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01 Basic Definitions and Operations

The document provides an overview of basic notations and operations related to signals and systems, including definitions of common sets, functions, and signal types. It outlines elementary operations such as amplitude scaling, signal multiplication, and time shifting, along with examples and exercises for practical application. The content is structured to facilitate understanding of continuous and discrete time signals and their manipulations.

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kishormrityunjay9
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3 views13 pages

01 Basic Definitions and Operations

The document provides an overview of basic notations and operations related to signals and systems, including definitions of common sets, functions, and signal types. It outlines elementary operations such as amplitude scaling, signal multiplication, and time shifting, along with examples and exercises for practical application. The content is structured to facilitate understanding of continuous and discrete time signals and their manipulations.

Uploaded by

kishormrityunjay9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

Signals and Systems

Arun B Aloshious

”Every sentence I utter must be understood not as an affirmation, but as a


question”. - Earlier by Neils Bohr

1/4
Basic Notations:

1. Common Set R Real numbers


Z Integers
Z+ (or Z− ) Positive (or Negative) integers
R+ (or R− ) Positive (or Negative) real numbers
C Complex numbers

2/4
Basic Notations:

Range/Co-domain
x1 y1
x2 y2

Domain
.. .. .. yt = f (xt )
. . .
1. Common Set xt yt
2. Function

Functions used in this class:


Function Domain Range
x(t) R R or C
x[n] Z R or C
X (f ) R C
X (ω) (−π, π] C
X (s) or X (z) C C
2/4
Basic Notations:

Continuous Time
Discrete Time Signals
Signals 3

2.5

1. Common Set 2.5

2. Function 2

1.5

1.5

3. Signals 1
1

0.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017

x[n]
x(t)

2/4
Basic Notations:

y (t) = H (x(t)) (or) y [n] = H (x[n])


3 3

1. Common Set 2.5 2.5

2. Function 2 2

3. Signals
1.5
H() 1.5

1 1

4. Systems 0.5 0.5

0 0
0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017

2/4
Elementary operations on signals:

y (t) = αx(t) (or) y [n] = αx[n]


2 2

1.5 1.5
1. Amplitude scaling 1 1

0.5 0.5

0
α 0

-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1

-1.5 -1.5

-2 -2
0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017

α=2

3/4
Elementary operations on signals:
y (t) = x1 (t)x2 (t) (or) y [n] = x1 [n]x2 [n]
2

1.5

0.5

-0.5 2

-1 1.5
1. Amplitude scaling -1.5 1

2. Signal multiplication -2
0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017
0.5

⊗ 0

2 -0.5

1.5 -1

1 -1.5

0.5 -2
0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017
3/4
Elementary operations on signals:

y (t) = α + x(t) (or) y [n] = α + x[n]


2 2

1.5 1.5
1. Amplitude scaling 1 1

2. Signal multiplication 0.5 0.5

0 0
3. Amplitude shifting
-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1

-1.5 -1.5

-2 -2
0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017

α=1

3/4
Elementary operations on signals:
y (t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t) (or) y [n] = x1 [n] + x2 [n]
2

1.5

0.5

-0.5 2

-1 1.5
1. Amplitude scaling -1.5 1

2. Signal multiplication -2
0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017
0.5

3. Amplitude shifting ⊕ 0

2 -0.5

4. Signal addition 1.5 -1

1 -1.5

0.5 -2
0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017
3/4
Elementary operations on signals:
y (t) = x(t − τ ) (or) y [n] = n[n − n0 ]
2 2

1.5 1.5

1
τ = 0.5 1
1. Amplitude scaling
2. Signal multiplication 0.5 0.5

3. Amplitude shifting 0 0

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

4. Signal addition
2 2
5. Time shifting
1.5 1.5

1
τ = −0.5 1

0.5 0.5

0 0

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

3/4
Elementary operations on signals:

y (t) = x(−t) (or) y [n] = x[−n]


1. Amplitude scaling
2 2

2. Signal multiplication
1.5 1.5
3. Amplitude shifting
4. Signal addition 1 1

5. Time shifting 0.5 0.5

6. Time reversal 0 0

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

3/4
Elementary operations on signals:
y (t) = x(αt)
2 2

1.5 1.5

1
α=2 1
1. Amplitude scaling
2. Signal multiplication 0.5 0.5

3. Amplitude shifting 0 0

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

4. Signal addition
2 2
5. Time shifting
6. Time reversal 1.5 1.5

7. Time scaling 1
α = 0.5 1

0.5 0.5

0 0

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

3/4
Exercise:
x(t):
2

1. Plot x(2t + 1) + 2x(0.5t − 1) + x(−2t)


1.5

2. Plot x(−2t + 2) + x(−0.5t − 2).


1

3. Plot x[2n + 1] + 2x[n − 1] + x[−2n]


0.5
4. Plot x[−2n + 2] + x[−n − 2]
0
Note: We avoid time scaling by fractions for Dis-
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
crete time signals in this course. For instance we
x[n]:
wont use x[0.5n]. Time scaling x[αn] will be used
2
in the process called decimation and interpolation
1.5 (depending on α an integer or fraction with unit
numerator. Arbitrary fractions include decimation
1
and interpolation.). More details will be dealt in a
0.5 different course.
0
-5 0 5 10 15

4/4

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