NAME: NAMUBIIRU SCOLASTICA

REG NO: 25/U/BEL/00791/GV.

A DETAILED SUMMARY OF RESONANCE AND TRANSIENT ANALYSIS IN RLC

CIRCUITS.

Resonance.

When the voltage applied to an electric network containing

resistance, inductance and capacitance is in phase with the resulting
current(I), the circuit is said to be resonant.

At resonance, the equivalent network impedance, Z is purely resistive

since the supply voltage and current are in phase. The power factor of a
resonant network is unity.

Series RLC resonance circuit and Q factor.

The circuit above shows a coil of inductance , L and resistance, R

connected in series with a capacitor of capacitance, C with voltages V L ,
VR , and VC across them respectively.

The total impedance of the circuit is;

Z=R+ j( X L− X C )

Z = R + j(ω L – 1/ω C)

At resonance;

XL = XC

2πfrL = 1/2πfrC ; where fr is frequency at resonance.

fr =1/2π√ LC Hertz
At frequencies less than fr , XL˂ XC and the circuit is capacitive while at frequencies greater
than fr , XL ˃ XC and the circuit is inductive. A series resonant circuit is also known as an
acceptor circuit since it has minimum impedance thus maximum current. Below is a graph
typically showing the relationship between current,I impedance, Z against frequency.

Q – factor.

Q – factor is means quality factor whichrefers to the goodness of a reactive element/

component. In an LRC circuit, both reactive components store energy during a quarter cycle
of alternating supply input and return it to the circuit source during the next quarter cycle.

At resonance;

Q = 2π(maximum energy stored)/(energy losses per cycle)

OR

Q = 2πfr(maximum energy stored)/(average power dissipated)

For an inductor, Q = ωr L/R (1)

For a capacitor, Q =1/ωr CR (2)

From (1) and(2) we deduct that Q = XL/R = XC/R = (Reactance)/(resistance)

Also Qr = ωr L/R =1/ωr CR

L
Qr = (1/R)(√ ( ))
C
Parallel LRC resonant circuit and Q factor.

A more practical parallel LRC circuit consists of a coil of inductance, L and a resistance, R in
parallel with a pure capacitor of capacitance, C as shown in the figure above.

Admittance of the coil, YCOIL = 1/(R+ jXL) =(R – jXL)/(R2 + XL2)

= [R/(R2+ ω2 L2)] – [jωL/(R2 + ω2 L2)]

Admittance of the capacitor, YC = (1/-jXC ) = jωC

Total admitance, Y = YCOIL + YC

= [R/(R2+ ω2 L2)] – [ jωL/(R2 + ω2 L2)] + jωC

At resonance, the total admittance Y is real that is to say that the imaginary part is equal to
zero hence,

ωrL/ (R2 + ωrL2) = ωrC

L 2 2 2
=R +ω r L
C

Resonant frequancy in parallel circuit, fr = (1/2π) * √ ( 1 / LC )−( R2 / L2 )

2
Q factor.

The Q factor of a parallel resonant circuit is the ratio of the current circulating in the parallel
branches to the supply current.

Q r = (circulating current)/ (current at resonance)

But, circulating current, IC = VωrC and current at resonance, Ir = VCR/L

Hence Q r = ωrL/R which is the same as that of a series circuit.

3db frequency.

The 3db frequency is the frequency at which the power of a signal drops to half of its
maximum value in a system.

Since power is proportional to the square of voltage, a drop to half of the power
corresponds to;

10log10(P/Pmax) = -3dB and in terms of voltage amplitude (not power), this

means the output is reduced to (V/Vmax) = 0.707 so at the 3db frequency,
the output signal amplitude falls to 70.7% of its maximum value.

Importance of 3db frequency.

Bandwidth definition; in filters, amplifiers and communication systems,

the useful frequency range is defined between -3db points.

Half power point; it marks where energy transmission efficiency starts to

decline significantly.

System characterisation; used to specify the frequency response of

circuits like RC, RL, RLC and active filters
Transient analysis in series RCL circuit with a source.

Applying KVL,

V = VR(t) + VL(t) + VC(t) (1)

Vc(t) = 1/C∫ i dt

VR(t) = iR

VL(t) = Ldi/dt

Substituting for VC(t), VR(t) and VL(t) in (1) and simplifying we get

iR + 1/C∫ i dt + Ldi/dt = V

To convert it into a differential equation it is differentiated on both sides with respect to time
and we get;

L(d2i/dt2) + (Rdi/dt) + (i/C) = 0

Let (d/dt) = D, The equation becomes

[D2 + RD/L + 1/LC] = 0

From quadratic formular,

D = -(R/2L) ± [(R/2L)2 – (1/LC)]1/2

Let A = (R/2L) and B = (1/√ LC )

D = -A ± √ A 2−B2 where is the exponential damping coefficient and B is the resonant

frequency.
Case 1

Here C1 and C2 must be got by applying the given initial conditions and the scenarios for
getting D1 and D2 depending on the sizes of A and B are;

For overdamped response where (R/2L)2 > (1/LC), the roots D1 and D2 will be negative and
real numbers and the response equation is; i(t) = C1 e D 1t + C2 e D 2t

Case 2

When (R/2L)2 < (1/LC) both D1 and D2will have non zero imaginary components leading to
what is known as an underdamped response given by: i(t) = e− At (C1cosB’t + C2sinB’t) where B’
= √ B 2−A 2 and is called the natural resonant frequency.

Case 3

When (R/2L)2 = (1/LC) both D1 and D2 will be equal which will lead to what is called a
critically damped response given by; : i(t) = e− At (C1 t + C2)

Source free RCL transient analysis.

This is a circuit without any dc source attached to it. OR a circuit becomes

source free if its dc source is disconnected or removed.

(a) (b)

Now consider series circuit (a) and parallel circuit (b) consisting of a
resister, R an inductor of inductance L and a capacitor of capacitance, C
with an initial energy in L or C and no external source after time, t = 0, to
solve for the response equation, we follow the same procedure as that of a
sourced circuit except that we consider initial conditions that is to say i (0)
and v(0) instead of i(t) and v(t).
Transient analysis for parallel RLC circuit.

Assuming that initially the current in the inductor and voltage across the
capacitor are zero

Using KCL at the node after R,

i = iC(t) + iL(t)

let v = vc(t) = vL(t)

t
(V – v)/R = (1/L)∫ vdt + Cdv/dt
t0

t
V/R = v/R + (1/L) ∫ vdt + Cdv/dt
t0

Differentiating both sides with respect to t we get;

(d2v/dt2) + (1/RC)(dv/dt) + v/LC = 0

Let (d/dt) = s

Then the characteristic equation can be written as; s 2 + (1/RC)s + (1/LC) =

0

From quadratic formular;

s1,2 = -1/2RC ± √ (1 /2 RC )2−(1/√ LC)2 if A =(1/2RC) and B = 1/√ LC , then the

equation becomes; S1,2 = -A ± √ A 2−B2

Hence the general form of the response is : v (t) = C1e s 1 t + C2 e s 2 t

Here C1 and C2 must be got by applying the given initial conditions and the scenarios for
getting s1 and s2 depending on the sizes of A and B are;

Case 1
For overdamped response where (1/2RC) > (1/√ LC 2 ) , the roots s1 and s2 will be negative
and real numbers and the response equation is; v(t) = C1 e s 1 t + C2 e s 2 t

Case 2

When (1/2RC) < (1/√ LC 2 ) both s1 and s2will have non zero imaginary components
leading to what is known as an underdamped response given by: v(t) = e− At (C1cosB’t +
C2sinB’t) where B’ = √ B 2−A 2 and is called the natural resonant frequency.

Case 3

When(1/2RC) = (1/√ LC 2 ) both s1 and s2 will be equal which will lead to what is called a
critically damped response given by; : v(t) = e− At (C1 t + C2)