CHAP 06 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION FARADAY & HENRY EXPERIMENTS

Syllabus ( 2024 -2025 ) : Electromagnetic induction; Experiment 01 : Current induced by a magnet

Faraday's laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz's Law, Self
and mutual induction

Induced Current & Induced EMF :

Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a closed coil changes,

an emf (electromotive force) is induced and hence an electric
current flows in the circuit. This current is called an induced
current and the emf giving rise to such current is called an
induced emf. This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic
induction.

Magnetic Flux ( ΦB ) :

The number of magnetic field lines crossing any area

normally is defined as magnetic flux ΦB. Mathematically, the
magnetic flux through a surface of area 𝐴 in a uniform
magnetic field 𝐵 is defined as

The SI unit of magnetic flux is Wb (or) Tm2

1 Wb = 1 T m2
Experiment 02 : Current induced by current Experiment 3 : Current induced by changing current
FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION LENZ’S LAW & ENERGY CONSERVATION
 FIRST LAW : Whenever magnetic flux linked with a Lenz’s Law : The polarity of the induced emf is such a way
closed circuit changes, an emf is induced in the circuit that it opposes the change in the magnetic flux ( cause
which lasts in the circuit as long as the magnetic flux is responsible for its production )
changing. This law gives the direction of the induced current in the
circuit.
 SECOND LAW : The magnitude of induced emf in a
closed circuit is directly proportional to the rate
of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.

 When the North pole ( N ) of the magnet enters the coil, the
magnetic flux linked with the coil increases so an emf ( N ) is
developed such that it opposes the increase in magnetic flux

 When the North pole ( N ) of the magnet exits the coil, the
magnetic flux linked with the coil decreases so an emf ( S ) is
developed such that it opposes the decrease in magnetic flux
Lenz’s law is based on law of conservation of Energy.
 When the North pole is moved towards the coil, a North FLEMING’S RIGHT HAND RULE
polarity is been developed in the coil , so work is done
The thumb, fore finger and middle finger of right hand are
against the repulsive force to move the magnet closer to
stretched out mutually perpendicular to each other.
the coil.
When the North pole is moved towards the coil, a South
polarity is been developed in the coil , so work is done
against the attractive force to move the magnet away from
the coil.

So Mechanical Work done ( Mechanical Energy ) is

converted into Electrical Energy

Class work Numerical :

Thumb : indicates direction of motion of the conductor
1. A circular coil of radius 10 cm, 500 turns and
Fore Finger : indicates direction of the magnetic field
resistance 2 Ω is placed with its plane perpendicular to
the magnetic field of magnitude 3 ×10−5 T. If is rotated Middle Finger : direction of induced current.
about its vertical diameter through 180∘ in 0.25 s.
Fleming’s right hand rule is also known as generator rule.
Estimate the current and emf induced in the coil
[ Ans : ε = 3.8×10−3 V, I = 1.9×10−3 A ] Conceptual Questions :

3. In the given figure, a bar magnet is quickly moved

2. The magnetic flux through a coil perpendicular to its
towards a conducting loop having a capacitor. Predict the
plane and directed into paper is varying according to the
polarity of the plates A and B of the capacitor.
relation Φ = ( 5 t2 + 10t + 5 ) milliweber. Calculate the
e.m.f. induced in the loop at t = 5 s [ Ans : ε = - 0.06 V ]
4. Predict the directions of induced currents in metal rings 1 INDUCED EMF IN A RECTANGULAR LOOP
and 2 lying in the same plane ( MOTIONAL EMF )

Case (i) where current I in the wire is increasing steadily.

Case (ii) where current I in the wire is decreasing steadily.
Case (iii) where current I in the wire is constant

5. Two loops of different shapes are moved into a region of

uniform magnetic field in the directions marked by arrows
as shown in the figure. What is the direction of the
induced current in each loop?

6. Two identical loops, one of copper 'and the other of

aluminium are rotated with the same angular speed in
the same magnetic field. Compare (i) the induced emf and
(ii) the current produced in the two coils.
Conceptual Question : Induced emf in a wheel of cycle rotating in a
A copper rod of length l rotates about one of its ends with uniform magnetic field :
an angular velocity ω in a magnetic field B as shown in
the figure.

A wheel having n number of spokes rotating in a

uniform magnetic field behaves as a cell connected in
The plane of rotation is perpendicular to the field. Find parallel. In parallel combination the emf remains
emf induced between the two ends of the rod. same
Solution : Consider a small element of length dx at a
distance x from the centre of the circle described by the
rod. As this element moves perpendicular to the field with
a linear velocity v=x_, the emf developed in the element dx Class work Numerical :
is
7. A metallic rod of 1 m length is rotated with a frequency of
50 rev/s , with on end hinged at the centre and the other
This rod is made up of many such elements, moving end at the circumference of a circular metallic ring of
perpendicular to the field. The emf developed across two radius 1 m, about an axis passing through the centre and
ends is perpendicular at to the plane of the ring. A constant
uniform magnetic field of 1 T parallel to the axis is
present everywhere. What is the e.m.f. between the centre
and the metallic ring?
Ѡ = 2πf
[ Ans : ε = 157.1 V ]
ε = ½ B (2πf)l2 = B (πl2 )f = BAf
8. A square loop of side 20 cm is initially kept 30 cm away 10. A metallic square loop abcd of size 15 cm and resistance
from a region of uniform magnetic field of 0.1 T as shown. 1 Ω is moved at a uniform velocity of v m/s, in a uniform
It is then moved towards the right with a velocity of 10 magnetic field of 2 T, the field lines being normal to the plane
cm/s till it goes out of the field. Plot a graph showing the of the paper. the loop is connected to an electrical network of
variation of (i) magnetic flux through the loop with time(t). resistors, each of resistance 2 Ω . Calculate the speed of the
(ii) induced emf (E) in the loop with time t. (iii) induced loop, for which 2 mA current floes in the loop.
current in the loop, if it has resistance of 0.1 Ω

[ v = 2x10-2 m/s ]
9. Figure shows a rectangular conducting loop PQRS in
INDUCTOR
which arm RS of length l is movable. The loop is kept in a
uniform magnetic field B directed downward Inductor is a device used to store energy in a
perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The arm RS is magnetic field when an electric current flows through it.
moved with a uniform speed v.
Deduce an expression for
(i) the emf induced across the arm RS
(ii) the external force required to move the arm and
(iii) the power dissipated as heat.
Inductance is the property of inductors to generate emf due
to the change in current flowing through that circuit (self-
induction) or a change in current through a neighbouring
circuit with which it is magnetically linked (mutual
induction).
 SELF INDUCTION When the current I changes with time, an emf is induced
in it. From Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
An electric current flowing through a coil will set up
this self-induced emf in the coil is given by
a magnetic field around it. Therefore, the magnetic flux of
the magnetic field is linked with that coil itself. If this flux
is changed by changing the current, an emf is induced in
that same coil. This phenomenon is known as self-
induction. The emf induced is called self-induced emf.

The negative sign in the above equation implies that the

self-induced emf always opposes the change in current
with respect to time. If di/dt = 1A/s, then L=−ε
Inductance of a coil is also defined as the opposing emf
induced in the coil when the rate of change of current
through the coil is 1 A/s. Inductance is a scalar and its
unit is henry (H) or Wb/A or Vs/A
Let ΦB be the magnetic flux linked with each turn of the
coil of NΦB turns, then the total flux linked with the coil N
(flux linkage) is proportional to the current I in the coil.
NΦB α I
N∅B Physical Significance of Inductance :
NΦB = LI (or) L=  ( Equ 1)
I
When a circuit is switched on, the increasing current
The constant of proportionality L is called self- induces an emf which opposes the growth of current in a
inductance (or) coefficient of self-induction of the coil. circuit . Likewise, when circuit is broken, the decreasing
If I =1A, then L = NΦB then Self-inductance of a coil is current induces an emf in the reverse direction. This emf
defined as the flux linkage with the coil when 1A current now opposes the decay of current
flows through it.
Thus, inductance of the coil opposes any change in
current and tries to maintain the original state.
SELF INDUCTANCE OF A LONG SOLENOID ENERGY STORED IN A INDUCTOR

Consider a long solenoid of length l and Whenever a current is established in the circuit, the
cross-sectional area A. Let n be the number of turns per inductance opposes the growth of the current. In order to
unit length ( turn density) of the solenoid. When an establish a current in the circuit, work is done against
electric current I is passed through the solenoid, a this opposition by some external agency. This work done
magnetic field produced inside is almost uniform and is is stored as magnetic potential energy.
directed along the axis of the solenoid as shown in Figure.
Let us assume that electrical resistance of the inductor is
The magnetic field at any point inside the solenoid is
negligible and inductor effect alone is considered. The
given by
induced emf at any instant t is

The magnetic flux passing through each turn is

Let dW be work done in moving a charge dq in a time dt

against the opposition, then

The total magnetic flux linked or flux linkage of the

solenoid with N turns ( the total number of turns N is
given by N = nl ) is
 14. A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5
H. If the current in one coil changes from 0 to 20 A in
0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage with the
This work done is stored as magnetic potential energy
other coil? [ Ans : Φ = - 30 Wb ]

15. The current flowing in the two coils of self-inductance

Class work Numerical :
L1=16 mH and L2 = 12 mH are increasing at the
11. The current flowing through an inductor of self-
same rate. If the power supplied to the two coils are
inductance L is continuously increasing. Plot a graph
equal, then find the ratio of (i) induced voltages (ii) the
showing the variation of (a) magnetic flux versus the
currents and (iii) the energies stored in the coil at a
current. (b) induced emf versus dI/dt. (c) magnetic
given instant.
potential energy stored versus the current.

AC GENERATOR / AC DYNAMO / ALTERNATOR

12. A plot of magnetic flux versus current is shown in
AC generator (or) alternator is a device that converts
the figure for two inductors A and B. Which of the two
mechanical energy into electrical energy. AC generator work
has larger value of self -inductance?
on the principle of electromagnetic induction. The relative
motion between a conductor and a magnetic field changes
the magnetic flux linked which in turn, induces an emf and
its direction by Fleming’s right hand rule

13. Current in a circuit falls steadily from 2.0 A to 0.0 A

in 10 ms. If an average emf of 200 V is induced, then
calculate the self-inductance of the circuit.
[ Ans : L = 1 H ]
  Hence induced current flows from A to B then C to
D ( Current flows from B2 to B1 )
 After Half rotation, AB moves outwards and CD
inwards , now the current flows from B to A then D
to C ( Current flows from B1 to B2 )
 Induced current changes its direction for every half
rotation, so it is alternating in nature.

Methods of inducing EMF :

(i) By changing the magnetic field B

(ii) By changing the area A of the coil and

(iii) By changing the relative orientation θ of the coil

When the armature coil rotates it changes the magnetic

flux linked with the coil , there by an emf is induced
which in turn produces an induced current.
 Initially when the coil rotates in anti clock wise
direction , AB moves inwards and CD outwards.
 If I =1A, then N2Φ21 = M21 Therefore, the mutual
inductance M21 is defined as the flux linkage with the
coil 2 when 1A current flows through coil 1

When the current I1 changes with time, an emf ε2 is

MUTUAL INDUCTION induced in coil 2. From Faraday’s law of EMI, this
When an electric current passing through a coil changes mutually induced emf ε2 is given by
with time, an emf is induced in the neighbouring coil.
This phenomenon is known as mutual induction and the
emf induced is called mutually induced emf.

Consider two coils which are placed close to each other.

If an electric current I1 is sent through coil 1, the
magnetic field produced by it is also linked with coil 2 as
shown in Figure

The negative sign in the above equation shows that the

mutually induced emf always opposes the change in
current I1

If dI/dt =1A/s, then M21 =−ε2. Mutual inductance M21 is

also defined as the opposing emf induced in the coil 2
when the rate of change of current through the coil 1 is
1A/s.
Similarly, if an electric current I2 through coil 2 changes Let I1 be the current flowing through solenoid 1, then the
with time, then emf ε1 is induced in coil 1. Therefore, magnetic field produced inside it is

Therefore, M21 = M12 = M

The unit of mutual inductance is also henry (H).

Mutual inductance between two long

co-axial solenoids :
Consider two long co-axial solenoids of same
length l. The length of these solenoids is large when
compared to their radii so that the magnetic field
Similarly for the coil 2
produced inside the solenoids is uniform and the fringing
effect at the ends may be ignored. Let A1 and A2 be the This magnetic field B2 is uniform inside the solenoid 2
area of cross section of the solenoids with A1 being but outside the solenoid 2, it is almost zero. Therefore for
greater than A2 as shown in Figure The turn density of solenoid 1, the area A2 is the effective area over which
these solenoids are n1 and n2 respectively. the magnetic field B2 is present; not area A1

Therefore, M21 = M12 = M

Conceptual Question :

TRANSFORMER

Transformer is a stationary device used to transform

electrical power from one circuit to another without
changing its frequency. The principle of transformer is
the mutual induction between two coils. That is, when
an electric current passing through a coil changes with
time, an emf is induced in the neighbouring coil
 This constant K is known as voltage transformation ratio

Step up Transformer converts alternating current with

low voltage into an alternating current with high voltage

Step down Transformer converts alternating current

The core is generally laminated and is made up of a good
with High voltage into an alternating current with Low
magnetic material like silicon steel. Coils are electrically
voltage
insulated but magnetically linked via transformer core.

The emf induced in the secondary coil εs is given by

The back emf induced in the primary coil is given by

Efficiency of a transformer:

The efficiency η of a transformer is defined as the ratio of

the useful output power to the input power.

When we assume, there is no energy loss ( Law of

Transformers are highly efficient devices having their
conservation of Energy ) – Ideal Transformer
efficiency in the range of 96 – 99%.
 Class work Numerical :

16. Calculate the current drawn by the primary of a

transformer which steps down 200 V to 20 V to operate a
device of resistance 20 Ω. The efficiency of transformer to
Energy losses in a transformer : be 80%.
𝟏
Even though all are stationary parts in a transformer, [ Ans : Ip = A]
𝟖
there are many factors which lead to energy loss.

Core loss (or) Iron loss : When transformer core is 17. A step-down transformer operated on a 2.5 kV line. It
magnetized and demagnetized repeatedly by the supplies a load with 20 A. The ratio of the primary
alternating voltage, hysteresis takes place due to which winding to the secondary is 10 : 1. If the transformer is
some energy is lost in the form of heat. Hysteresis loss is 90% efficient, calculate
minimized by using steel of high silicon content in (a) the power output,
making transformer core. (b) the voltage, and
(c) the current in the secondary
Copper loss : When an electric current flows through
them, some amount of energy is lost due to heating. This [ Ans : O/P : 4.5 x 104 W, Vs = 250 V, Is = 180 A ]
is minimized by using wires of larger diameter.

Flux leakage : Flux leakage happens when the magnetic

lines of primary coil are not completely linked with
secondary coil. Energy loss due to this flux leakage is
minimized by winding coils one over the other

Magnetostriction Loss : This loss happens due to

humming noise of the transformer ( sound energy loss )