Nose levels well-being in relationships by
-​ Lighting determining what is acceptable,
-​ Seating arrangements respectful, and appropriate behavior
-​ Distractions in communication
-​ Privacy -​ Limits crucial to nurse-client
-​ Can impact the clarity and relationship
effectiveness of communication
8. Congruence Therapeutic Communication Technique
-​ Consistency between Verbal and -​ An interpersonal interaction between
nonverbal cues enhances the the nurse and the client during which
credibility and clarity of messages the nurse focuses on the client’s
-​ Incongruence can lead to confusion specific needs to promote an
and distrust effective exchange of information.
-​ Example: a nurse maintain -​ The use of communication for the
congruence between their verbal purpose of creating beneficial
reassurances and nonverbal cues outcomes for the client.
 -​ Forms a connection between client Systematic, rational method of planning and
and nurse providing individualized nursing care (holistic
or patient focused)
A form of scientific reasoning and requires
the nurse’s critical thinking to provide the
best care possible to the client.
Provides a framework in which nurses use
their knowledge and skills to express human
caring and to help the clients meet their
actual and potential health problems.
Purpose: To provide care for clients thatis
individualized, holistic, effective, and
efficient.
As nurses we need to:
1.​ Identify client’s health status and
actual or potential health care
problems or needs
2.​ Establish plans to meet needs
(specific goals and objectives)

Overview of the Nursing Process:

Phases of the nursing process
Each phase affects the others
Overlapping, continuing processes
Assessing still carried out during
implementing, evaluating phases
Ex: Assess client condition, make diagnosis
based on assessment findings, then plan
and implement interventions.
However, during implementation, may gather
additional data through ongoing assessment
leading to adjustments in the plan of care
1.​ Assessing
2.​ Diagnosing
3.​ Planning
4.​ Implementing
5.​ Evaluating

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Nursing Process