INDEX

Part-I (Grammar)
Parts of Speech 01-57
Uses of Parts of Speech 58-121
Correction of Sentence 122-145
Verb 146-166
Right form of verb 167-192
Subject Verb Agreement 193-203
Sentence 204-266
Part-II (Vocabulary)
Group verb 267-278
Spelling Mistakes 279-290
Preposition 291-328
Synonym & Antonym 329-355
Idioms & Phrases 356-378
Translations & Proverbs 379-405
One Word Substitutions 406-418
Other Important Topics for Varsity Admission 419-471

Fixed Price

550/-
 Medical Question
Analysis

23-24

22-23

21-22

20-21

19-20

16-17

15-16
18-19

17-18

14-15

13-14

12-13
CONTENTS
Identification of Parts of Speech 1 1 2 1
Same Word Used as Different Parts of Speech 2 1 1
Interchange of Parts of Speech 2 1 1 1 1 2
Classification of Different Parts of Speech 2 2
Noun 1 1 1
Pronoun 1 1
Number 1 1
Gender 1 1
Adjective 1
Article
Adverb 1 1
Conjunction
Phrase & Clause 1 2
Correction of Sentences 1 2 2 2 2
Classification of Verb 3
Verbals 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Modals
Conjugations 1
Tense 2 1 5 1
Sequence of Tense
Some Important Rules
Conditional 1 1
Subject Verb Agreement 1 1
Classification of Sentences 1
Transformation of Sentences 1 2
Voice Change 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Narration 1 1 1 1
Degree of Comparison
English Literature 1
Group verb 2 1 2
Spelling Mistakes 2 2 1 1 2 1
Usage of Preposition 1 1
Appropriate Preposition 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1
Synonym & Antonym 2 3 2 4 2 4 3 3 4 2 2 2
Idioms & Phrases 2 2 2 2 2 2
Translations & Proverbs 4 6 2 1 2 2 1
One Word Substitutions 1 1
 1st Edition
11th Edition
: May, 2014
: August, 2024
Copyright © RETINA

All rights are reserved by the owner. Sell, rent, or borrow this book in different
covers; transcribe or distribute it on the Internet in any form as a PDF; and no part
may be reproduced, distributed, or marketed in any form or by any means, including
photocopying, recording, electronic, or mechanical means, without the written

RETINA Digest English Part I (Grammar)

permission of the copyright holder. Otherwise, legal action will be taken.
 1st Edition
11th Edition
: May, 2014
: August, 2024
Copyright © RETINA

All rights are reserved by the owner. Sell, rent, or borrow this book in different
covers; transcribe or distribute it on the Internet in any form as a PDF; and no part
may be reproduced, distributed, or marketed in any form or by any means, including

RETINA Digest English Part II (Vocabulary)

photocopying, recording, electronic, or mechanical means, without the written
permission of the copyright holder. Otherwise, legal action will be taken.
 English Digest
INDEX
Medical and Dental Admission Test Question 2023-24 Analysis (i-iii)

Grammar Part
01. Parts of Speech
Identification of Parts of Speech.........................................................01-11
Same Word Used as Different Parts of Speech .................................. 12-21
Interchange of Parts of Speech......... .................................................. 22-41
Classification of Different Parts of Speech ... .................................... 42-57
02. Uses of Parts of Speech
Noun ................................................................................................... 58-63
Pronoun ... ........................................................................................... 64-68
Number................................................................................................ 68-76
Gender................................................................................................. 77-81
Adjective ............................................................................................. 82-92
Article ............................................................................................... 92-100
Adverb ............................................................................................ 101-106
Conjunction..................................................................................... 107-110
Phrase & Clause.............................................................................. 111-121

03. Correction of Sentence..... ...................................................... 122-145

04. Verb
Classification .................................................................................. 146-151
Verbals ............................................................................................ 151-157
Modals ............................................................................................ 157-160
Conjugations ................................................................................... 161-166
 INDEX
05. Right form of verb
Tense ............................................................................................... 167-178
Sequence of Tense .......................................................................... 179-183
Some Important Rules ................................................................... 184-187
Conditional ..................................................................................... 188-192

06. Subject Verb Agreement ....................................................... 193-203

07. Sentence
Classification .................................................................................. 204-208
Transformation of sentence ............................................................ 208-226
Voice Change.................................................................................. 227-244
Narration ......................................................................................... 245-257
Degree of Comparison .................................................................... 257-266

Vocabulary Part
08. Group verb ........................................................................................267-278

09. Spelling Mistakes ............................................................................279-290

10. Preposition
Usage of Preposition ......................................................................291-307
Appropriate Preposition .................................................................308-328
11. Synonym & Antonym ....................................................................329-355
 INDEX

12. Idioms & Phrases ............................................................................356-378

13. Translations & Proverbs

Translations.....................................................................................379-401
Proverbs .........................................................................................402-405

14. One word Substitutions ........................................................406-418

15. Other Important Topics For Varsity Admission

Embedded Question........................................................................419-420
Affirmative Negative Agreement....................................................420-422
Inversion......................................................................................... 423-424
Illogical Participle Modifier........................................................... 424-426
Parallelism...................................................................................... 426-429
Pin Point Error................................................................................ 429-430
Subjunctive & Redundancy............................................................ 431-434
English Literature........................................................................... 434-437
Some Literary Terms...................................................................... 438-440
Foreign Phrases ..............................................................................441-443
Root, Prefix, Suffix & Derivatives ................................................444-447
Pair of words...................................................................................448-457
Composition...................................................................................458-460
Analogy .........................................................................................460-465
Reading Comprehension................................................................466-471
 English Digest MCAT & BDS 2023-24

Medical Admission Test 2023-24 05. Find out the mis-spelled word:
01. The synonym of the word ÔanarchyÕ is: A. symbolic B. scintillating
A. serenity B. placidity C. symetery D. suggestive
C. lawlessness D. discipline Ans: C
Ans: C e¨vL¨v: mwVK evbvb: Symmetry-mvgÄm¨; symbolic-
e¨vL¨v: Anarchy- ‰bivR¨, AivRKZv, wek„•Ljv cÖZxKx; scintillating-ùzwj½ Qov‡bv, wSKwgK Kiv;
serenity- wbg©jZv; placidity- cÖkvwšÍ; lawlessness- suggestive- civgk©g~jK
AivRKZv; discipline-k„•Ljv 06. Choose the correctly spelled word:
ZvB Anarchy Gi synonym lawlessness A. renaissance B. reneissance
02. Few men are free from faults. Here ÔfewÕ C. reneisance D. renaisance
Ans: A
means:
A. none B. hardly any e¨vL¨v: mwVK evbvb: renaissance (Rena is sance-wibv
C. not much D. some BR mvbm)- beRvMiY
Ans: B 07. Which one of the following is an example of
e¨vL¨v: Few A_© AwZ AímsL¨K ev †bB ej‡jB P‡j| A an indefinite pronoun?
A. either B. such C. any D. this
Few A_© wKQz msL¨K Ges the few A_© †h KRb/‡h KwU
Ans: C
Av‡Q Zvi mevB/me¸‡jv| Few men are free from
e¨vL¨v: Indefinite Pronoun: ‡h mKj Pronoun ‡Kvb
faults.- fz‡ji D‡aŸ© gvbyl †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
Awbw`©ó e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K †evSvq| †hgb: One, none, no one,
Option-A. none- wKQz bv
any, anyone, anybody, some, everyone, another,
Option-B. hardly any- K`vwPr/‡bB ej‡jB P‡j
others, most, BZ¨vw`| GLv‡b either-distributive
Option-C. not much- †ewk bv
pronoun; such, this-demonstrative pronoun
Option-D. some- Aí wKQz 08. “Call it a day” means:
myZivs GLv‡b few ej‡Z hardly any eySvq| A. finish work B. fix an appointment
03. Choose the correct sentence: C. spend the time D. open an event
A. I do need some furnitures Ans: A
B. I need a few furniture e¨vL¨v: “Call it a day” means AvR‡Ki w`‡bi gZ
C. I do not need furniture h‡_ó KvR n‡q‡Q e‡j w¯’i Kiv, A_©vr †kl Kiv| ZvB mwVK
D. I need a few furnitures DËi finish work.
Ans: C
09. Choose the word which never has a plural
e¨vL¨v: Uncountable Noun nj H mKj Noun hv‡`i form:
MYbv Kiv hvq bv Ges G‡`i †Kvb Plural Form ‡bB| A. information B. woman
GLv‡b furniture uncountable noun nIqvq Gi C. inventor D. mouse
plural form nq bv| Avevi few, a few, the few, Ans: A
many k㸇jv countable noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m| e¨vL¨v: Uncountable Noun nj H mKj Noun hv‡`i
uncountable noun Gi c~‡e© little, a little, the MYbv Kiv hvq bv Ges G‡`i †Kvb Plural Form ‡bB| ïay
little, much e‡m| ZvB Option-C mwVK DËi Singular Form Av‡Q| GLv‡b information
04. We work every day except Friday. What uncountable noun nIqvq plural form ‡bB|
part of speech is ‘except’? woman(singular)-women (plural)
A. adverb B. conjunction inventor(singular)-inventors(plural)
C. preposition D. adjective mouse(singular)-mice(plural)
Ans: C 10. Select the correct word to fill up the gap in
e¨vL¨v: We work every day except friday-Avgiv the sentence, “He complained to me
ïµevi e¨ZxZ Ab¨ mKj w`b KvR Kwi| Qvov, e¨ZxZ, _______ your conduct.”
Afve BZ¨vw` A‡_© except, without, but (e¨ZxZ) A. for B. about C. of D. on
preposition wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| Ans: C

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 English Digest MCAT & BDS 2023-24

e¨vL¨v: Complain of (a thing)/ to a (person)/ 14. What does the phrase “keep your chin up”
against (another): †fvMv/ Awfhy³ nIqv| †hgb: He mean?
complained to me against you, or of your A. be cheerful B. be careful
C. be brave D. be smart
conduct.
Ans: A
11. Which one of the following is an abstract
e¨vL¨v: keep your chin up- be cheerful (D”QwmZ nIqv)
noun?
15. The antonym of the word ‘impediment’ is:
A. boy B. family A. useful B. hindrance
C. childhood D. child C. obstacle D. helpful
Ans: C Ans: D
e¨vL¨v: †h mKj Noun Øviv †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v I Kv‡Ri bvg e¨vL¨v: impediment-AšÍivq; helpful- mnvqK
†evSvq, Zv‡`i‡K Abstract Noun e‡j Ges †k‡l useful- DcKvix; hindrance, obstacle-evav/cÖwZeÜKZv
mvaviYZ- ce, -cy, -th, -ty, -ness, -ment, -hood, - GLv‡b, AšÍivq Gi wecixZ mnvqK| wKš‘ DcKvix Gi
tion, -sion, -ship, -dom, -ry _v‡K| †hgb: wecixZ ÿwZKi| ZvB impediment Gi antonym
Childhood (PvBìûW-‰kke) helpful.
boy, child-common noun;
Dental Admission Test 2023-24
family- collective noun
01. The number of auxiliary verbs in English is-
12. Choose the correct one to fill in the blank. A. twelve B. fifteen
“I came to England ___ English”. C. eleven D. thirteen
A. for learning B. for to learn Ans: A
C. to learning D. to learn e¨vL¨v: Be verb-1wU, Have verb-1wU, Do Verb-1wU
Ans: D Ges Modal verbs- 9wU  G¸‡jv meB Auxiliary
e¨vL¨v: AmgvwcKv wµqv (Non-finite Verb) mgvwcKv verb Gi AšÍfz©³| myZivs ejv hvq English Grammar
wµqv (Finite Verb)-Gi Av‡M m¤úvw`Z n‡j Ving Ges G Auxiliary verb g~jZ 12wU|
c‡i m¤ú~Y© n‡j ev D‡Ïk¨ eySv‡j Infinitive (to+VB) 02. Which of the following words is in singular
e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| GLv‡b, Av‡M England hvIqv n‡q‡Q form?
A. agenda B. formulae
Gi ci English †kLv n‡q‡Q ZvB finite verb Gi cieZx©
C. oases D. radius
KvR Ges D‡Ïk¨ eySv‡bv‡Z to learn e‡m‡Q| Ans: D
13. What is the correct indirect form of : He e¨vL¨v: agenda (plural)- Gi singular agendum
said ‘You had better see a doctor’? formulae(plural)- Gi singular formula
A. He proposed to see a doctor. oases(plural)- Gi singular oasis
B. He suggested that he had seen a doctor. radius(singular)- Gi plural radii/radiuses
C. He advised me to see a doctor. 03. The antonym of ‘perpetual’ is:
D. He advised that he should see a doctor. A. permanent B. everlasting
Ans: C C. genuine D. momentary
e¨vL¨v: He said, “You had better see a doctor” Ans: D
evK¨wU Øviv Dc‡`k eywS‡q‡Q| Reported Speech wU e¨vL¨v: Perpetual A_©- AbšÍ, Momentary A_©- ÿY¯’vqx,
Imperative Sentence. Imperative Sentence †K Permanent A_©- ¯’vqx, Genuine A_©- LvuwU,
Indirect Narration Kivi wbqg wb¤œiƒc: Reporting Everlasting A_©- wPi¯’vqx
myZivs perpetual Gi antonym momentary.
VerbwU Aby‡iva eySv‡j request, Av‡`k eySv‡j
04. Choose the correctly spelled word:
order/command, Dc‡`k eySv‡j advise, Ab¨_vq tell A. rendezvous B. rondervoux
Øviv cwiewZ©Z nq| object (hw` _v‡K) + Inverted C. rondervous D. rindezvous
Comma D‡V wM‡q to e‡m + Reported speech- Gi Ans: A
g~j verb †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ e‡m| e¨vL¨v: Rendezvous  wgjb¯’j|

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 English Digest MCAT & BDS 2023-24

05. The meaning of “to play fair”: 10. What kind of noun is ‘discipline’?
A. to play meely B. to avoid cheating A. Common noun B. Abstract noun
C. to play cordially D. to play without quarrel C. Collective noun D. Proper noun
Ans: B Ans: B
e¨vL¨v: To play fair/ fair play A_©- b¨vh¨fv‡e Kiv|
e¨vL¨v: †h mKj Noun Øviv †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v I Kv‡Ri bvg
A_©vr cÖZviYv bv Kiv|
06. Which plural word can be used as a singular? †evSvq, Zv‡`i‡K Abstract Noun e‡j| †hgb-
A. ethics B. books Agency (G‡RwÝ-cÖwZwbwaZ¡), Childhood (PvBìûW-
C. universities D. princes ‰kke), Death (g„Zz¨), Friendship (eÜzZ)¡ , discipline
Ans: A (k„•Ljv) etc.
e¨vL¨v: ethics kãwU singular I plural Dfq wn‡m‡e 11. Fire burns. What kind of verb is ‘burn’?
e¨eüZ nq| books (plural)- Gi singular book A. causative B. copulative
universities (plural)- Gi singular university C. intransitive D. transitive
princes (plural)- Gi singular prince Ans: C
07. A person who is indifferent to both pleasure e¨vL¨v: A_© Complete/¯úó/cwic~Y© Kivi Rb¨ ‡h mKj
and pain is called?
A. saint B. hermit C. ascetic D. stoic Verb, Object MÖnY Ki‡Z nq bv A_©vr Object QvovB
Ans: D A_© m¤ú~Y© n‡q hvq Zv‡`i IntransitiveVerb e‡j|
e¨vL¨v: Stoic- †h e¨w³ Avb›` Ges e¨_vi cÖwZ D`vmxb| †hgb- Fire burns. Av¸b †cvovq| GLv‡b burn verb
Saint- †h e¨w³ cweÎ I ¸Yevb wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z Ges wLª÷ªxq| Gi object bv _vKvq burn intransitive verb.
ag©g‡Z g„Zz¨i c‡i ¯^M©evmx| 12. “Carry the day” means-
Hermit- †h e¨w³ ag©xq k„•Ljvi Kvi‡b GKvKx emevm K‡i| A. defeat B. win C. carry D. lose
Ascetic- †h e¨w³ agx©q Kvi‡Y K‡Vvi AvZ¥k„•Ljv †g‡b P‡j| Ans: B
08. Education is the most pressing need of the e¨vL¨v: Carry the day means- To win a victory.
time. Here the word ‘pressing’ is:
13. To talk disrespectfully of sacred things is
A. pronoun B. adverb
called-
C. gerund D. verbal adjective
Ans: D A. apostasy B. heresy
e¨vL¨v: Present Participle n‡”Q Ving Form hv ev‡K¨ C. atheism D. blasphemy
g~jZ Adjective Ges Verb Gi KvR K‡i| wKš‘ cÖavbZ Ans: D
GwU Adjective Ges ev‡K¨ Noun ‡K Qualify K‡i| e¨vL¨v: Blasphemy-ag©‡`ªvnxZv; Apostasy-mag©Z¨vMx;
‡h‡nZz Present Participle ev‡K¨ Adjective Gi KvR Heresy-be¨Zš¿; Atheism-bvw¯ÍKZv
K‡i ZvB Article/ Preposition/ Possessive Ges 14. The synonym of ‘impromptu’ is-
Noun Gi gv‡S Ving em‡j Zv Noun ‡K Modify K‡i A. improper B. direct
Ges Zv Present Participle nq| Verb ‡_‡K Drcbœ n‡q C. prepared D. extempore
Adjective Gi KvR K‡i e‡j Present Participle †K Ans: D
Verbal Adjective/ Participle Adjective ejv nq| e¨vL¨v: impromptu/extempore-cÖZz¨rcbœ, AwPšÍc~e©,
09. Which one of the following is a demonstrative cÖ¯‘wZnxb; improper- Abychy³, AmgxPxb; direct-
pronoun? mivmwi; prepared- cÖ¯‘Z| myZivs impromptu Gi
A. yourself B. he C. who D. those synonym extempore.
Ans: D
15. What is the meaning of “out of the woods”?
e¨vL¨v: ‡h mKj Pronoun eZ©gvb, AZxZ ev fwel¨‡Zi
A. out of the bush B. free from difficulties
‡Kvb Noun wKsev wbKUeZ©x ev `~ieZ©x †Kvb Noun †K
C. out of the way D. out of jungle
we‡klfv‡e wb‡`©k Ki‡Z e‡m Zv‡`i Demonstrative
Pronoun e‡j| †hgb: This, These, That, Those, Ans: B
so, such, the same etc.| G‡`i c‡iB Noun em‡j e¨vL¨v: out of the woods A_©- wec`gy³; †hwU free
Giv ZLb Demonstrative Adjective n‡q hvq| from difficulties Gi me‡P‡q KvQvKvwQ A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|

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 English Digest (Grammar) Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech

Identification of Parts of Speech

Identification of Parts of Speech †_‡K hLb cÖkœ Av‡m ZLb Ggbfv‡e Av‡m †hb Zywg wØavwš^Z n‡q hvI| KviY cix¶vq GKwU eûj
cÖPwjZ k‡ãi Kg cÖPwjZ part of speech G‡m _v‡K| †hgb a‡iv, early kãwU mvaviYZ adverb- (He went early in the
morning.) wKš‘ cix¶vq Avm‡jv early Gi adjective iƒ‡c e¨envi- (He was an early riser.) ZvB identification of parts of
speech G fv‡jv Ki‡Z n‡j k‡ãi Dci wbf©i bv K‡i k‡ãi e¨env‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡i mwVK DËi w`‡Z n‡e|

NOUN (we‡kl¨)
Definition: A noun is the name of any human, object, place, or action. (we‡kl¨ nj †Kvb e¨w³, e¯‘, ¯’vb, ev wμqvi bvg|)
Examples:
Name of human : Abdullah, Mahmud, Siddique, Mustofa.
Name of object : Book, Calculator, Bamboo.
Name of place : Dhaka, Bandarban, Khulna, Cumilla, India, America.
Name of action : Hesitation (wØav), Purification (weï×KiY), Function (KvR).

Position of Noun
ev‡K¨ cÖwZwU Parts of Speech Gi Position wbw`©ó| A_©vr †Kvb& Parts of Speech wU †Kv_vq em‡e Zv mywbw`©ó| ev‡K¨ Noun Gi wewfbœ
Ae¯’vb ¸wj avivevwnK fv‡e ‡`Iqv nj|

◉ Rule-01: Subject Ges Object wn‡m‡e Noun e‡m| A_©vr ev‡K¨i Subject I Object Aek¨B Noun n‡e|
 The child threw the ball.
 The boy plays football.

◉ Rule-02: Gerund / Infinitive / Participle Gi Object wn‡m‡e G‡`i c‡i Noun e‡m| ‡h‡nZz Gerund, Infinitive ev Participle
Verb GiB Form (Non-finite Form) ZvB G‡`i Object wn‡m‡e G‡`i c‡i Noun em‡e|
 Developing strategy needs a lot of knowledge of the environment.
 To mean symbol we mean something accepted by all.

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 English Digest (Grammar) Parts of Speech

◉ Rule-03: Preposition Gi c‡i GKwU gvÎ Word _vK‡j Zv wbwðZfv‡eB Noun|

wKš‘ GKvwaK Word _vK‡j: Structure:
 Pre. + Article/Adj. + N.  Pre. + Article + Adj. + N.
 Pre. + Article + Adv. + Adj. + N.
 She had no faith in imagination.
 I'm afraid of cruelty in a battlefield.

◉ Rule-04: Article Gi c‡i GKwU gvÎ Word _vK‡j Zv wbwðZfv‡eB Noun| [M: 20-21; D: 04-05]
 My brother gave me a calculator.
wKš‘ GKvwaK Word _vK‡j: Structure:
 Article + Adj. + N.  Article + Adv. + Adj. + N.
 You should find out the rationality behind such a massacre in Savar.
◉ Rule-05: Adjective Gi c‡i GKwU gvÎ Word _vK‡j Zv wbwðZfv‡eB Noun| A_©vr Adjective I Preposition/ Verb/ Adverb/
Conjunction Gi gv‡S GKwU Word _vK‡j †mwU Noun|
 I rebuked her for such a bad behavior.
 He was arrested for his affiliation with MAFIA.

◉ Rule-06: The......of Gi gv‡S GKwU Word n‡j Aek¨B Noun|

wKš‘ GKvwaK Word n‡j: Structure:
 Adj. + N.  Adv. + Adj. + N.
 The beauty of Marlene Monroe charmed all.
 The kindness of Mohsin will be remembered for ever.

◉ Rule-07: Demonstrative Adjective Gi c‡i mvaviYZ Noun e‡m| A_©vr Demonstrative Ges Preposition ev Verb ev
Conjunction Gi gv‡S GKwUgvÎ Word _vK‡j Zv Aek¨B Noun n‡e|
 I left my bag in this morning.

◉ Rule-08: Possessive Gi c‡i mvaviYZ Noun e‡m|

 This is my pen.
 He fulfilled my needs.

◉ Rule-09: Article Ges verb/Adverb/Preposition/Conjunction Gi gv‡S GKwUgvÎ word _vK‡j †mwU Noun|
 The plot was a round of conflict.
 This is the go of life.

PRONOUN (me©bvg)
Definition: A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. (Noun - Gi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ kã‡K pronoun e‡j|)
Examples: mygb fvj †Q‡j| mygb cÖZ¨n ¯‹z‡j hvq| mygb gv-evevi K_v †g‡b P‡j|
evK¨¸‡jv‡Z evievi ÒmygbÓ kãwU e¨eüZ n‡q Zv‡`i kÖæwZgvayh© bó K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ GB kÖæwZgvayh© GKwU Dcv‡q iÿv Kiv hvq| Zv nj, cÖ_g ev‡K¨i ci cÖwZ
ev‡K¨i ci cÖwZ ev‡K¨i ÒmygbÓ Gi ¯’‡j Ò†mÓ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb : mygb fvj †Q‡j| †m cÖZ¨n ¯‹z‡j hvq| †m gv-evevi K_v †g‡b P‡j|
Bs‡iwR‡Z : Shuman is a good boy. He goes to school everyday. He abides by his parents’ orders.
GB He nj pronoun. Gfv‡e  they, you, we, our, us, mine, ours, your, yours, his, her, hers, it, its, them, their, theirs,
this, that, these, who, what, which BZ¨vw` nj pronoun.

ADJECTIVE (we‡klY)
Definition : An adjective is a word that qualifies a noun or a pronoun (Noun ev pronoun †K we‡kwlZ K‡i Ggb kã‡K
adjective e‡j|)
Examples: Saimum is a good boy. Hamim wears (cwiavb K‡i) a blue shirt.

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 English Digest (Grammar) Parts of Speech

jÿ¨ Ki, 1g sentence-G good (fvj)  word wU Øviv ‘boy’ word wUi ¸Y Zz‡j aiv n‡”Q| 2q sentence-G ‘beautiful’ word wUi
¸Y eySv‡”Q| 3q sentence-G blue (bxj)  kãwU Øviv shirt (GK cÖKvi Rvgv) Gi ˆewkó¨ eySv‡bv n‡”Q| Gfv‡e adjective Øviv †Kvb ¸Y,
†`vl, Ae¯’v, ˆewkó¨ BZ¨vw` eySv‡bv nq| wKš‘ ej‡Z Gme †`vl, ¸Y Ae¯’v Kvi? verb-Gi? Aek¨B bv| Adjective memgqB noun ev pronoun-
Gi †`vl, ¸Y BZ¨vw` eySvq| (Verb-Gi I Ae¯’v eySv‡bv hvq| Z‡e †m ai‡bi word nj adverb, adjective bq|)
Adjective Gi AviI KZ¸‡jv example †`L: fine, hard, ugly (KzrwmZ), rich, little, small, a, two, much, first, second, etc.

Position of Adjective
g‡b ivL‡eb, Sentence G Adjective Gi RvqMv nj `ywU: GKwU nj Noun Gi Av‡M Av‡iKwU nj Linking Verb Gi c‡i|
Sub. Verb Article Adj. Noun
He is a good boy.
Sub. Linking Verb Adj.
He is good.
g‡b ivLyb, Article/Preposition/Possessive Avi Noun Gi gv‡S GKwU gvÎ Word _vK‡j †mwU Aek¨B Adjective n‡e| A_©vr,
Article/Preposition/ Possessive + Adjective + Noun
Avi Article/Preposition/Possessive Avi Noun Gi gv‡S G‡Ki †ewk Word _vK‡j †mwU Aek¨B Adverb + Adjective n‡e| A_©vr,
Article/Preposition/ Possessive + Adverb + Adjective + Noun
wKš‘ Noun Gi wVK Av‡M Aek¨B Adjective| A_©vr Adjective + Noun nq|

◉ Rule 01: mvaviYZ Linking Verb Gi c‡i †Kvb Adverb n‡e bv, Aek¨B Adjective n‡e| Z‡e Linking Verb+ Preposition
n‡j (A_©vr Group Verb ev Phrasal Verb n‡j) Adverb n‡e|
†hgb: The mango tastes sweet. Rumana looks up happily.
Linking V Adj Linking V preposition adverb

◉ Linking Verbs: Linking Verb nj we‡kl cÖKv‡ii Verb hv Subject Gi mv‡_ Subject Complement ev Predicative
Adjective (Verb Gi c‡i Aew¯’Z Adjective) Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i| Ab¨vb¨ Verb Gi gZ Linking Verbs ¸‡jv †Kvb KvR/
wμqv cÖKvk K‡i bv| ZvB Aek¨B G‡`i c‡i Adjective w`‡Z n‡e, Adverb bv|
Pjyb Linking Verb ¸‡jv‡K GK cjK †`‡L †bIqv hvK:
Be Become Appear Remain
Linking Verb: Seem Taste Look Feel
Sound Stay Smell Turn
Keep Grow Come Go
Mary feels bad about her test grade. [†gix Zvi cixÿvi b¤^‡i Lvivc Abyfe Ki‡Q]
Linking V Adj
Children become tired quite easily. [‡Q‡j‡g‡qiv Lye mn‡RB K¬všÍ nq|]
Linking V Adj

◉ Rule 02: Be, become Ges Remain Giv Adjective Qvov Noun Phrase-†KI MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†hgb: They remained sad (Adj.) even though I tried to cheer them up [Zviv `ytwLZ _vKj GgbwK hw`I Zv‡`i cÖdzjø Ki‡Z
†Póv K‡iwQjvg|].
Abdullah remained chairman of the board (Noun Phrase) despite the opposition [we‡ivwaZv m‡Ë¡I Avãyjvn †ev‡W©i
†Pqvig¨vb _vK‡jb|]
[D: 21-22]
◉ Rule 03: †h‡nZz Look, Feel, Smell, Taste Ges Sound GB Verb of Senses ¸‡jv Linking Verb ZvB G‡`i c‡i
Adjective e‡m, Adverb e‡m bv|
S V(Senses) Adjective
I felt bad about the mistake.
Verb of Senses Gi c‡i Adverb bv ewm‡q Adjective e¨envi Kiæb|

3
 English Digest (Grammar) Parts of Speech

◉ Rule 04: Feel, look, smell, Taste Ges Sound Giv Transitive Verb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZLb Giv e¯‘ evPK Object MÖnb
Ki‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc Ae¯’vq G‡`i ci Adjective bv n‡q Adverb n‡e| Giv GB Ae¯’vq Linking Verb bq|
†hgb: The doctor felt the leg carefully to see if there were any broken bones.
The lady is smelling the flowers gingerly (mZK©Zvi mv‡_).
◉ Position of Adjective (Special Case): ev‡K¨ †Rvi w`‡q †Kvb wKQz eySv‡j Adjective cÖ_‡g e‡m| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î Adjective +
Verb + Subject + Extension Ggb nq|
Example: Blessed be your tongue. (†Zvgvi gy‡L dzj P›`b co–K)
Sweet is the wine but sour is the payment. (ïay wb‡Z Rvwb, w`‡Z Rvwb bv)
Adj Adj

◉ Rule 05: g‡b ivLyb, Enough gv‡b nj ch©vß/ h‡_ó| Enough memgq Noun Gi Av‡M e‡m| G‡ÿ‡Î Enough GKwU Adjective|
Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Noun Gi c‡i Enough em‡jI GwU enj cÖPwjZ bq|
Enough Noun
We have enough tickets.
We have enough time.
Enough Gi mv‡_ as Ges the e¨envi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb| Enough Gi c‡i Aek¨B Countable Noun n‡j Plural Form Avi
Uncountable Noun n‡j Singular Form e¨envi Kiæb|
𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 + 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑜𝑢𝑛 (𝑃𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙) 𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 + 𝑈𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑜𝑢𝑛 (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟)

[M: 18-19]
◉ Rule 06: g‡b ivLyb, Adjective/Adverb/Verb Gi mv‡_ Enough ch©vßfv‡e/h‡_ófv‡e Ggb A_© †`q| G‡ÿ‡Î Enough GKwU
Adverb n‡e| Adjective/Adverb/Verb Gi c~‡e© KLbB Enough e‡m bv, c‡i e‡m|
wb‡Pi D`vnib `ywU jÿ¨ Kwi:
S V Adjective enough infinitive
It is warm enough to go swimming.
S V not Adjective enough infinitive
It is not warm enough to go swimming.
Adjective ev Adverb Gi c~‡e© Enough e¨envi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb| Enough Ges Infinitive Gi gv‡S as e¨envi †_‡K weiZ _vKzb|

+𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉+ (infinitive)
Are those French fries enough for you? [H †d«b&Pd«vB ¸‡jv wK ‡Zvgvi Rb¨ h‡_ó?]
She speaks Spanish enough to be an interpreter. [‡m Abyev`K nIqvi gZ h‡_ó fvj ¯ú¨vwbk e‡j|]
It is not cold enough to wear a heavy jacket. [fvix R¨v‡KU civi gZ kxZ †bB|]

◉ Hyphenated Adjective: GKvwaK Word nvB‡db (-) Øviv hy³ n‡q hw` Adjective Gi KvR K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Hyphenated
Adjective ejv nq| g‡b ivLyb, Hyphenated Adjective Gi avivevwnKZvq mvavibZ cÖ_‡g GKwU Number (msL¨v) Av‡m|
Hyphenated Adjective Gi cÖwZwU Word GK GKwU Adjective| Giv Singular-Plural ‡Kvb Form cwieZ©b K‡i bv| Number
(msL¨v) I Noun Gi mshyw³‡Z me©`vB Hyphen e¨eüZ nq|
a Adj. - Adj. noun
Agriculture 420 is a five - hour class.

a Adj. - Adj. - Adj. noun

A sixty - year - old employee may retire.
Hyphen Øviv hy³ Adjective ¸‡jvi Plural Form e¨envi Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKzb hw`I Hyphenated Adjective Gi c‡ii Noun wU
Plural n‡Z cv‡i|

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 English Digest (Grammar) Parts of Speech

[M: 21-22]
◉ Nouns that Function as Adjectives: Noun hw` ev‡K¨ Adjective Gi KvR K‡i ZLb Zv Nouns that Function as
Adjective wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| g‡b ivL‡eb, hLb `ywU Noun ci ci e‡m ZLb cÖ_g Noun wU wØZxq Noun Gi eY©bv †`q A_©vr cÖ_g
Noun wØZxq Noun Gi Adjective wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Adjective KLbB Singular-Plural Form cwieZ©b K‡i bv| Example:
school bag, money bag, school girl GB italic word ¸wj Avm‡j Noun wKš‘ Gfv‡e wjL‡j Zviv Adjective n‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q|
Noun Noun
All of us are foreign language teachers.
wØZxq Noun wU Plural n‡jI cÖ_g Noun wU‡K Plural Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKzb| cÖ_g Noun wU‡K Possessive Kiv †_‡KI weiZ _vKzb|

VERB (wμqv)
Definition : A verb is a word that expresses some action. (Verb nj †mB word hv †Kvb KvR cÖKvk K‡i|)
Examples : †Kvb wKQz Kiv, LvIqv, aiv, gviv, †evSv, fvev, †Ljv, ev fvOv nj G‡KKwUi KvR| †h word w`‡q GB ÒKvRÓ ev action eySv‡bv
nq Zv‡K e‡j verb. wb‡P KZK¸‡jv verb Gi D`vniY †`Iqv nj : Be, have, do, run, go, come, love, take, give, think, laugh,
dance, sing, jump, see, tell, etc.

ADVERB (wμqv we‡klY)

Definition: An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. (Adverb nj Ggb word hv †Kvb
verb, adjective, ev Ab¨ †Kvb adverb †K we‡klvwqZ K‡i ev Zv mv‡_ bZzb A_© †hvM K‡i|)
Explanation & Examples (e¨vL¨v I D`vniY)
[M: 21-22]
(a) hLb verb †K modify K‡i : swiftly, well, strongly, forcibly (†Rvic~e©K) etc. †hgb: He runs swiftly. (†m `ªæZ †`Šovq|)
GLv‡b Ò`ªæZÓ kãwU †`Šov‡bvi ÒaibÓ eySv‡”Q| wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jv K‡i †h word †_‡K DËi cvIqv hv‡e Zv nj adverb.
(1) How? (†Kgb K‡i? †hgb- †Kgb K‡i †`Šovq? DËi, Ò`ªæZÓ †`Šovq)| myZivs Ô`ªæZÕ ev swiftly nj adverb.
(2) When? (KLb?)
†hgb- He came in the morning. hw` cÖkœ Kiv nq ÒKLb?Ó Zvn‡j DËi cvIqv hvq ÒmKv‡jÓ ev “in the morning”. myZivs GwU nj
adverb. Aek¨ GwU GKwU gvÎ kã bq, KZK¸‡jv k‡ãi mgwó| ZvB GwU nj adverbial phrase. Phrase m¤^‡Ü Avgiv c‡i Rvbe|
He will go soon. (†m kxNªB hv‡e|) sentence wU‡Z soon nj adverb.

(3) Where? (†Kv_vq?)

He lives here. †m Ò†Kv_vqÓ _v‡K? DËi nj ÒGLv‡bÓ (here). myZivs “here” nj adverb.

(b) hLb adjective †K modify K‡i:

He is a good boy-sentence wU‡Z “good” nj adjective. hw` good Gi A_©‡K AviI kw³kvjx Ki‡Z PvB Zvn‡j wjL‡Z cvwi:
He is a very good boy. GLv‡b very nj adverb.

(c) hLb Ab¨ †Kvb adverb †K modify K‡i:

He runs swiftly  GLv‡b swiftly nj adverb. wKš‘ hw` wjwL  He runs very swiftly. Zvn‡j swiftly-i Av‡M AviI GKwU
adverb cvIqv hvq| very nj †mB adverb.

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 English Digest (Grammar) Parts of Speech

Position of adverb
◉ Rule 01: Adverb hv‡K Modify K‡i Zvi wVK c~‡e© e‡m| ïaygvÎ Verb ‡K Modify Ki‡Z Adverb mvaviYZ Verb Gic‡i e‡m|
g‡b ivLyb, Verb ‡K Modify Ki‡Z memgq Adverb e¨eüZ nq, Adjective bq| Verb ‡K Ô‡Kb?Õ (Why?), Ô†Kv_vq?Õ
(Where?), ÔKLb?Õ (When?), ÔwKfv‡e?Õ (How?) Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq Zv GKwU Adverb|

◉ Adverbs of Manner: GKwU Verb wKfv‡e msNwVZ n‡”Q Zv cÖKvk K‡i Adverb of Manner| mvaviYfv‡e Verb ‡K
How?(wKfv‡e?) Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j Adverb of Manner cvIqv hvq| Adverb of Manner mvaviYZ –ly hy³ _v‡K|

Sub. V Adverb(Manner)
The class listened attentively to the lecture.
g‡b ivLyb, Verb Gi c‡i (Linking Verb Qvov) Adjective e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv Aek¨B Adverb of Manner e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Infinitive MwVZ nq to Avi VB w`‡q; GB `ywUi gv‡S Adverb of Manner emv‡bv hv‡e bv Aek¨B to + VB + Adverb of Manner
Gfv‡e emv‡Z n‡e|

◉ Rule-02: wKQz wKQz Adverb Av‡Q hviv memgq Main Verb Gi Av‡M e‡m; Auxiliary Verb _vK‡j Main Verb I Auxiliary
Verb Gi gv‡S e‡m; GKvwaK Auxiliary Verb _vK‡j cÖ_g Auxiliary Verb Gi c‡i e‡m| Have to, Has to, Had to, Used to
Gi c‡i e‡m|
wb‡Pi Adverb ¸wj jÿ¨ Kwi:
always often almost just quite
also only usually generally probably
occasionally never rarely hardly scarcely
yet barely still
N.B. rarely, barely, hardly, scarcely G¸‡jv Negative evPK kã|

A_©vr Structure ¸wj Ggb nq:

1. Subject +ZvwjKvi Adverb + Main Verb + Ext.
I always remember the holiday I spent in your home.
I hardly go out after dusk.
2. Subject + Auxiliary Verb + ZvwjKvi Adverb + Main Verb + Ext.
Those cars have just had an accident.
N.B.: be verb hw` Main verb Gi KvR K‡i Z‡e be verb Gi ci G mKj Adverb em‡e|
Example: He is always late.
3. Subject + Auxiliary Verb + ZvwjKvi Adverb + Auxiliary Verb+Main Verb + Ext.
Real flowers could hardly have smelt better.

◉ Rule-03: mvaviYZ Intransitive Verb (AKg©K wμqv) Gi c‡i Ges Transitive Verb (mKg©K wμqv) Gi Object Gi c‡i Adverb
e‡m| Transitive Verb Gi Object bv _vK‡j Verb Gi c‡iB Adverb e‡m|
 He works hard.
 The accident took place long ago.

◉ Rule-04: ev‡K¨i Dci A_ev Verb Dci †Rvi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z Sentence Gi ïiæ‡ZB Adverb Zvici Verb Ges me©‡k‡l Subject
Av‡m|
 Hardly do I go to the New Market.
 Down went the Titanic.

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 English Digest (Grammar) Parts of Speech

◉ Rule-05: Group Verb ev Phrasal Verbs Gi †ÿ‡Î Ges †Kvb Preposition Gi c‡i †Kvb Noun/Pronoun bv Avm‡j
Preposition wU Adverb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
Adverb Preposition
please side down. I ran down the road.
You can go in. He’s in his office.
Put your shirt off. I put off my shirt.

◉ Rule-06: hZ-- ZZ A‡_© Comparative Degree e¨eüZ n‡j Zv Adverb n‡e|

 The more you read, the more you learn.

◉ Rule-07: Adverb GKwU sentence Gi past participle Gi c~‡e© e‡m Zv‡K modify Ki‡Z cv‡i| adverb + past participle.
 This steak is very badly cooked.

◉ Rule-08: Imperative Sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z adverb em‡Z cv‡i|

Adverb + verb + ....
 Please come again.

◉ Rule-09: Adjective or Adverb: wKQz wKQz word Av‡Q, hviv e¨envi‡f‡` KLbI adjective Ges KLbI adverb wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i| hLb noun ev pronoun †K modify K‡i, ZLb adjective wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Avevi hLb verb/adjective †K modify K‡i
ZLb adverb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
fast late hard well
next near little far
 He is a fast runner. – fast n‡”Q adjective, hv runner noun- †K modify K‡i‡Q|
 I am well now. – GLv‡b well n‡”Q adjective, hv I- †K modify K‡i‡Q| g‡b ivLybÑ am/is/are Gi ci subject-Gi
complement wn‡m‡e adjective/noun e‡m|

◉ Rule-10: wKQz adverb Av‡Q hv‡`i `ywU iƒc Av‡Q|

loud/loudly quick/quickly slow/slowly
 Biren speaks very loud. (GLv‡b loud adverb)
 He sings very loudly. (GLv‡b loudly adverb)

Forming Adverbs
[M: 22-23, 21-22; D: 21-22]
◉ Rule-01: k‡ãi mv‡_ ‘ly’ hy³ _vK‡jB Adverb nq bv, Adjective I n‡Z cv‡i| g‡b ivL‡ebÑ Noun Gi mv‡_ ‘ly’ †hvM Ki‡j Adj
Ges Adj Gi mv‡_ ly †hvM Ki‡j Adverb n‡e|
Noun + -ly =Adjective Adjective + -ly =Adverb
Friend + -ly Friendly Slow + -ly Slowly
Coward + -ly Cowardly Quick + -ly Quickly
Miser + -ly Miserly Beautiful +-ly Beautifully
More Examples: Comely,Costly,Deadly (gvivZ¥K), Disorderly, Special Note: -lly _vK‡j Word wU wbwðZ
Lively, Lovely,Lonely, Likely, Orderly, Silly, Sprightly, fv‡eB Adverb n‡e|
Unlikely, Unruly, Ugly
hw` -ly hy³ Adjective ¸‡jv Adverb Gi gZ Verb ‡K Modify Kivi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GB Ac~Y©Zv c~i‡Yi Rb¨ A_©vr -ly hy³
Adjective ¸‡jv w`‡q GKwU Adverb Gi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z nq ZLb Adverb Phrases: ...in a + -ly hy³ Adjective + way/ manner
Gfv‡e wjL‡Z nq| ‡hgb:
 Aysha behaved motherly. ()
 Aysha behaved in a motherly way (√)

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 English Digest (Grammar) Parts of Speech

◉ Rule-02: wKQz wKQz Word Av‡Q hviv ev‡K¨ Adjective wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nIqvi cvkvcvwk ‘ly’hy³ bv n‡q Adverb wn‡m‡eI e¨eüZ nq|
†hgb: High, Pretty, Well, Short, Fast, Hard, Straight, Far, Dead, Tight BZ¨vw`|
Adjective Adverb
He is a very fast speaker. He walks very fast.
He is a hard worker. He works hard.
Imrul is not well (Health). Imrul plays well.

wKQz wKQz Adverb Gi †ÿ‡Î -ly hy³ Ki‡j A‡_©i wfbœZv †`Lv hvq| †hgb:
Adverbs
Late Lately Deep Deeply Short Shortly
Fair (PgrKvi) Fairly (†gvUvgywU)
(†`ix) (m¤úªwZ) (Mfx‡i) (AZ¨šÍ) (nVvr) (kxNªB)
Near Nearly Sharp Sharply High Highly Wrong Wrongly
(wbK‡U) (cÖvq) (wVK wVK) (KK©kfv‡e) (D”P) (LyeB) (fzj) (Ab¨vqfv‡e)
Pretty Prettily Hard Hardly
Dead(Adj./Adv.) (g„Z) Deadly(Adj.) (gvivZ¥K)
(PgrKvi) (†gvUvgywU) (K‡Vvi) (K`vwPr)

PREPOSITION (Ae¨q)
Pre = Av‡M, c~‡e©; Position = ¯’vb| Preposition nj †mB me word hviv †Kvb k‡ãi Av‡M e‡m c~e©eZx© word Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i|
Zvn‡j  [M: 23-24; 46th BCS]
Definition: A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation to some other word in
the sentence.
Examples: I have a love for him. (Zvi Rb¨ Avgvi fvjevmv Av‡Q|) GLv‡b for gv‡b nj ÔRb¨Õ| GB k‡ãwU love Ges him Gi g‡a¨
†hvMm~Î ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q|
Avevi, She went into the room. GLv‡b into kãwU w`‡q Zvi hvIqv I room Gi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© cÖKvwkZ n‡”Q| GB into nj GKwU
preposition. Av‡Mi D`vni‡Yi for I GKwU preposition.
Giƒc AviI KZK¸‡jv D`vniY wb‡P †`Iqv nj: at, to, by, on, of, over, above, behind, from, with, below, under, beside BZ¨vw`|

CONJUNCTION
Definition: A conjunction is a word used to join two or more sentences. (`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK sentence †K †h word GK‡Î hy³
K‡i Zv‡K conjunction e‡j|)
Examples: Kwig †mLv‡b wM‡qwQj, (Belal went there.)
iwng †mLv‡b wM‡qwQj| (Helal went there.)
evK¨ `ywU‡K hw` hy³ K‡i wjL‡Z PvB Zvn‡j wjL‡Z nq 
Kwig I iwng †mLv‡b wM‡qwQj (Belal and Helal went there.)
GB and ØvivB evK¨ `ywU‡K GKwU ev‡K¨ cwiYZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| myZivs and nj conjunction. Avevi 
He is poor (†m Mwie) Ges He is honest (†m mr)
evK¨ `ywU‡K GKÎ K‡i wb‡Pi gZ K‡i †jLv hvq: He is poor but honest. (†m Mwie wKš‘ mr) G‡ÿ‡Î But nj conjunction.
Giƒc AviI K‡qKwU conjunction nj: As, if, unless, until, till, while, lest, because, however BZ¨vw`|

8
 English Digest (Grammar) Parts of Speech

INTERJECTION
Definition: An interjection is a word which expresses some strong and sudden feeling or emotion. (cÖej ZvrÿwYK
Av‡eM cÖKvkK word nj interjection.)

Example: nvq! †m Avi †eu‡P †bB| (Alas! He is no more.)

evK¨wU‡Z Ònvq!Ó kãwU w`‡q ü`‡qi cÖej †e`bv cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| GwU nj interjection. Gfv‡e:
Fie! You are a thief. (wQ! Zzwg GKwU †Pvi|)
Hello! Where are you going? (I‡n! †Kv_vq Pj‡Q?)
Hurrah! We have won the game. (Kx gRv! Avgiv †Ljvq wR‡ZwQ|)
Hush! The Headmaster comes. (Pzc! cÖavb wkÿK Avm‡Qb|)
Dc‡ii evK¨¸‡jv‡Z Fie, Hello, Hurrah, Hush G¸‡jv nj interjection.

OTHER WORDS OR A GROUP OF WORDS USED AS NOUNS

(Ab¨vb¨ kã ev kãmgwói NOUN iƒ‡c e¨envi)
Adjective Noun
He is wise. We aim to help the wise.
He is brave (mvnmx). The brave deserve the fair (my›`i).
He is rich. The rich are not always happy.
Verb Noun
Show (†`LvI) me your photo. We enjoyed (Dc‡fvM K‡iwQjvg) a good show.
Things go (Pj‡Q) in this manner (GB nv‡j). This is the go (ixwZ) of the age (hyM).
Adverb Noun
We will go then. We will go by then.
He lives here. It is a long way from here.
I think that he will ever come. (Avwg fvewQ †m †Kvbw`b Avm‡e wKbv) He has left the village for ever (wPiZ‡i).
While he was walking, he saw a cow. Please, wait for a while (wKQzÿY).

✪ OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH USED AS ADJECTIVE ✪

(Ab¨vb¨ parts of speech Gi adjective iƒ‡c e¨envi)
➥ I like the town life. (GLv‡b town GKwU adjective wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| KviY GwU life (Noun) †K modify Ki‡Q|)
➥ Do you know where the Dhaka Hotel is? This is a football.
shoes.
➥ I did not want such What stupidity (†evKvwg) is this!
Noun
➥ Let us go to the play ground.
➥ He was the then (ZrKvjxb) president of Pakistan. The down mail will not arrive today.
➥ The above (Dc‡ii) theory will apply now (GLb Kv‡R Avm‡e).
➥ Never get on a running (PjšÍ, present participle) train. He is the husband of the murdered (past participle) lady.

✪ ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY USED AS NOUNS ✪

(Adjective of Quality-Gi Noun wn‡m‡e e¨envi)
wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv co:
All men in this village are good.
He is brave (mvnmx).

9
 English Digest (Grammar) Parts of Speech

GLv‡b good Ges brave nj adjective of quality. wKš‘ G‡`i Av‡M the emv‡bv n‡j Giv common noun-G cwiYZ nq Ges ZLb G‡`i
c‡i plural verb e‡m| A_©vr MVbwU nq Giƒc:
the + adjective + plural verb
common noun
†hgb : The brave (mvnmx e¨w³iv) are successful.
The rich are not always happy. (abxiv memgq myLx bq|)

wb‡Pi Q‡Ki gva¨‡g wRwbmwU ¯úó K‡i eySv‡bv nj:

Used as Adjective Used as Noun
1. The down train was late. 1. Life has the downs.
2. He is young. 2. The young can do it.
3. I am sick today. 3. The sick (cxwoZiv) are unhappy.
 NOTE: Adjective hLb noun wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq ZLb Zvi Av‡M the e¨eüZ nq Ges c‡i †Kvb noun e‡m bv| †hgb The rich are
sometimes (KLbI KLbI) very rude (wb`©q)| wKš‘ †Kvb wbw`©ó e¨w³‡K eySv‡Z n‡j
the + adjective - Gi ci noun e‡m; A_©vr the + adjective + noun
-Gfv‡e e¨eüZ nq| wKš‘ ZLb Zvici plural verb e¨eüZ nq bv| †hgb t The poor man is walking. GLv‡b man ‡hvM Ki‡Z †Kvb
GKRb wbw`©ó Mwie †jvK‡K eySv‡”Q|
†Kvb †Kvb Adjective mivmwi noun iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq| †hgb t equal, yellow, blue, black, green BZ¨vw`|
The girl in green (meyR †cvkvK cwinZ) is talking to her brother.
He is not my equal (mgKÿ).

✪ OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH USED AS ADVERBS ✪

➥ The meeting was month long. (month GKwU noun. long adjective-‡K noun-wU modify K‡i‡Q e‡j ZvÕ adverb
GLv‡b wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|)
➥ The tree is breast high.
➥ She will not buy it either.
➥ She returned safe (wbivc‡`).
➥ She came in.

✪ ADVERBS USED AS NOUNS ✪

Adverb KLbI KLbI noun wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡Pi GiKg KZK¸‡jv D`vniY †`qv nj:
Adverb iƒ‡c t He went inside (†fZ‡i).
Noun iƒ‡c t He came out from inside.
GLv‡b from nj preposition. Gi Ic‡i word emyK bv †Kb Zv n‡e preposition-Gi object. Avi object hLb ZLb wbðqB GUv noun.
Adverb iƒ‡c t He will come then (ZLb).
Noun iƒ‡c t He will come by then. e¨vL¨v Av‡Mi gZB| GLv‡b by nj preposition

✪ ADVERBS USED AS ADJECTIVE ✪

Adverb wK †Kvb noun ‡K qualify K‡i? wbðqB bv| Adverb qualify K‡i adjective, verb-Gme‡K| Noun-†K qualify K‡i
adjective. AZGe noun ‡K hw` †Kvb adverb qualify K‡i ZvÕn‡j Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h H adverb-wU adjective-Gi KvR K‡i‡Q| wb‡Pi
evK¨¸‡jv‡Z GB adverb ¸‡jv adjective-Gi gZ KvR K‡i‡Q t
The down train is late today. GLv‡b down train = down going train.
He is going to the down town.
He was the then president of Bangladesh.
Dc‡ii evK¨¸‡jv‡Z down, down, I then-adverb wZbwU adjective-Gi gZ KvR K‡i‡Q KviY Zviv h_vμ‡g train, town I president-
noun wZbwU‡K qualify K‡i‡Q|

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 English Digest (Grammar) Parts of Speech

✪ ✪ OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH USED AS PREPOSITIONS ✪ ✪

KLbI KLbI noun, adjective, verb, participle Ges conjunction I preposition wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K, †hgb 
➥ Despite his failure, he did not lose heart. (despite = m‡Ë¡I, lose heart = nZvk nIqv|)
➥ The school is situated near (= by = beside) the market.
➥ All attended the picnic save (= except = but for) your brother.
➥ We shall reach before half past nine.
➥ None but (= except = e¨ZxZ) Rahim has done it.

01. The brave deserve the fair. Here brave is a/an-

A. Noun B. Adjective C. Adverb D. Verb Ans: A
02. The above theory will apply now. Here above is –
A. Noun B. Adjective C. Adverb D. Verb Ans: B
03. The meeting was month long. Here month is-
A. Noun B. Adjective C. Adverb D. Verb Ans: C
04. Can you help me regarding my assignment. Here ‘regarding’ is a/an –
A. gerund B. apposition C. preposition D. conjunction Ans: C
05. ‘Hasan went home. Here ‘home’ is a/an –
A. noun B. verb C. adjective D. adverb Ans: D
06. ‘I shall go there provided you follow me.’ Here the underline word is a/an –
A. noun B. conjunction C. adjective D. adverb Ans: B
07. The police sat vigilantly beside the playground. Here ‘vigilantly’ is –
A. a noun B. an adjective C. adverb D. verb Ans: C
08. Frailty thy name is woman. Here ‘Frailty’ is –
A. A noun B. An adjective C. An adverb D. A verb Ans: A
09. I am in the process of collecting material for my story. Here material is-
A. Verb B. Adjective C. Adverb D. Noun Ans: D
10. Give the place to your betters.
A. Noun B. Adjective C. Adverb D. Pronoun Ans: A
11. All men are mortal.
A. Adjective B. Adverb C. Pronoun D. Noun Ans: A
12. All spoke in his favour.
A. Noun B. Pronoun C. Adverb D. Conjunction Ans: B
13. He lost his all in speculation.
A. Pronoun B. Noun C. Adjective D. Verb Ans: B
14. He was all alone when I saw him. Choose the correct parts speech of the underlined word.
A. Noun B. Adjective C. Preposition D. Adverb Ans: D
15. Choose the correct parts of speech of the underlined word: Please take what I have only let me go.
A. Adjective B. Adverb C. Conjunction D. Preposition Ans: C
16. He has done wrong.
A. Noun B. Verb C. Adjective D. Adverb Ans: A
17. Do not go in the wrong path.
A. Verb B. Noun C. Adjective D. Adverb Ans: C
18. They are men of like build and stature. Here ‘like’ is a or an-
A. Preposition B. Adverb C. Noun D. Adjective Ans: D
19. Supposing I gave you a taka, what will you do with it?-Here supposing is used as-
A. adjective B. noun C. verb D. conjunction Ans: D
20. You have no right to do it. Here right is-
A. adjective B. noun C. adverb D. verb Ans: B

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