iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES vii

CHAPTER TITLE

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study 1
1.2. Problem Statement 2
1.3. Aim and Objectives 2
1.4. Scope and Limitation 2
1.5. Outline of Graduation Thesis 2
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction to the Factory Electrical System 3
2.2. Description of Electrical Components in Factory 4
2.2.1. Disconnecting switch 4
2.2.2. Lightning Arrester 5
2.2.3. Instrument Transformer 6
2.2.3.1. Current transformer 7
2.2.3.2. Potential transformer 8
2.2.4. Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB) 9
2.2.5. Distribution Transformer 11
2.2.6. Distribution Transformer Design 11
2.2.7. Main Distribution Panel (MDP) 12
2.2.7.1. Purpose and functionality 13
2.2.8. Capacitor Bank 13
2.2.9. Voltage Protective Relay 14
2.2.9.1.Functions and features 15
2.2.10. DC Backup Supply 16
 iv

2.2.11. Type of Faults in Electrical Power Systems 16

2.2.12. Earthing System 17
2.2.13. Importance of Power Factor Correction in 18
Industrial Loads
3 METHODOLOGY OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
3.1. Power Factor 19
3.2. Cause of Low Power Factor 21
3.3. Disadvantages of Low Power Factor 22
3.4. Types of Power Factor Correction Method 23
3.4.1. Single (Fixed) Power Factor Correction 23
3.4.2. Group power Factor Correction 24
3.4.3. Bulk power Factor Correction 24
3.4.4. Static-correction 25

3.5. Advantages of Power Factor Improvement 27

3.6. Power Factor Improvement Equipment 27
3.6.1. Shunt Capacitor 28
3.6.2. Synchronous Condenser 28
3.6.3. Series Capacitor 29

3.7. Capacitance and Capacitor 30

3.8. Operation Principle and Basic Construction of Capacitors 30
3.9. Construction of Shunt Capacitor 31
3.9.1. Externally Fused Capacitor Bank 33
3.9.2. Internally Fused Capacitor Bank 34
3.9.3. Fuse less Capacitor Bank 35
3.10. Application of Shunt Capacitors to Power Supply 36
Systems
3.11. Shunt Capacitors in Distribution Systems 37
3.11.1. Release of Circuit Load-Carrying Capacity 37
3.11.2. Reduction in System Power and Energy Losses 37
3.11.3. Improved Voltage Conditions 37
3.11.4. Limits for Unswitched Capacitors 38
 v

4 DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

4.1. Calculation of Capacitor Size of 1000 k VA 40
4.1.1. Calculation of Capacitance of 30 k VAR Capacitor 41
4.2. Basic Parts of Capacitor Bank 41
4.2.1. Power Capacitor 42
4.2.2. Power Factor Controller (JKW 18) 43
4.2.3. Magnetic Contactor 43
4.2.4. Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) 44
4.2.4.1. Selection of circuit breaker of k VAR capacitor 44
4.2.5. Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) 44
4.2.5.1. Selection of miniature circuit breaker (MCB) of 45
30 k VAR capacitor
4.2.6. Relay 45
4.2.7. Bus Bar 46
4.2.8. Current Transformer (CT) 46
4.2.8.1. Calculation of current transformer (CT) ratio 47
4.3. Power Factor Improvement with Capacitor Bank at 47
1000 kVA Transformer
4.4. Auto and Manual Control of Capacitor Bank 56
5 DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 57
REFERENCES
5.1. DISCUSSIONS 57
5.2. CONCLUSION 57
5.3. RECOMMENDATION 57
 vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

2.1. Disconnecting switch 5

2.2. Lightning Arrester 6
2.3. Current Transformer 7
2.4. Potential Transformer 9
2.5. Vacuum Circuit Breaker 10
2.6. Step down transformer 12
2.7. 300 k VAR capacitor bank panel 14
2.8. Voltage protective relay 15
3.1. Phasor Diagram of kW, kVA, and k VAR 19
3.2. Single Power Factor Correction 24
3.3. Group Power Factor Correction 24
3.4. Bulk Power Factor Correction 25
3.5. Static Correction 26
3.6. Basic Construction of Capacitor 31
3.7. Shunt Capacitor Bank 31
3.8. Externally Fused Capacitor Bank 33
3.9. Internally Fused Capacitor Bank 34
3.10. Fuse – Less Capacitor Bank 35
4.1. Phase Diagram of kW, kVA and k VAR 40
4.2. Overview of 400V,300kVAR Capacitor Bank 42
4.3. Power Triangle 47
 vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

4.1. Power Factor Improvement with Capacitor Bank in Step by Step 55