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in

12

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l.i
da
bjhFjp - 1 & 2
g[jpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; go
ka
vi
tpilf;Fwpg;g[ (Key) mog;gilapy;
jahhpf;fg;gl;l rpwg;g[ E}y;
al
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94433 81701, 94422 69810, 90474 74696

81110 94696, 89400 02320, 89400 02321
340/-

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n
l.i
da
Mrphpah;fs; :
Dr. S.Anbarasu
Mrs. V.Arul Flora
ka
vi
Mr. R.Inbaraj
Mr. J.Yesudas
al
Mr. Vijayan
Mr. A.S.Antony Samy
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Mrs. A.Licy Nivethitha

Revised By:
Mr. C. Sathish Kumar
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PREFACE

n
Student with average IQ always struggle to cope up studies.
They always seek for the best, sources to learn and score high

l.i
marks.
The pattern of the question being asked in the

da
exams has changed dramatically and the difficulty level has
also increased considerably. To succeed in board exams and to
actualise your dream, you are required to prepare strategically
and study in a focussed manner.

ka
LOYOLA serves the above cited purpose in perfect
manner.
vi
Specially designed for coaching students of different levels.
(Slow learners, average and above average students)
 Simplified text matter.
al

 Focussed on coverage of text book

 MCQ’s are framed based on new pattern.
.k

 NEET, IIT questions are given for top learners

 Comprehensive questions are designed for average and
above average students based on key points
w

 Included PTA questions and Govt. questions papers with

their keys.
w

Best wishes
LOYOLA PUBLICATION
w

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bghUsl¡f«

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g¡f«
myF ghlj;jiyg;g[fs; v©

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bjhFjp ? I
1 Ãiy Ä‹Åaš 5

da
2 Ä‹ndh£lÉaš 44

3 fhªjÉaš k‰W« Ä‹ndh£l¤â‹ fhªj ÉisîfŸ 80

4
5
Ä‹fhªj¤ö©lY« khWâir Ä‹ndh£lK«
Ä‹fhªj miyfŸ ka 117

154
vi
bjhFjp ? II
6 fâ® xËÆaš 172
al
7 miy xËÆaš 196

8 fâ®å¢R k‰W« gU¥bghUË‹ ïUik¥g©ò 226

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9 mQ k‰W« mQ¡fU ïa‰ãaš 253

10 vy¡£uhÅaš k‰W« jftš bjhl®ò mik¥òfŸ 292

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11 ïa‰ãaÈ‹ m©ik¡fhy ts®¢áfŸ 328

bgw;nwhh; Mrphpah; fHfk; (PTA) khjphp tpdhj;jhs; 339

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muR bghJj; njh;t[ tpdhj;jhs; ? nk 2022 355

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muR Jizj; njh;t[ tpdhj;jhs; ? Mf!;l; 2022 357

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

myF
epiy kpd;dpay;
1
gFjp I - g[j;jf tpdhf;fs;

I. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf.

n
1. -q kpd;D}l;l kjpg;g[s;s ,U g[s;sp kpd;Jfs;fs;
glj;jpy; cs;sthW itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,tw;Wf;F eLtpy; P vd;w g[s;spapy; +q

l.i
kjpg;g[s;s @d;whtJ kpd;Jfs; itf;fg;gLfpwJ. tpil: (d)
P ypUe;J mk;g[f;Fwpapl;L fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s jPh;t[ :
jpirfspy; rpwpa bjhiyt[fSf;F +q kpd;Jfs;

da
efu;j;jg;gl;lhy; ve;jj; jpir my;yJ jpirfspy;/
Fwpg;g[ : k
 pd;D}l;l=;fspy; cUthFk; nfhLfspd;
,lg;bgau;r;rpiag; bghUj;J/ +q MdJ
rkepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;>
vz;zpf;ifia mstplt[k;.
4. 2 x 105 N C-1 kjpg;g[s;s kpd;g[yj;jpy; 30º
xU=;fikg;g[ nfhzj;jpy; kpd; ,UKid xd;W

a) A1 kw;Wk; A2 b) B1 kw;Wk; B2
ka itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd;kPJ bray;gLk; jpUg;g[
tpirapd; kjpg;g[ 8 Nm. kpd; ,UKidapd;
ePsk; 1 cm vdpy; mjpYs;s xU kpd;Jfspd;
kpd;D}l;l vz;kjpg;g[

PTA - 6 QY-2019
Mf!;l; 2022
vi
c) ,UjpirfspYk; a) 4 mC b) 8 mC c) 5 mC d) 7 mC
d) rkepiyapy; ,Uf;fhJ tpil: (b) 8 mC
tpil: (b) B1 kw;Wk; B2 jPh;t[:
al
B1 kw;Wk; B2 jpirapy; kpd;dGj;jk; RHp MFk;
2. gpd;tUk; kpd;Jfs; epiyaikg;g[fspy; vJ
rPuhd kpd;g[yj;ij cUthf;Fk;>  HY-2019
d
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a) g[s;sp kpd;Jfs; Mf!;l; 2021

b) rPuhd kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w Kotpyh fk;gp
c) rPuhd kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w Kotpyh rkjsk; C
d) rPuhd kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w nfhsff; TL 5. kpd;Jfs;fis cs;slf;fpa ehd;F fh!pad;
w

tpil: (c) rPuhd kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w Kotpyh rkjsk; gug;g[fs; glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. xt;bthU
fh!pad; gug;iga[k; flf;Fk; kpd;gha
kjpg;g[fis jutupirapy; vGJf.
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3. gpd;tUk; kpd;g[yf; nfhLfspd; totikg;gpypUe;J

,k;kpd;Jfs;fspd; kpd;D}l;l tpfpjk;
w

vd;d>

q1
a) D < C < B <A b) A < B = C < D
q2
c) C < A = B < D d) D > C > B > A
tpil: (a) D < C < B <A
5 myF - 1

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

6. ePUf;Fs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s @oa gug;gpd; jPh;t[:

bkhj;j kpd;gha kjpg;g[ ______

∈ ∈ ∈ ∈

ePh;

n
tpil: (b) ∈
jPh;t[:
9. btspg;gug;gpd; xU gFjpapy; kpd;g[yk;/

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epyt[fpwJ. V0 vd;gJ Mjpg;g[s;spapy;
kpd;dGj;jk; VA vd;gJ x=2m bjhiytpy;
kpd;dGj;jk; vdpy; kpd;dGj;j ntWghL

da
V = Vo - VA ,d; kjpg;g[ ______
a) 10 V b) -20 V c) +20 V d) -10 V
7. q1 kw;Wk; q2 Mfpa neu; kpd;D}l;l mst[
bfhz;l ,U xnu khjpupahd kpd;flj;Jg; tpil: C) +20 V
ge;Jfspd; ika=;fs; r ,ilbtspapy; gpupf;fg; jPh;t[:
gl;L cs;sd. mtw;iw xd;nwhblhd;W bjhlr;
bra;Jtpl;L gpd;du; mnj ,ilbtspapy;
gpupj;J itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vdpy; mtw;wpw;F
,ilnaahd tpir NSEP-04-05 brg; ? 2020
a) Kd;ig tplf; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;;
ka +
×(-2)
vi
b) mnjast[ ,Uf;Fk;
c) Kd;ig tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;; 10. R MuKila kpd;flj;Jg; bghUshyhd/
d) RHp tpil: (c) Kd;ig tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;; bky;ypa nfhsff; Tl;od; gug;gpy; Q
al
jPh;t[: kpd;D}l;l mst[s;s kpd;Jfs;fs; rPuhfg;
gutpa[s;sd. vdpy;/ mjdhy; Vw;gLk; epiy
kpd;dGj;jj;jp;w;fhd rupahd tiuglk; vJ>
PTA-1
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V V
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O r O r
R R
8. gpd;tUk; kpd;Jfs; mikg;g[fspd; epiy (a) (b)
kpd;dGj;j Mw;wy;fis ,w=;F tupirapy; V V
w

vGJf. PTA-4
Q -Q -Q -Q
r r
+ – – – O r O r
R R
w

(a) (b) (d)

(c)
V
-Q -2Q Q -2Q
r 2r
– – + –
(c) (d) tpil:
O
a) 1 = 4 < 2 < 3 b) 2 = 4 < 3 < 1 R

c) 2 = 3 < 1 < 4 d) 3 < 1 < 2 < 4 (b)

tpil: (a) 1 = 4 < 2 < 3
myF - 1 6

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

jPh;t[: 14. @d;W kpd;njf;fpfs; glj;jpy; cs;sthW

xU nfhsff; Tl;od; cs;ns kpd;g[yk; RHp Mdhy; Kf;nfhz tot mikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;
kpd;dGj;jk; cs;ns midj;J g[s;spfspYk; gl;Ls;sd. A kw;Wk; C Mfpa g[ss
; pfSf;fpilna
cs;s ,izkhw;W kpd;njf;Fj;jpwd;.
 kjpg;ig bgWk;. nfhsj;jpd; btspna
2 F
vjpu; tpfpjj;jpy; Fiwa[k;. A B
11. A kw;Wk; B Mfpa ,U g[ss ; pfs; Kiwna 7 V

n
kw;Wk; -4V kpd;dGj;jj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
vdpy; A ypUe;J B f;F 50 vyf;lu; hd;fis 1 F 2 F
efu;jj; r; bra;ag;gLk; ntiy

l.i
a) 8.80 x 10-17J b) -8.80 x 10-17 J
c) 4.40 x x 10-17 J d) 5.80 x 10-17 J
C
tpil: (a) 8.80 x 10-17J

da
jPh;t[: tpil: (b) 2μF;
jPh;t[: p

J
12. xU kpd;njf;fpf;F mspf;fg;gL;k; kpd;dGj;j
ntWghL V ypUe;J 2V, Mf mjpfupf;fg;gLfpwJ
ka @d;W kpd;njf;fpfSk;
gf;f,izg;gpy; cs;sd.
p
vi
vdpy;/ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;; rupahd Kotpidj;
nju;e;bjLf;f. khh;r; ? 2020 GMQ-2019 15. 1 cm kw;Wk; 3 cm MuKs;s ,U cnyhff;
a) Q khwhkypUf;Fk;/ C ,U kl=;fhFk; nfhs=;fSf;F Kiwna -1 x 10-2 C kw;Wk;
al
b) Q ,U kl=;fhFk;/ C ,U kl=;fhFk; 5 x 10-2 C mst[ kpd;D}l;l=;fs; bfhz;l
c) C khwhkypUf;Fk;/ Q ,U kl=;fhFk; kpd;Jfs;fs; mspf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,;t;tpU
d) Q kw;Wk; C ,uz;Lnk khwhkypUf;Fk;. nfhs=;fSk; xU kpd;flj;J fk;gpapdhy;
.k

tpil: (c) C khwhkypUf;Fk;/ Q ,U kl=;fhFk; ,izf;fg;gl;lhy; bgupa nfhsj;jpy;/ ,Wjpahf

jPh;t[: ,Uf;Fk; kpd;D}l;l kjpg;g[ (AIIPMT - 2012)
 nk 2022
w

a) 3 x 10-2 C b) 4 x 10-2 C
c) 1 x 10-2 C d) 2 x 10-2 C
tpil: (a) 3 x 10-2 C
w

13. ,izj;jl;L kpd;njf;fp; xd;W V kpd;dGj;j jPh;t[: bkhj;j kpd;D}l;l kjpg;g[/

ntWghl;oy; Q mst[ kpd;D}l;lk; bfhz;l Q = q 1 + q2
kpd;Jfs;fis nrkpf;fpwJ. jl;Lfspd; gug;gst[k; = 4 x 10–2 C
w

jl;LfSf;F ,ilnaahd bjhiyt[k; ,Ukl=; bgupa nfhsj;jpd; kpd;D}l;l kjpg;g[/

fhdhy; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ve;j mst[ khWgLk;.
 QY-2019 brg; ? 2020
a) kpd;njf;Fj;jpwd; b) kpd;Jfs;
c) kpd;dGj;j ntWghL d) Mw;wy; mlu;j;jp
tpil: (d) Mw;wy; mlu;j;jp

7 myF - 1

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

II. rpWtpdhf;fs; 4. nkw;bghUe;Jjy; jj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;g[

tiuf.
1. kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; Fthz;lkhf;fy; vd;why; ➢ Fwpg;gpl;l kpd;Jfs; kPJ bray;gLk; bkhj;j
vd;d> tpirahdJ kw;w midj;J kpd;Jfs;fs; mjd;kPJ
ve;jbthU bghUspy; cs;s kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; bray;gLk; tpirfspd; btf;lu; TLjYf;F
(e) kjpg;g[k; mog;gil kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; KG rkkhFk;.
kl=;fhfnt ,Uf;Fk;. ➢ q1 d; kPJ q2 brYj;Jk; tpir
q = ne

n
n vd;gJ xU KGbtz;
2. TY}k; tpjpapd; btf;lu; totj;ij vGjp ➢ q1 d; kPJ q3 brYj;Jk; tpir

l.i
mjpYs;s xt;bthU FwpaPLk; vijr;
Rl;Lfpd;wJ vd;gijf; TWf.
g[s;sp kpd;Jfs; q2 tpd; kPJ g[s;sp kpd;Jfs; q1
bray;gLj;Jk; tpirahdJ

da
5. kpd;g[yk; ? tiuaW.
 1 q1q 2 XuyF kpd;D}l;lj;jhy; czug;gLk; tpir
btf;lu; totk; : F21 = rˆ12 kpd;g[yk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4πε 0 r 2

F21 ? q2 ? d; kPJ q1 brYj;Jk; tpir
r ? kpd;D}l;l=;fSf;F ,ilnaa[s;s bjhiyt[
? XuyF btf;lu;
ka 
E=
F


q0

6. kpd;g[yf; nfhLfs; vd;why; vd;d>

➢ myF : NC-1
vi
ε 0 ? btw;wplj;jpd; tpLjpwd; g[wbtspapy; xU gFjpapy; mike;Js;s
kpdg; y
[ j;ijf; fhz;gpfF
; k; tz;zk; tiuag;gLk;
,=;F vd;gJ q1 ypUe;J q2 it nehf;fp fw;gidahd bjhlu; nfhLfns kpdg; y [ f; nfhLfs;
tiuag;gLk; XuyF btf;lu;. K = jft[ khwpyp MFk; .
al
1 7. kpd;g[yf; nfhLfs; xd;iwbahd;W btl;of;
K=
4p ÎO bfhs;shJ epWt[f. PTA-4
o btw;wplj;jpd; tpLjpwd; (8.85 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2) ➢ kpd;g[yf;nfhLfs; xd;iwbahd;W btl;of;
.k

bfhz;lhy;/ xnu g[s;spapy; ,UntW kpd;g[y

3. TY}k; tpirf;Fk; g[tp<u;g;g[ tpirf;Fk; btf;lu;fs; cs;s epiy Vw;gLk;.
,ilnaahd ntWghLfisf; TWf.  ➢ me;j btl;Lg;g[s;spapy; itf;fg;gLk; xU kpd;
 QY / HY - 2019 JfshdJ xnu neuj;jpy; ,UntW jpirfspy;
w

efu ntz;Lk;.
TY}k; tpir g[tp<u;g;g[ tpir ➢ ,J ,aw;ifapy; elf;fhj xd;W. vdnt kpd;g[yf;
nfhLfs; xd;iwbahd;W btl;of; bfhs;tjpy;iy.
1 kpd;Jfspd; vg;nghJk; ftUk;
,ay;ig bghUj;J 8. kpd; ,UKid ? tiuaW. mjd; kpd; ,UKid
w

ftUk; my;yJ jpUg;g[j;jpwdpd; vz; kjpg;gpw;fhd rkd;ghL

kw;Wk; jpir Mfpatw;iw Fwpg;gplt[k; PTA-5
tpyf;Fk; ➢ kpd; ,UKid : ,Urkkhd vjpbujpuhd
2 khwpyp Kd; kjpg;g[ kpd;D}l;l=;fs; kpfr;rpwpa ,ilbtspapy; gpupj;J
w

<u;g;g[ khwpypapd; kjpg;g[

= 9 x 109 Nm2 C-2 G = 6.626 x 10-11 Nm2 Kg-2
itf;fg;gl;oUe;jhy; kpd; ,UKid vdg;gLk;.
➢ kpd; ,UKid jpUg;g[j;jpwdpd; vz; kjpg;ghdJ
3 itf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk; tpirahdJ Jfs; VnjDk; xU kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; vz; kjpg;gpida[k;
Clfj;ij itf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk; mtw;wpw;fpilna cs;s bjhiytpdhy; bgUf;ff;
rhu;e;jpUf;Fk;. Clfj;ijr; rhu;e;jjy;y. fpilg;gjhFk;.
| p | = 2qa. ,jd; jpirahdJ +q ypUe;J -q
I nehf;fp mika[k;

myF - 1 8

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

9. g[s;sp kpd; Jfspd; bjhFg;gpw;fhd kpd; 17. epiykpd; jLg;g[iw gw;wp rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
,UKid jpUg;g[j;jpwdpd; bghJthd ➢ ,J g[wkpd;g[yj;jpypUe;J/ btspapd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
tiuaiw jUf. gFjpia jdpikg;gLj;Jk; epfH;t[ MFk;.
n g[s;sp kpd;Jfs;fs; ml=;fpa bjhFg;gpw;F kpd; ➢ ,e;epfH;t[/ flj;jpapd; cl;gFjpapy; kpd;g[yk;
,UKid jpUg;g[j;jpwd; RHpahFk; vd;gjd; mog;gilapy; mikfpwJ.
 n  ➢ flj;jpapd; FHpt[g;gFjpf;F btspna Vw;gLk;
p = Σ q i r i , ri - Mjpg;g[s;spapypUe;J kpd;Jfs; khWghLfs; vJthapDk; cs;ns kpd;g[yk;
i=1
qi f;F tiuag;gLk; epiy btf;lh;.
RHpahfnt ,Uf;Fk;.
18. kpd;Kidthf;fk; vd;why; vd;d>

n
10. epiy kpd;dGj;jk; ? tiuaW. Mf!;l; ? 2021
Kotpyh bjhiytpypUe;J xU g[s;spf;F XuyF kpd;fhg;g[ bghUspy; XuyF gUkdpy;
neu;kpdD
; }l;lk; bfhz;l kpdJ ; fis rPuhd (J}z;lg;gLk;) bkhj;j ,UKid jpUg;g[j;jpwid

l.i
jpirntfj;Jld; bfhz;L tu g[wtpir xd;wpdhy; kpd;Kidthf;fk; vd;gu;.
bra;ag;gLk; ntiy kpdd
; Gj;jk; MFk;.
e = kpd; Vw;g[j;jpwd; vdg;gLk;.
11. rk kpd;dGj;jg;gug;g[ vd;why; vd;d>

da
gug;g[ xd;wpd; midj;J g[s;spfSk; xnu 19. kpd;fhg;g[ typik vd;why; vd;d>
kpd;dGj;j kjpg;ig bgw;why;/ mg;gug;g[ kpd;fhg;g[ Kwpt[ Vw;gLk; Kd; kpd;fhg;g[ xd;W
rkkpd;dGj;j gug;g[ MFk;. jh=;ff;Toa bgUk kpd;g[yk; kpd;fhg;g[ typik
12. rk kpd;dGj;jg;gug;gpd; gz;g[fs; ahit> vdg;gLk;.
➢ A kw;Wk; B g[s;spfSf;F ,ilna q kpd;D}l;lk; 20. kpd;njf;Fj;jpwd; ? tiuaW. mjd; myifj; jUf.
bfhz;l kpd;Jfis efh;j;j bra;ag;gLk; ntiy
W = q(VB – VA) = 0
➢ rkkpdd
➢ rk kpdd
; Gj;j gug;gpy; VB = VA MFk;.
mika[k.;
; Gj;j gug;gf[ F
; br=;Fj;jhfnt kpdg; y
[ k;
ka
kpd;Jfspd; kpd;D}l;l kjpg;gpw;Fk; flj;jpfSf;F
,ilna epyt[k; kpd;dGj;j ntWghl;ow;Fk;
,ilnacs;s tpfpjk;.
myF : ghul;. C =
q
v
vi
13. kpd;g[yk;/ epiy kpd;dGj;jk; ? ,ilapyhd 21. xsptl;l kpd;dpwf;fk; vd;why; vd;d>
bjhlu;igj; jUf.  khh;r; ? 2020 nk 2022
➢ kpd;g[ykhdJ vjpu;Fwpaplg;gl;l kpd;dGj;j
flj;jpapd; Th;Kidg;gFjpapYs;s fhw;iw
al
rupt[f;F rkk;.
madpahf;fk; bra;tjhy; kpd;Jfs;fspd; bkhj;j
➢ ;. kpd;ndhl;l kjpg;g[ FiwtJ Th;Kidr; bray;ghL
(m) xsptl;l kpd;dpwf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
.k

14. epiy kpd;dGj;j Mw;wy; ? tiuaW.

,U kpd;Jfis Kotpyhj bjhiytpypUe;J III. bgUtpdhf;fs;;
xnu mikg;ghf ,izg;gjw;F bra;ag;gLk; 1. kpd;Jfs;fspd; mog;gilg; gz;g[fs; Fwpj;J
ntiy/ epiy kpd;dGj;j Mw;wy; vd
tpthjpf;f.
w

tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
15. kpd;ghak; ? tiuaW. ➢ kpd;D}l;lk; vd;gJ cs;shu;e;j mog;gil
kpdg; y
[ f; nfhLfSf;F FWf;nf mike;j Fwpgg; pll; gz;ghFk;. ,jd; myF TYk;
gug;g[ xd;wpd; tHpna gha[k; kpdg; y[ f; nfhLfspd; ➢ gpug+;rj;jpYs;s bkhj;j kpd;D}l;lk; khwhky;
w

vz;zpfi ; f kpdg; hak; vdg;gLk;. ,Uf;Fk;.

myF : Nm C 2 –1 ➢ kpd;D}l;lj;ij Mf;fnth mHpf;fnth ,ayhJ.
➢ ve;jbthU ,aw;if epfH;tpYk; bkhj;j
w

16. epiy kpd;dGj;j Mw;wy; mlu;j;jp vd;why; kpd;D}l;l khw;wk; RHpahfnt ,Uf;Fk;.
vd;d> ➢ ve;jbthU bghUspy; cs;s kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; kjpg;g[
XuyF gUkdpy; nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mw;wiy/ mog;gil kjpg;gpd; KG kl=;fhfnt ,Uf;Fk;.
epiy kpd;dGj;j Mw;wy; mlu;j;jp (UE) vd q = ne
tiuaWf;fyhk;.
n vd;gJ xU KGvz;
e vd;gJ mog;gil kpd;D}l;lk;
e = 1.6 x 10-19 C

9 myF - 1

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

2.
TY}k; tpjp kw;Wk; mjd; gy;ntW jd;ikfs; ➢ kpd;g[ykhdJ nrhjid kpd;Jfspd;
Fwpj;J tpupthff; TWf. PTA-3 kpd;D}l;lk; qo Ir; rhu;e;jjy;y vd;gija[k;
 qq @y kpd;Jfspd; kpd;D}l;l kjpg;g[/ q I kl;Lnk
F 21 = k 1 2 r 12 rhu;e;jJ.
r2 ➢ kpdg; y
[ k; xU btf;lu; mst[ vd;gjhy; mjw;F
➢ epiykpd; tpirahdJ g[s;sp kpd;Jfs;fspd; jdpjj; bthU jpira[k; vz;kjpgg; k[ ; btspapYs;s
kpd;D}l;l kjpg;gpd; bgUf;fw;gyDf;F xt;bthU g[ss ; papYk; ,Uf;Fk;.
neu;j;jftpYk; mtw;wpw;F ,ilna cs;s ➢ nrhjid kpd;Jfs; (qo) itf;fg;gLk; nghJ
bjhiytpd; ,Ukof;F vjpu;j;jftpYk; ,Uf;Fk;. @y kpd;Jfs; efuhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhf mjd;

n
➢ q2 kpd;Jfspd; kPJ q1 kpd;Jfs; brYj;Jk; tpir kpd;D}l;l kjpg;g[ qo kpft[k; rpwpajhf vLj;Jf;
mtw;iw ,izf;Fk; nfhl;od; jpirapnyna bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
,Uf;Fk;. ,jpy; vd;w XuyF btf;luhdJ ➢

l.i
kpd;Jfs;fspd; bjhlu; guty;fSf;Fk;/
kpd;Jfs; q1 ypUe;J q2it nehf;fpa tuk;gpw;Fl;gl;l kpd;D}l;l mst[ bfhz;l kpd;Jfs;
jpirapypUf;Fk;. mnjnghy;/ q1 ,d; kPJ q2 guty;fSf;Fk; bjhifaply; Kiwfisg;
brYj;Jk; tpir jpirapypUf;Fk; (mjhtJ gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.

da
d; jpirf;F vjpu;j;jpirapy;) 4. kpd;,UKid xd;wpdhy; mjd; mr;Rf;nfhL
kw;Wk; eLtiuf; nfhl;oy; Vw;gLk;
➢ = 9 x 109 Nm2C-2
kpd;g[yj;ijf; fzf;fpLf. Mf!;l; ? 2021
vd;gJ btw;wplj;jpd; tpLjpwd;. mjd; kjpg;g[ ➢ neh;t[ (i) ,UKidapy; mr;Rf;nfhl;oy; kpd;
o
,UKidahy; cUthFk; kpd;g[yk;
➢
o = 8.85 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2
xU TY}k; kpd;D}l;l kjpg;g[ bfhz;l xU

kpd;Jfs;fSf;F ,ilna bray;gLk; tpirapd;

kjpg;g[
ka
➢ x - mr;rpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpd; ,UKid
xd;iwf; fUJnthk;.
kPl;lu; ,ilbtspapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,U ➢ mjd; ikag;g[s;sp O tpypUe;J mr;Rf; nfhl;oy; r
bjhiytpy; g[s;sp C cs;sJ.
vi
➢ btw;wplj;jpy;
al
> o, Fm < F

➢ btw;wplk; kw;Wk; fhw;wpy; r = 1 kw;w ➢ +q kpd;D}l;l kjpg;g[ bfhz;l kpd;Jfs;fshy;

Clf=;fSf;F r > 1 g[s;sp Cy; cUthFk; kpd;g[yk;
.k

3. kpd;g[yj;ij tiuaWj;J mjd; gy;ntW (BC jpirapy; )

jd;ikfis tpthjpf;f.
➢ XuyF kpd;D}l;lk; bfhz;l kpd;Jfshy; ➢ kpd; ,UKid jpUg;g[j;jpwd; btf;lu; MdJ BC
w

czug;gLk; tpirna mg;gs [ ;spapy; cs;s jpirapy; mika[k;.

kpd;g[yj;jpd; kjpg;ghFk;.
w

kpd;g[yj;jpd; Kf;fpa gz;g[fs; : ➢ -q kpd;D}l;l kjpg;g[ bfhz;l kpd;Jfshy; g[s;sp

➢ kpd;Jfs; q neu; kpd;D}l;lk; (+) bfhz;ljhf Cy; cUthFk; kpd;g[yk;
w

,Ue;jhy;/ kpd;JfspypUe;J btspnehf;fpa

jpirapy; kpd;g[yk; ,Uf;Fk;. q vjpu;kpd;D}l;lk; .............(2)
(-) bfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jhy; cs;nehf;fpa jpirapy;
kpd;g[yk; ,Uf;Fk;. ➢ bkhj;j kpd;g[yj;ijf; fzf;fpl kpd;g[y=;fspd;
➢ P vd;w xU g[s;spapy; kpd;g[yk; / vdpy;/ nkw;bghUe;Jjy; jj;Jtk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
mg;g[s;spapy; itf;fg;gLk; nrhjid kpd;Jfs; qo
My; czug;gLk; tpir.

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

➢ kw;Wk; d; vz;kjpg;g[ rkk;. mjhtJ

→
→ E+ sinθ
E+

→
E+ cosθ θ

n
→
E– cosθ θ

l.i
➢ r>>a vd;gjhy; “a” g[wf;fzpf;f
\(r2- a2)2 r4 → →
E– E– sinθ

da
.............. (2)

➢ rkd;ghL 2/ 1 ? y; gpujpapl

neu;t[ (ii) kpd; ,UKidapd; eLtiuj;

jsj;jpYs;s g[s;spapy; kpd;g[yk; :
..............(5)

PTA-5
ka
vi
➢ kpd; ,UKidapd; eLg;g[s;sp O tpypUe;J r
bjhiytpy; eLtiuj; jsj;jpy; mike;j g[s;sp C
If; fUJnthk;.
al
➢ +q kw;Wk; -q ,uz;oypUe;Jk; g[s;sp C rk  1 p


bjhiytpy; cs;sjhy; mtw;wpdhy; cUthFk; E tot = − (∵ p = 2qapˆ )
4π ∈o 2 3
.......(3)
kpd;g[y=;fspd; vz;kjpg;g[ rkkhFk;. (r + a 2 )2
.k

➢ ,d; jpir BC ,d; jpirapYk; ,d; jpir ➢ kpf mjpf bjhiyt[fSf;F (r >>a),
CA tHpahft[k; bray;gLk;.  
1 p
➢ kw;Wk; ,tw;iw ,U TWfshfg; gFg;nghk;. E tot = − ...................(4)
4π ∈o r 3
w

➢ g[s;sp Cy; Vw;gLk; bkhj;j kpd;g[yj;jpd;

5. rPuhd kpd;g[yj;jpy; itf;fg;gLk; kpd; ,UKid
vz;kjpg;ghdJ kw;Wk; Mfpatw;wpd;
kPJ bray;gLk; jpUg;g[ tpirapd; nfhitiag;
,izf; TWfspd; TLjYf;Fr; rkkhft[k; -pd;
bgWf. PTA-3
w

jpirapYk; ,Uf;Fk;.
➢ rPuhd kpd;g[yk; xd;wpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
(1)
,UKid jpUg;g[j;jpwd; bfhz;l kpd; ,UKid
xd;iwf; fUJnthk;.
w

➢ +q kpd;JfshdJ kpd;g[yj;jpd; jpirapy; q

vd;w tpiriaa[k; -q kpd;JfshdJ g[yj;jpw;F
vjpu;j;jpirapy; - q vd;w tpiriaa[k;
czu;fpd;wd.
➢ g[w kpd;g[yk; bkhj;j tpir RHpahFk;.

11 myF - 1

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

➢ ,t;tpuz;L tpirfSk; btt;ntW g[ss ; pfspy;

bray;gLtjhy; ,ul;il cUthfpwJ. 
➢ mjdhy; Vw;gLk; jpUg;g[ tpir kpd; ,UKidapd;
kPJ bray;gl;L mij RHyr; bra;fpwJ. ➢ kPr;rpW ,lg;;bgau;r;rp btf;lu; kw;Wk;
➢ kpd; ,UKidapd; kPJ bray;gLk; jpUg;g[tpir vdnt

➢ bkhj;j jpUg;g[tpirapd; vz;kjpg;g[

l.i
da
7. kpd; ,UKid xd;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; epiy
kpd;dGj;jj;jpw;fhd nfhitiag; bgWf.
 PTA-4 QY-HY-2019 nk 2022

ka
vi
( P = 2aq )
➢ t = PE sin q
➢ q = 90o; jpUg;g[ tpir bgUkk;.
al
➢ q = 0o; jpUg;g[ tpir RHp
➢ kpd;g[yk; rPuw;wjhf ,Ue;jhy; jpUg;g[ tpira[ld;
TLjyhf tpir xd;Wk; ,UKidapd; kPJ ➢ 2a vd;w rpwpa ,ilbtspapy; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,U
bray;gLk;.
.k

rkkhd/ ntwpd kpd;Jfs;fisf; fUJnthk;.

6. g[s;sp kpd;Jfs; xd;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; epiy ➢ P kw;Wk; AB f;Fk; ,ilnaa[s;s nfhzk; θ.
kpd;dGj;jj;jpw;fhd nfhitiaj; jUtpf;f.
➢ Mjpg;g[s;spapy; epiyahf itf;fg;gl;Ls;s q ➢ +q tpypUe;J g[s;sp P d; bjhiyt[ r1 vdt[k; -q
w

kpd;D}l;l kjpg;g[ bfhz;l neu; kpd;Jfs; xd;iwf; tpypUe;J g[s;sp Pd; bjhiyt[ r2 vdt[k; bfhs;f.
fUjt[k;. g[s;sp P mjpypUe;J r bjhiytpy; ➢ +q kpd;Jfspdhy; g[s;sp -1 q
cs;sJ. P y; cUthFk; kpd;dGj;jk; = 4πÎ r
o 1
w

➢ -q kpd;Jfspdhy; g[s;sp -1
P y; cUthFk; kpd;dGj;jk; = 4πÎ
o
w

➢ g[s;sp P y; cUthFk; bkhj;j kpd;dGj;jk;/

Î
➢ g[s;sp neu; kpd;Jfs; q tpdhy; cUthFk; kpd;g[yk;
➢ BOP, Kf;nfhzj;jpy; bfhird; tpjpiag;
gad;gLj;j

myF - 1 12

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

 (\P = 2qa)


(\Pcosq = P r̂ )

r>>a ,jdhy; ,d; kjpg;g[ kpft[k; rpwpaJ.
............(4)
vdnt mijg; g[wf;fzpf;fyhk;.

n
rpwg;g[ neu;t[fs; :

l.i
p
0

da
p

➢ <UWg;g[j; njw;wj;jpd; go

➢ ,njnghy; AOP Kf;nfhzj;jpw;F bfhird;
ka 8. tuk;gpw;Fl;gl;l bjhiyt[fspy; gpupj;J
itf;fg;gl;Ls;s @d;W g[s;sp kpd;Jfs;fspd;
bjhFg;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; epiy kpd;dGj;j
vi
tpjpiag; gad;gLj;j/ Mw;wYf;fhd nfhitiag; bgWf..
➢ kpd;D}l;l=;fis xU=;fikar; bra;ag;gLfpd;w
ntiy epiykpd;dGj;j Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.
al
.k

r
w

➢ <UWg;g[j; njw;wj;jpd; go
➢ q1 kpd;JfSf;F mUfpy; ntW ve;j kpd;Jfs;fSk;
w

bjhlf;fj;jpy; ,y;yhjjhy; Kotpyhj;

bjhiytpypUe;J mij g[s;sp A tiu bfhz;L tu
➢ rkd;ghL (2) kw;Wk; (3) Mfpatw;iw ve;j ntiya[k; bra;aj; njitapy;iy.
w

rkd;ghL (1) y; gpujpapl ➢ q2 kjpg;g[ila ,uz;lhtJ kpd;Jfis g[s;sp

Bf;F bfhz;L tu q1 cUthf;fpa kpd;g[yj;jpw;F
vjpuhf ntiy W = q2 V1B
V1B → epiy kpd;dGj;jk;

13 myF - 1

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

➢ ,njnghy;/ @d;whtJ kpd;Jfs;fs; q3I g[s;sp ➢

Cf;F bfhz;L tu q2 kw;Wk; q3 kpd;Jfs;fs; θ‘= 90o U(θ’) = pE cos 90o = 0.
nru;e;J cUthf;Fk; bkhj;j kpd;g[yj;jpw;F vjpuhf ➢ ,UKid mikg;g[ xd;wpy; nrkpf;fg;gLk;
ntiy W = q3 (V1c + V2c) kpdd; Gj;j Mw;wy;

2 q = 0o; U(q) = -PE (rpWkk;)
q = 180o; U(q) = PE (bgUkk;)

n
➢ kpd;Jfs; mikg;gpdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; bkhj;j
10. TY}k; tpjpapypUe;J fh!; tpjpiag; bgWf.
epiy kpd;dGj;j Mw;wy;/ khh;r; ? 2020 brg; ? 2020

l.i
➢ Q kpd;D}l;l kjpg;g[ilabthU g[s;sp kpd;
3 Jfs;fisr; Rw;wp r Muk; bfhz;l fw;gidf;
nfhsk; xd;iwf; fUjntz;Lk;.

da
9. rPuhd kpd;g[yj;jpy; itf;fg;gLk; kpd; ,U
Kidapd; epiy kpd;dGj;j Mw;wYf;fhd
rkd;ghl;il tUtpf;f. PTA-2 ➢ ,g;gs[ s ; p neu; kpdJ
; fspd; kpdg; y[ khdJ nfhsg;
gug;gpd; xt;bthU g[ss ; papYk; Mu tHpna
btspnehf;fpa jpirapy; mikfpdw; J. vdnt/

ka ➢
gug;gf[ T
; W
cs;sjhy; θ = 0o.
MdJ kpdg; y [ j;jpd; jpirapnyna

➢ nfhsj;jpd; gug;gpy; E rPuhf cs;sjhy;;

.......... (2)
vi
.................................... (3)
kw;Wk;
al

rPuhd kpd;g[yj;jpy; cs;s ,UKid vd;w kjpgi

; g gpujpapl
➢ rPuhd kpd;g[yk; ( ) xd;wpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpd;
.k

,UKidiaf; fUJnthk;.
➢ rPuhd kpd;g[yj;jpy; itf;fg;gLk; ,U Kidapd;
kPJ xU jpUg;g[tpir bray;gLk;. ,j;jpUg;g[
tpirahdJ kpd;g[yj;jpd; jpirapy; ,UKidia
w

xU=;fik f;fpd;wJ.
➢ kpd; ,UKidia θ ypUe;J θ t[fF ; epiyahd ,e;j rkd;ghL fh!;tpjp vdg;gLk;.
nfhzj;jpir ntfj;jpy; g[wjpUg;g[ tpirapdhy; RHw;w
11. kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w Kotpyh ePsKs;s
w

bra;ag;gl;l ntiy.
fk;gpapdhy; Vw;gLk; kpd;g[yj;jpw;fhd
rkd;ghl;ilg; bgWf. PTA-1 khh;r; ? 2020
➢ λ vDk; rPuhd kpd;D}l;l ePs; mlu;j;jp bfhz;l
w

Kotpyh ePsKila fk;gpiaf; fUJnthk;.

➢ ➢ fk;gpapypUe;J r br=;Fj;Jj; bjhiytpy; g[s;sp
P cs;sJ. fh!; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp P ,y;
cUthFk; kpd;g[yj;ijf; fzf;fplyhk;.
➢ kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w fk;gp cUis tot rkr;rPu;
➢ jd;ik cilaJ vdyhk;. vdnt r MuKk; L
ePsKk; bfhz;l cUis tot fh!pad; gug;igf;
fUJnthk;.

myF - 1 14

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

➢ ,g;gug;gpw;fhd bkhj;j kpd;ghak;.

tisgug;gpy; MdJ f;F ,izahf cs;sjhy;

n
nky; kw;Wk; mog;gug;g[f;F MdJ br=;Fj;jhf
cs;sjhy;

l.i
da
cUis tot Kotpyh rkjsj; jl;odhy; cUthFk; kpd;g[yk;

Qcs; = L vdg; gpujpapl ka

vi
➢ ,=;F
al
.k

13. kpd;D}l;lk; rPuhfg; bgw;w xU nfhsff;

Tl;odhy; Vw;gLk; kpd;g[yj;jpw;fhd
rkd;ghl;ilj; jUtpf;f. GMQ-2019
➢ R MuKk; Q kpd;D}l;lKk; bfhz;l/ rPuhd
w

kpd;Jfs; guty; bgw;w cs;sPlw;w nfhsk; xd;iwf;

12. kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w Kotpyh rkjsg; fUJnthk;.
gug;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; [ j;jpw;fhd ➢
kpd;gy neu;t[ (m) nfhsj;jpw;F btspapy; cs;s
w

rkd;ghl;il tUtpf;f. g[s;spapy; (r>R)

➢ vDk; rPuhd kpd;D}l;lg; gug;glu;j;jp bfhz;l ➢ nfhsj;jpd; ikaj;jpypUe;J r bjhiytpy;
Kotpyh rkjsj;jl;L xd;iwf; fUJnthk;. nfhsj;jpd; btspna cs;s g[s;sp P If; fUJnthk;.
➢
w

➢ mj;jl;oypUe;J r bjhiytpy; P vd;w g[s;sp kpd;Jfs;fs; nfhsj;jpd; g[wg;gug;gpy; rPuhf

gutpa[s;sd.
cs;sJ. ➢ Q > 0; E Mu tHpna btspnehf;fpa[k;
➢ 2r ePsKk; A FWf;Fbtl;Lg; gug;g[ bfhz;l cUis ➢ Q < 0; E Mu tHpna cs;nehf;fpa[k; mika[k;
tot fh!pad; gug;igf; fUJnthk;. ➢ r Muk; bfhz;l nfhs tot fh!pad;
➢ ,t;t[Uis tot gug;g[f;F fh!; tpjpiag; gug;gpidf; fUJnthk;. ,g;gug;gpdhy;
gad;gLj;jpdhy;/ NHg;gLk; kpd;Jfs;fspd; bkhj;j
kpd;D}l;lk; Q vd;f. fh!; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp

15 myF - 1

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

➢ nfhsfj;jpd; ikaj;jpypUe;J r bjhiytpy;/

nfhsj;jpw;F cs;nsa[s;s g[s;sp Pitf;
fUJnthk;. r Muk; bfhz;l nfhs tot fh!pad;
gug;g[ xd;iw tiunthk;. (r < R)

n

rPuhd kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w nfhs tot Tl;oDs;

l.i
kpd;g[yk; RHp.
14. epiy kpd; rkepiyapy; cs;s flj;jpfspy;
gy;ntW gz;g[fis tpthjpf;ft[k;.

da
(i) flj;jpapd; cl;g[wj;jpypUf;Fk; midj;J g[s;spfspYk;
kpd;g[yk; RHpahFk;. ,f;Tw;W jpz;kf; flj;jp kw;Wk;
cs;sPlw;w TL tiff; flj;jp ,uz;ow;F bghUe;Jk;.
(ii) flj;jpapd; cl;g[wj;jpy; cs;s kpd;Jfs;fspd; epfu

ka (iii) f
kpd;D}l;lk; RHp. flj;jpfspd; g[wg;gug;gpy; kl;Lnk
kpd;Jfs;fs; ,Uf;f Koa[k;.
 lj;jpf;F btspna kpd;g[ykhdJ mjd; gug;g[f;F
br=;Fj;jhft[k;
Îo vz; kjpg;g[ bfhz;ljhft[k;
vi
,Uf;Fk;. ,=;F vd;gJ flj;jpapd; Fwpg;gpl;l
gFjpapy; cs;s kpd;D}l;lg; gug;glh;j;jp MFk;.
(iv) f
 lj;jpapd; g[wg;gug;gpYk; cl;gw[ j;jpYk; epiykpdd
; Gj;jk;
al
xnu kjpgg; [ bfhz;oUf;Fk;.
15. epiy kpd; J}z;ly; bray;Kiwia tptupf;ft[k;.
kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w nfhsff; Tl;odhy; Vw;gLk; kpd;g[yk; ➢ bjhLjy; ,d;wpna xU bghUis kpd;ndw;wk;
.k

➢ neu;t[ (M) : nfhsj;jpd; g[wg;gug;gpy; cs;s bgwr; bra;a[k; epfH;t[ epiykpd; J}z;ly;
g[s;spapy; (r = R) vdg;gLk;.
➢ kpd;flj;jhj; jh=;fp xd;wpd; kPJ itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
w

kpd;D}l;lkw;w (kpd; eLepiyahd) nfhs

totf; flj;jpg;bghUs; xd;iwf; fUJnthk;. vjpu;
➢ neu;t[ (,) : nfhsj;jpw;F cs;nsa[s;s g[s;spapy; kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w jz;L xd;W nfhsj;jpd; mUfpy;/
(r < R) mijj; bjhlhjthW/ bfhz;L tug;gLfpwJ.
w

(glk; ? m)
w

myF - 1 16

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➢ jl;LfSf;F ,ilna epyt[k; rPuhd

kpd;g[yk; kpd;fhg;gpw;F xU g[w kpd;g[ykhf
( ) bray;gl;L mjid Kidthf;fk; bra;fpwJ.
➢ mjd; xU gf;fj;jpy; neu; kpd;Jfs;fSk;
kw;bwhU gf;fk; vjpu; kpd;Jfs;fSk;
J}z;lg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; kpd;fhg;gpd;
cl;g[wj;jpnyh xU rpW gUkdpy; Tl epfu
kpd;D}l;lk; RHpahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

n
➢ Mfnt g[w kpd;g[yj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU
➢ ,jd; tpisthf/ kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w jz;L kpd;fhg;ghdJ/ kpd;D}l;l gug;glu;j;jp + b kw;Wk;
,Uf;Fk; gf;fj;jpy; neu; kpd;Jfs;fSk; - b bfhz;l/ vjpbujpu; kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w ,U

l.i
mjw;F vjpu;g;gf;fj;jpy; vjpu; kpd;Jfs;fSk; jl;LfSf;F xg;ghFk;.
J}z;lg;gLfpd;wd. ➢ ,k;kpd;Jfs;fs; fl;Lz;l kpd;Jfs;fs; (Bound
➢ kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w jz;oidf; bfhz;L tUKd;/ charges) vdg;gLk;. ,it flj;jpapYs;s
flj;jpapd; epfu kpd;D}l;lk; RHpahf ,Ue;jJ.

da
Mdhy;/ jz;oid flj;jpapdUfpy; bfhz;L fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fisg; nghy; ,it jilaw;w
brd;wt[ld; kpd;Jfs;fspd; guty; rPuw;wjhfpwJ. ,af;fj;ijg; bgw KoahJ.
,Ug;gpDk;/ epfu kpd;D}l;lk; RHpna.
➢ ,g;nghJ nfhsf; flj;jpia xU kpdf; lj;Jf; fk;gpapd;
@yk; jiuf;F ,izg;gf[ ; bfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

➢
,jw;F jiuapizg;g[ vd;W bgau;. flj;jpapYs;s
vyf;lu; hd;fs; jiuapizg;gpdhy; jiuf;Fs; brd;W
tpLfpd;wd. (glk; ? M)
,g;nghJ jiuapizg;g[f; fk;gpapid vLj;Jtpl/
nfhsj;jpYs;s neu; kpd;Jfs;fs; kpd;D}l;lk;
ka
vi
bgw;w jz;ow;F mUfpnyna cs;sd. (glk; ? ,)
➢ kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w jz;oid ,g;nghJ
flj;jpaplkpUe;J mg;g[wg;gLj;jp tplt[k;.
mt;thW mjid ePf;fpat[ld; neu;
al
kpd;Jfs;fs; flj;jpapd; gug;gpy; rPuhfg; kpd;fhg;gpd; cl;g[wk; J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;g[yk;
gut[fpd;wd. ,j;jifa bray;Kiwapd;
@ykhf kpd;eLepiyj; jd;ik bfhz;l xU 17. ,izj;jl;L kpd;njf;fpapd; kpd;njf;Fj;
nfhs totf; flj;jp neu; kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;wjhf jpwDf;fhd nfhitiag; bgWf. PTA-2
.k

khWfpwJ. (glk; ? <) ,izj;jl;L kpd;njf;fpapd; kpd;njf;Fj; jpwd; :

16. kpd;fhg;ig tpsf;fp vt;thW kpd;fhg;gpDs;
kpd;g[yk; J}z;lg;gLfpwJ vd;gija[k;
w

tpsf;ft[k;.
➢ kpd;fhg;igg; bghUj;jtiu/ mjpy; fl;Lwh
vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,y;yhjjhy;/ g[w kpd;g[ykhdJ
w

mjpYs;s kpd;Jfs;fis xU=;fikf;fr;

bra;jhYk; mjdhy; cUthFk; mf kpd;g[yk; g[w
kpd;g[yj;ij tplf; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
w

➢ vdnt/ kpdf; hg;gpd; cl;gw [ k; epfu kpdg; y

[ k;
RHpahtjpyi ; y/ nkYk; g[w kpdg; y [ j;jpd;
jpirapnyna epfu kpdg; y [ k; ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy;
,izj;jl;L kpd;njf;fpapd; kpd;njf;Fjpwd;
mjd; vz;kjpgg; [ g[w kpdg; y
[ j;ijtplf; Fiwthfnt
,Uf;Fk;. ➢ FWf;Fbtl;Lg; gug;gst[ A kw;Wk; d
➢ kpd;njf;fp xd;wpd; vjpbujpu; kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w ,ilj;bjhiytpdhy; gpupj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
,U jl;LfSf;F ,ilna xU brt;tf tot ,U ,izj;jl;Lfisf; bfhz;l kpd;njf;fpiaf;
kpd;fhg;g[g; ghsk; itf;fg;gLfpwJ. fUJnthk;.
17 myF - 1

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➢ ,U Kotpyh ,izj; jl;LfSf;fpilapy; 19. ,izj;jl;L kpd;njf;fpapDs; kpd;fhg;g[

σ itf;fg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk; tpist[fis
kpd;g[yk; E = Î ; tpupthf vGJf. PTA-6 brg; ? 2020
o
kpd;D}l;lg; gug;glu;j;jp ➢ A FWf;F btl;Lg; gug;gst[ila ,izj;jl;Lfs; d
Q ,ilbtspapy; gpupj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpd;njf;fp
E = AÎ xd;iwf; fUJnthk;. V0 kpd;dGj;jKila kpd;
o
➢ jl;LfSf;F ,ilnaahd kpd;dGj;j ntWghL fydhy; kpd;njf;fpahdJ Q0 kpd;D}l;lk; bfhz;l
kpd;Jfs;fis nrkpf;Fk; mstpw;F kpd;ndw;wk;

n
bra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; kpd;njf;fpapd;
➢ vdnt kpd;njf;fpapd; kpd;njf;Fj;jpwd; kpd;njf;Fj;jpwd;

l.i
➢ kpd;fyDldhd ,izg;igj; Jz;oj;j gpd;g[/

da
jl;LfSf;F ,ilna kpd;fhg;g[ EiHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Eo
E = Î .............................. (1)
r
➢ ,=;F Eo vd;gJ kpd;fhg;g[ ,y;yhj epiyapy;
18. ,izj;jl;L kpd;njf;fpapDs; nrkpj;J kpd;njf;fpf;F ,ilapy; cs;s kpd;g[yk; kw;Wk;

➢
itf;fg;gLk; Mw;wYf;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg;
bgWf. GMQ- 2019 Mf!;l; ? 2021/ 22
kpd;njf;fpahdJ kpd;Jfs;fis kl;Lky;y/ ➢
kpd;dhw;wiya[k; nrkpf;Fk; xU fUtpahFk;.
➢ kpd;njf;fp xd;W kpd;fyDld; ,izf;fg;gLk;
ka r vd;gJ kpd;fhg;gpd; rhu;g[ tpLjpwd;
r >1, vd; g jhy; E < Eo MFk; .
,jd; tpisthf/ jl;LfSf;fpilna cs;s
kpd;dGj;j ntWghLk; (V=Ed) Fiwa[k;. mnj
rkak;/ kpd;fyDld; ,izg;g[ ,y;yhjjhy;
,=;F
vi
njf;fg;gl;l kpd;Jfs;fs; v=;Fk; bry;yhJ.
nghJ/ -Q kpd;D}l;l mst[ila vyf;l;uhd;fs; mjdhy; kpd;D}l;l kjpg;g[ Qo k; khwhJ ,Uf;Fk;.
mjd; xU jl;oypUe;J ,d;bdhd;Wf;F ➢ vdnt g[jpa kpd;dGj;j ntWghL/
,lk;bgau;fpd;wd. ,e;j kpd;Jfs; ,lg;bgau;t[f;F
al
Eo Vo
njitg;gLk; ntiyia kpd;fyd; bra;fpwJ. V = Ed = Î d = Î ............. (2)
r r
➢ bra;ag;gl;l ,t;ntiyna kpd;njf;fpapy; epiy ➢ kpd;fhg;g[ cs;s epiyapy; kpd;njf;Fj;jpwd;
kpd;dGj;j Mw;wyhfr; nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
.k

➢ V kpd;dGj;j ntWghl;oy; dQ mst[

kpd;D}l;lk; bfhz;l kpd;Jfs;fis efu;j;j
bra;ag;gLk; ntiy
w

dW = V dQ
(m)

w

➢ kpd;ndw;wk; bra;aj; njitg;gLk; bkhj;j ntiy

w

➢ ,e;j ntiy epiy kpd;dGj;j Mw;wyhf (UE) (M)

kpd;njf;fpapy; nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Qo Qo
C = V Îr = V = Îr Co............ (3)
[ Q = CV] o

UE ∝ C; Q ∝ V2 ➢ Îr>1,C>Co kpd;fhg;igg; g[Fj;jpa gpd;g[

kpd;njf;Fj;jpwd; mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.
myF - 1 18

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

ÎrÎoA ÎA ➢ kpd;fhg;ig EiHj;jgpd;g[/ kpd;njf;Fj;jpwd;

C= = ................ (4) mjpfupf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; nrkpf;fg;gl;l Mw;wYk;
d d
Î = Îr Îo ,=;F Î vd;gJ kpd;fhg;g[ Clfj;jpd; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
tpLjpwd; vdg;gLk;. 1 1
U=
2
CVo2 =
2
Îr CoVo2 = Îr Uo ..... (11)
➢ kpd;fhg;ig EiHf;Fk; Kd; kpd;njf;fpapy;
nrkpf;fg;gl;l Mw;wy;
1 Q0
2 ➢ Vo kw;Wk; E khwpyp.
Uo = ............. (5) 1
ÎEo2 ............. (12)

n
2 C Mw;wy; mlh;j;jp U =
0 2
➢ kpdf; hg;g[ EiHf;fg;gl;l gpdg; /[ kpdD
; }l;lk;
Q0 khwhkYk; kpdn; jf;Fj;jpwd; C mjpfupjJ ; k; 20. bjhlupizg;g[ kw;Wk; gf;f ,izg;gpy;

l.i
fhzg;gLtjhy; nrkpff; g;gl;l Mw;wypd; mst[ kpd;njf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gLk; nghJ
Fiwa[k.; tpisa[k; bjhFgad; kpd;njf;Fj; jpwDf;fhd
rkd;ghLfisg; bgWf. nk ? 2022
bjhlhpizg;gpy; kpd;njf;fpfs; :

da
➢ kpdd; Gj;j ntWghL V bfhz;l kpdf; yDld;
@d;W kpdn; jf;fpfs; bjhlupizg;gpy; cs;sd.
➢ Îr>1; U<Uo mtw;wpd; kpdn; jf;Fj;jpwd;fs; C1, C2 kw;Wk; C3.
(ii) kpd;fyDld; ,izf;fg;gl;l epiyapy;

➢
kpd;njf;fp;
kpd;fhg;igg; g[Fj;jpdhy; kpd;njf;fpapy;
nrkpf;fg;gLk; kpd;Jfs;fspd; mst[ Îr kl=;fhf
caUk;/ Vo khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;.
ka
vi
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+ -
d
→
al
– – – – – – – – – –
(m)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+ -
.k

→
d r

––––––––––––––– ––––
(M)
w

gf;f ,izg;gpy; bjhFgad;

kpd;njf;fpfs; kpd;njf;Fj;jpwd;
➢ kpd;Jfs;fspd; mst[ mjpfupg;gjhy;/ Cs - kpd;njf;fpapd; kpd;njf;Fjpwd;.
kpd;njf;Fj;jpwDk; mjpfupf;Fk;. g[jpa
w

kpd;njf;Fj;jpwd;
w

➢ kpd;fhg;igg; g[Fj;Jtjw;F Kd; nrkpf;fg;gl;l

Mw;wy;; ➢ kpd;njf;fpfs; bjhlupizg;gpy; cs;snghJ
bjhFgad; kpd;njf;Fj;jpwd; CS d; jiyfPH;
kjpg;ghdJ xt;bthU kpd;njf;Fj;jpwdpd;
jiyfPH; kjpg;g[fspd; TLjYf;Fr; rkkhFk;.
19 myF - 1

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

(ii) gf;f ,izg;gpy; kpd;njf;fpfs; khh;r; ? 2020 ➢ nfhsk; A d; gug;gpy; epiy kpdd
; Gj;jk;
➢ kpd;dGj;j ntWghL V bfhz;l kpd;fyDld;
@d;W kpd;njf;fpfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; cs;sd.
mtw;wpd; kpd;njf;Fj;jpwd;fs; C1, C2 kw;Wk; C3.
➢ xt;bthU kpd;njf;fpf;Ff; FWf;nf njhd;Wk;
kpd;dGj;j ntWghL rkkhft[k; mJ kpd;fydpd;
kpd;dGj;j ntWghl;Lf;Fr; rkkhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;.
C1, C2 kw;Wk; C3 y; nrkpf;fg;gl;l kpd;D}l;l=;fs;

n
Q1, Q2, Q3
Q = Q 1 + Q2 + Q3

l.i
Q = CV, vd;gjhy; Q = C1V+C2V+C3V
➢ Q = CPV
CpV = C1V+C2V+C3V
➢ nfhsk; A kw;Wk; B apd; gug;glu;jj; p kw;Wk;;

da
1 2
Cp = C1+C2+C3
➢ kpd;njf;fpfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; cs;snghJ
mtw;wpd; bjhFgad; kpd;njf;Fj;jpwd; CP ahdJ
jdpj;jdp kpd;njf;fpfspd; kpd;njf;Fj;jpwd;fspd;
TLjYf;Fr; rkk;.

V V ka σ∝
1
r

gad; : caukhd fl;ll=;fis kpd;dy;

btl;LfspypUe;J ghJfhf;f cjt[k; xU fUtp
vi
gf;f ,izg;gpy; kpd;njf;fpfs;
gf;f ,izg;gpy; kpd;njf;fpfs; kpd;dy; flj;jp.
mikg;g[ :
Q ➢ 
,J fl;lj;jpd; tHpna jiuf;Fr; bry;Yk; xU
al
V Cp
Q ePzl; / joj;j jhkpuj; jz;oidf; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
V Cp mjd; nky; Kidapy; Tu;Kida[ila Crpfs;
bghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
21. xU flj;jpapy; kpd;Jfs;fspd; gutiyg; ➢ jz;od; fPH; KidahdJ mjpf MHj;jpy;
(M) bjhFgad; kpd; njf;F jpwd; CP
.k

gw;w(M)
p tpupthf vGJf. kpd;dy; flj;jpap;d; g[ijf;fg;gl;Ls;s jhkpuj; jl;Lld;
bjhFgad; kpd; njf;F jpwd; CP ,izf; f g; g l; L s; s J.
jj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.
➢ Mu=;fs; Kiwna r1 , r2 bfhz;l A, B vd;w bray;ghL :
,U kpdf; lj;J nfhs=;fs; xU bky;ypa flj;J ➢ vjpu; kpdD
w

; }l;lk; bgw;w nkfk; fl;llj;jpd; nky;

fk;gpapdhy; xd;nwhblhd;W ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. bry; Yk; nghJ/ flj;jpapd; Tu;Kidfspy; neu;
➢ nfhs=;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l bjhiyt[ mtw;wpd; kpd D
; }l;
l k; J}z;lg;gLfpwJ.
Mu=;fis tpl kpft[k; mjpfk; vd itf;ft[k.; ➢ Tu; K idfsp y; J}z;lg;gLk; kpd;Jfs;fspd;
w

➢ VnjDk; xU nfhsj;jpwF ; Q mst[ kpdD ; }l;lk; mlu;j;jp mjpfkhjyhy; Tu;Kidr; bray;ghL

bfhz;l kpdJ ; fs;fs; mspff; g;gLk; nghJ/ ,U epfH;fpwJ. neu; kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;Ws;s ,e;j
nfhs=;fspd; kpdd ; Gj;jKk; rkkhFk; tiu kpd;Jfs;fs; Tu;KidfSf;F mUfpYs;s fhw;W
@yf;TWfis madpahf;fk; bra;fpd;wd.
w

,k;kpdJ ; fs;fs; ,U nfhs=;fspYk; gut[fpdw; J.

➢ ,g;nghJ nfhs=;fs; rPuhd kpdJ ; fs; gutiyg; ➢ ,jd;@yk; cUthFk; neu; kpd;D}l;l=;fs;
bgWtjhy; epiykpd; rkepiyia milfpdw; d. nkfj;jpYs;s vjpu; kpd;D}l;lj;jpd; xU gFjpia
nfhsk; Ad; gug;gpy; mika[k; kpdD ; }l;lk; q1 rkd; bra;fpwJ. Tu;Kidfis nehf;fp
vdt[k/; nfhsk; Bd; gug;gpy; mika[k; kpdD ; }l;lk; tpul;lg;gl;l vjpu; kpd;Jfs;fs;/ jhkpuj; jz;od;
q2 vdt[k; bfhz;lhy;/ Q = q1 + q2. flj;jpfspd; tHpna g[tpia nehf;fp bry;fpd;wd.
g[wg;gug;gpnyna kpdJ ; fs;fs; gutpas ; d. nkYk; ➢ kpd;dy; flj;jp kpd;diyj; jLg;gjpy;iy. khwhf
[ s
flj;jpfspd; cl;gw[ k; vt;tpj epfu kpdD ; }l;lKk; jiuia nehf;fp kpd;diyj; jpUg;g[tjd; @yk;
,Uf;fhJ. fl;ll=;fisg; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
myF - 1 20

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22. thd;o fpuhg; ,aw;wpapd; mikg;g[ kw;Wk; ntiy ➢ kpdJ ; fs; frpahkypUf;f cau; mGj;jj;jpy; tha[
bra;a[k; tpjj;ij tpupthf tpsf;ft[k;. QY-2019 epug;gg;gl;l vBF fyj;jpy; nfhsj;jpid @l
 Mf!;l; ? 2022 ntz;Lk;.
➢ ,f;fUtp 10 V mstpyhd kpdd
7 ; Gj;j ntWghl;il gad;fs; : cau; kpdd ; Gj;j ntWghL mQf;fU
gpsitapy; gad;gLk; neu;kpd; madpia
cUthf;Fk;. KLf;Ftpff; gad;gLfpwJ.
jj;Jtk; : epiykpd; J}z;ly; kw;Wk; Tu;Kid .
mikg;g[ : IV. fzf;Ffs;
➢ kpdf; hg;g[ bgw;w jh=;fpapd; kPJ xU bgupa cs;slP w;w 1. ,U bghUs;fs; xd;nwhblhd;W nja;f;fg;gLk;

n
kpdf; lj;J nfhsk; bghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghJ mit xt;bthd;wpYk; fpl;lj;jl;l
➢ nfhsj;jpd; eLtpy; ‘B’ vd;w fk;gpak [ ; jh=;fpapd; 50nC kpd;D}l;lk; cUthfpd;wJ. ,k;
mog;gFjpapy; C vd;w fk;gpak [ ; bghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpd;D}l;lj;ij cUthf;f ,lk;bgaur; bra;a

l.i
➢ gl;Lj; Jzpahy; Md gl;il fg;gpapd; tHpna ntz;oa vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf;
bry;fpwJ. fzf;fpLf. PTA-6
➢ fg;gp C kpdn; khl;lhu; @yk; bjhlu;eJ ;
,af;fg;gLfpwJ.

da
➢ fg;gpfSf;F mUfpy; D kw;Wk; E Mfpa ,U rPgg; [
tot flj;jp ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
bray;ghL :
➢ rPgg; [ D mUfpy; cs;s fhw;W cau; kpdd
; Gj;jk;
fhuzkhf madpahf;fg;gLfpwJ.
➢

➢
neu; kpdJ
kpdJ
; fs;fs; gl;ilia nehf;fpak
; fs;fs; rPgg; [ D I nehf;fpak [ ; efu;fpdw; d.
mit gl;ilapy; xl;of;bfhz;L nky;nehf;fp
efu;fpdw; d.
ka
[ /; vjpu;
vi
➢ epiykpd; J}z;liy rPg;g[ E vjpu;
kpd;D}l;lj;ija[k;/ nfhsk; neu;
kpdD ; }l;lj;ija[k; bgWfpdw; d.
➢
al
mnj rkak;/ Tu;Kid bray;ghl;lhy; gl;ilapy; 2. kdpj clypy; cs;s bkhj;j vyf;l;uhd;fspd;
cs;s vjpuk ; pdD; }l;lk; fhw;wpYs;s vjpuJ ; fs;fshy; vz;zpf;if fpl;lj;jl;l 1028. Vnjh rpy
rkd; bra;ag;gLfpdw; d. fhuz=;fshy; ePa[k; cd; ez;gUk; ,tw;wpy;
➢ gl;il fPHpw=;Fk; nghJ kpdD ; }l;lkw;w jd;ikia 1% vyf;l;uhd;fis ,He;J tpLfpwPu;fs;.
.k

milfpwJ. 1m ,ilbtspapy; eP=;fs; epd;why; c=;fs;

,UtUf;Fk; ,ilna cUthFk; epiykpd;
➢ kpdJ ; fs;fs; Vw;fglhj epiy tiu nfhsk; tpiriaf; fzf;fpLf. ,ij cd; vila[ld;
KGtJk; kpdJ ; fs; gut[k.; xg;gpLf. (c=;fs; xt;bthUtupd; epiwa[k;
w

60 kg vd itj;Jf; bfhs;st[k;/ nkYk; g[s;sp

kpd;Jfs; njhuhakhf;fiyg; gad;gLj;jt[k;).
jfty; : n = 28
w

m = 60 kg
r = 1m n’ = 1% of 1028
1
= x 1028 = 1026
w

10
q = n’e
= 1026 x 1.6 x 10-19
= 1.6 x 107 C

thd; ? o ? fpuhg; kpd;dpaw;wp

21 myF - 1

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

jPh;t[: × ×
Kq2
(i) Fe = jPh;t[:
r2
K =
9 × 109 x (1.6 × 107)2
12
= 23 × 1023 N

(ii) W = mg = 60 × 9.8

n
= 588 N
Fe 23 × 1023

l.i
= = 3.9 × 1021.
W 588
3. Ie;J xnu khjpupahd kpd;Jfs;fs; 310.88
(xt;bthd;wpd; kpd;D}l;lKk; Q) = x 1026
9

da
rkbjhiytpy;/ R Muk; bfhz;l miu
tl;l totpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd (glk;). = 34.54 x 1026
,jd; ikaj;jpy; ,d;bdhU g[s;sp kpd;Jfs;
q itf;fg;gLfpwJ. kpd;Jfs; q czUk; = 34.54 × 1026
epiykpd; tpiriaf; fzf;fpLf. = 5.87 x 1013 C
y
FAE sinq t[k;
FAC sinq t[k; rkd;
ka
FAE sin θ

QB
FAE bra;J bfhs;Sk;
QC
R
FAE cos θ
mnjnghy;/ QB kw;Wk; 5. glk; (m) (M) kw;Wk; (,) y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s
QF mika[k; kpd;Jfs;fspd; jdpj;j bghUs; tpirg;
vi
QD FAD
qA gl=;fis tiuf.
FAC cos θ
FA sin θ

QE + --

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
QF FAC + -
al
+ -
jPh;t[: m,Q
+ -
k → + -
E + -
qA kPJ bray;gLk; bkhj;j tpir
+
+ - -→
-
+

+
-q v0
    + +q
-
= F + F cos θˆi + F cos θˆi x=0 +
.k

F -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
--
TOD AD AE 15
(a) (b) (c)
1
q= 45o cos 45o = 2
w

KQ D q A ˆ KQC q A KQ E q A
2
i+ 2
cos 45o ˆr + cos 45o rˆ N T
qE
r r r2
KQq A ˆ  1 1  -kx qE
2
i 1 + +  [\ QC=QD = QE=Q] QE
r  2 2
w

mg
mg mg

(a) (b) (c)

4. +q mst[s;s kpd;D}l;lk; bfhz;l kpd;
w

Jfs;fs; g[tpapd; gug;gpYk; ,d;bdhU +q 6. ojpirntfj;jpy; ,a=;Fk; vyf;lu; hd; xd;W

kpd;D}l;lk; bfhz;l kpd;Jfs; epytpd;
gug;gpYk; itf;fg;gLtjhff; bfhs;nthk;. o, d; jpirf;F br=;Fj;jhd jpirapy; bray;gLk;
(m) g[tpf;Fk; epytpw;Fk; ,ilna cs;s <u;g;g[ rPuhd kpd;gy [ k; cs;s gFjpia milfpwJ
tpiria <L bra;a ntz;Lbkdpy; q ,d; (glk;) <u;gg ; [ tpiriag; g[wf;fzpj;J/ neuj;ijg;
kjpg;igf; fzf;fpLf. (M) g[tpf;Fk; epytpw;Fk; bghWj;j vyf;lu; hdpd; KLf;fk;/ jpirntfk;
,ilg;gl;l bjhiyt[ ghjpahdhy;/ qd; kjpg;g[ kw;Wk; ,Ug;gpl epiy (Position) Mfpatw;iwg;
khWkh>. bgWf.
myF - 1 22

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

1
f = 300 x 10-1 x
2
= 15 Nm2C-1
(,) f = EAcos 90o
Vo E
f = 0
e P 8. bjhiyt[ X-d; rhu;ghf epiy kpd;dGj;jk;
tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ. [glk; (i) kw;Wk; (ii)]
(m) glk; (i) ,y; A,B,C kw;Wk; D Mfpa gFjpfspy;

n
[ k; Ed; kjpg;gpidf; fzf;fpLf. (M) glk;
kpd;gy
(ii) tpw;F bjhiyt[ X- rhu;ghf kpd;gy [ j;jpd;

l.i
khWghl;il tiuf.

da
eE

v = vo -

r = vot -
1
m
iii) S = ut + at2
2
t

1 eE 2
t
ka (i) (ii)
vi
2 m
7. E = 2 x 103 N C-1 typika[ila kpd;gy[ k;
xd;wpy; @lg;gl;l gug;iga[ila Kf;nfhzg;
al
bgl;o itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

15Cm
.k

C
5Cm
w

D
(m) mjpy; beLf;ifj; (vertical) jpirapy;
mike;j brt;tfg;gug;g[ (M) rha;thd gug;g[ (M)
kw;Wk; (,) bkhj;jgug;g[ Mfpatw;iwf; flf;Fk;
VE
w

kpd;ghaj;ijf; fzf;fpLf.
jfty; : E = 2 × 103 NC–1
A = 15 cm x 5 cm = 75 × 10-4m2
w

jPh;t[:
(m) f = EAcosq q = 0o x(Cm)
= 2 × 103 × 75 × 10-4cos 0o
= 15 Nm2c-1
(M)A = 15 × 10-2 × 10 × 10-2
A = 150 × 10-4 m2
f = EAcosq = 2 × 103 × 150 × 10-4cos60o
23 myF - 1

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

10. +10 C kpd;D}l;lKila g[ss ; p kpd;Jfs;

xd;W ,d;bdhU + 10 C kjpg;gi [ la g[ss; p
kpd;JfspypUe;J 20cm ,ilbtspapy;
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. -2 C kjpg;gi [ la g[ss; p
kpd;Jfs; xd;W g[ss ; p a tpypUe;J b f;F
efu;jj
; g;gLfpwJ. vdpy; mikg;gpd; kpd;dGj;j
Mw;wypy; Vw;gLk; khWghl;ilf; fzf;fpLf.
tpilapd; cl;bghUis tpsf;Ff.

n
-2μC

l.i
jPht
; [:

da
9. nkhl;lhu; tz;o my;yJ kfpGe;J cs;spl;l
thfd=;fspd; ve;jpuj;jpDs; fhw;W ? vupbghUs; q1 = 10×10-6­C, r1 = 5×10-2­m
fyitiag; gw;w itf;fg;gad;gLk; mikg;ng q2 = -2×10-6­C, r2 = 15×10-2m
bghwpr; brUfp (spark plug) mjpy; 0.6 mm
q3 = 10×10-6C
,ilbtspapy; gpupj;J itf;fg;gl;l ,U kpd; 1  q 1q 2 q 2 q 3 
Kidfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Kjypy; PE, U1 = +
4 π∈0  r1 r2 

ka =9x 109 x
= 0.9(-4 -1.33)
10 −12  10( −2) + ( −2)10 

10 −2  5 15 
vi
= 0.9×5.33 = - 4.8J
,Wjpapy; PE, U2 = AB = 52 + 52
= 7.07Cm
al
; ghwpia Vw;gLj;j 3 x 106 Vm-1 typik
jPgb
bfhz;l kpd;gy[ k; njitg;gLfpwJ. vdpy; (m) Bc = 52 + 152
njitg;gLk; kpd;dGj;j ntWghL vt;tst[> = 15.8Cm
.k

(M) ,ilbtspia mjpfupj;jhy;/ kpd;dGj;j

ntWghL mjpfupf;Fkh/ Fiwa[kh my;yJ 1  10( −2) ( −2 )10 
U2 =  + × 10 −12
khwhky; ,Uf;Fkh> (,) ,ilbtsp 1mm 4 π∈0  7.07 × 10 −2
15.8 × 10 −2 
vdpy; kpd;dGj;j ntWghl;ilf; fhz;.  1 1 
= -9×109×20×10-10  7.07 + 15.8 
w

= -18(0.141+0.063)
= -18(0.2043) B
w

q2
U2 = -3.68J
bra;ak
[ ; ntiy 15.8
7
7.0

ΔU = U2 - U1
w

5
= - 3.68+4.8 q3
= +1.12J A
q1 5 15 C
=
kpdD
; }l;l kjpgg; i [ la kpdJ
; fis efh;jj;
btspgg; w[ j;jpypUe;J ntiy bra;ag;gl ntz;Lk;
vd;gijna neh;Fwp fhl;LfpwJ.
myF - 1 24

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

11. glj;jpy; bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s xt;bthU kpd; d) R s d; FWf;nf

njf;fpj; bjhFg;gpd; bjhFgad; kpd;njf;Fj;
jpwida[k; fzf;fpLf.

e) PQ d; FWf;nf

n
l.i
da
12. h = 1mm ,ilbtsp bfhz;l 5V kpd;dGj;j
ntWghL mspf;fg;gl;l ,izj;jl;L kpd;njf;fp

ka xd;wpd; jl;LfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l gFjpapy; xU

vyf;lu; hDk;/ xU g[nuhl;lhDk; tpGfpd;wd.
vi
al

(m) vyf;lu; hd; kw;Wk; g[nuhl;lhdpd; gwf;Fk;

neuj;ijf; fzf;fpLf. (M) epa{l;uhd; xd;W
.k

tpGe;jhy; mjd; gwf;Fk; neuk; vt;tst[> (,)

,k;@d;wpy; vJ Kjypy; moj;jl;il mila[k>;
( mp =1.6 x 10-27 kg, me = 9.1x10-31 kg kw;Wk;
w

g = 10ms-2)
w
w

25 myF - 1

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

m) jiuapypUe;J nkfj;jpd; mog;gFjp

1000 m cauj;jpy; ,Ug;gpd;/ nkfj;jpw;Fk;
≈ 1.5 ns jiuf;Fk; ,ilnaahd kpd;dGj;j
ntWghl;ilf; fz;Lgpof;ft[k;
M) bghJtpy;/ xU kpd;dy; btl;L
Vw;gLk; nghJ Vwj;jhH 25C kpd;D}l;l
mst[s;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; nkfj;jpypUe;J
jiuf;Fg; bgau;fpd;wd. ,jpy; jiuf;Fg;

n
bgau;f;fg;gLk; epiy kpd;dGj;j Mw;wy;
vt;tst[>

l.i
≈ m) V = E × d
= 3 × 106 × 103

da
V = 3 × 109 V
M) U = v × q
 (g  10 ms-2) = 3 × 109 × 25
U = 75 × 109J ∈ ∈ ∈
= 0.2 x 10 -
= 2 x10 -2
-
= 1.414 x10 2
3

ka 14. glj;jpy; bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s

epiyaikg;gpy; 
m) xt;bthU kpd;njf;fpapYk; nrkpf;fg;gLk;
kpd;Jfs;fspd; kpd;D}l;l kjpg;igf; fhz;f.
kpd;njf;fp
QY-2019
vi
= 14.1x10 -3 ≈ 14.1ms M) xt;bthd;wpd; FWf;nfa[k; cUthFk;
kpd;dGj;j ntWghl;ilf; fhz;f.
(,) vdnt Kjypy; vyfl
; u;hd; tej
; ilak
[ .; ,) kpd;njf;fp xt;bthd;wpYk; nrkpf;fg;gLk;
Mw;wiyf; fhz;f.
al
13. ,oa[ld; Toa kiHapd; nghJ nkf=;fSf;Fs;
,Uf;Fk; ePu; @yf;TWfspd; ,af;fk; Vw;gLj;Jk;
cuha;tpdhy; nkf=;fspd; mog;gFjp vjpu;
kpd;D}l;lk; bfhz;l kpd;Jfs;fis bgWfpd;wJ.
.k

,g;nghJ nkfj;jpd; mog;gFjpa[k; jiua[k;

Xu; ,izj;jl;L kpd;njf;fpiag; nghyr;
bray;gLfpd;wd. nkfj;jpw;Fk; jiuf;Fk;
,ilnaahd kpd;gy [ khdJ fhw;wpd; kpd;fhg;g[
w

typikia tpl (mjhtJ 3x106 Vm-1), mjpfkhf

,Ue;jhy; kpd;dy; cUthFk;.
w

+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+
w

9v
CP = C1 + C2 = 6 + 2 = 8 mF
bkhj;j kpd;njf;F jpwd;
–
– – – – – – – – –
– – – – – – – – –

myF - 1 26

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

15. P kw;Wk; Q Mfpa ,U kpd;njf;fpfs; xnu

khjpupahd FWf;Fbtl;Lg;gug;g[ A kw;Wk;
,ilbtsp d bfhz;Ls;sd. kpd;njf;fpfspd;
,ilbtspapy; glj;jpy; bfhLj;Js;sgo/
kpd;fhg;g[ khwpyp cila kpd;fhg;gf[ s;
brUfg;gLfpd;wd vdpy; P kw;Wk; Q kpd;njf;fp
fspd; kpd;njf;Fj; jpwd;fisf; fzf;fpLf.
PTA-4

n


l.i
Qa = CaVa = 8 x 10-6 x 3 = 24 x 10-6C P Q

da
Qb = CbVb = 6 x 10-6 x 3 = 18 x 10-6C
Qc = CcVc = 2 x 10-6 x 3 = 6 x 10-6C
Qd = CdVd = 8 x 10-6 x 3 = 24 x 10-6C
i) ,e;j mikg;g[ ,U kpd;njf;fpfs; gug;g[

ka A/2 kw;Wk; mtw;wpw;fpilahd bjhiyt[ d

gphpj;jpUf;FkhW gf;f ,izg;gpy; cs;sJ.
bkhj;j njf;Fjpwd; CP= Cfhw;W+Cfhg;g[bghUs;
= eo(A/2) + e∈o(A/2) Îr
vi
∈ ∈
d d
CP = ÎoA (1+Îr)
2d
al

ii) ,e;j mikg;g[ ,U kpd;njf;fpfs; A gug;g[

cilaitahf d/2 bjhiyt[ bjhlhpizapy;
.k

cs;sJ.
bkhj;j njf;Fj;jpwd; CQ=
w
w
w

27 myF - 1

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

gFjp II - GMQ, PTA & muRj; njh;t[ ? tpdh tpilfs;

I. rupahd tpiliaj; nju;e;bjLj;J vGJf.
1. xU g[s;sp kpd;Rik 6μC kpd;g[yj;jpy; 7. 1 , 2, 3, 4 kw;Wk; 5 vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;l
,U g[s;spfSf;fpilna efh;j;jg;gLfpwJ. Ie;J ge;Jfs; btt;ntW
bra;ag;gl;l ntiy 1.8×10-5J ,U E}y;fshy; bjh=;f tplg;gl;Ls;sd.
g[s;spfSf;fpilnaahd kpd;dGj;j ntWghL (1, 2) (2, 4) kw;Wk; (4, 1) vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;l
nrhog; ge;Jfs; fth;r;rp tpira[k; (2, 3)

n
.................. GMQ-2019
a)  1.08V b) 1.08 μV c) 3 V d) 30 V
kw;Wk; (4, 5) vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;l nrhog;
ge;Jfs; tpyf;F tpiriaa[k; fhz;gpf;Fk;
 tpil: c) 3 V

l.i
vdpy;/ 1 vdf; Fwpf;fg;gl;l ge;jpd;
kpd;D}l;l jd;ikahdJ> PTA-5
a) neh;kpd;D}l;lk; b) vjph;kpd;D}l;lk;
c) kpd;D}l;lkw;wJ d) cWjpahff; Tw ,ayhJ
 hw;W cs;sfk; bfhz;l kpd;njf;fp xd;W
f

da
2.
kpd;fydhy; kpd;ndw;wk; bra;ag;gLfpwJ.  tpil: c) kpd;D}l;lkw;wJ
kpd;fyDldhd ,izg;igj; Jz;oj;j 8. xt;bthd;Wk; A gug;gst[k;/ jl;LfSf;F
gpwF kpd;njf;fpapd; jl;LfSf;fpilapy; ,ilnaahd ,ilbtsp d?a[k; cila
xU kpd;fhg;g[g; ghsk; KGikahf ehd;F jl;Lfs; glj;jpy; cs;sthW
brUfg;gLfpwJ. vdpy;/ gpd;tUk; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpd; bjhFgad;
mst[fspy; khwhky; ,Ug;gJ vJ> PTA-1
a) Mw;wy;   b) kpd;dGj;j ntWghL
c) kpd;g[yk; d) kpd;D}l;lk;
tpil: d) kpd;D}l;lk;
ka kpd;njf;Fj; jpwdhdJ

P d
d

d
PTA-5

Q
vi
3. tpLjpwdpd; myF PTA-2
a) 
C2N-1m-2 b) NM2C-2 a) AÎo b) AÎo c) 2AÎo d) 3AÎo
d ed d d
c) 
Hm-1 d) NC-2m-2
2A
al
o
 tpil: a) C2N-1m­-2  tpil: c)
d
4. 0.5 m2 FWf;Fbtl;Lg; gug;g[k; 10 Rw;WfSk; 9.  2 × 105N C-1 kjpg;g[ila kpd;g[yj;jpd; xU
bfhz;l RUs; xd;W mjd; jsk;/ 100 N/C kpd; ,UKidahdJ 30º nfhzj;jpy;
.k

kjpg;g[ila rPuhd kpd;g[yj;jpw;F ,izahf

cs;sthW itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpy; gug;gpd; itf;fg;gLfpwJ. mJ bgUk jpUg;g[j;jpwd;
PTA-2
kjpg;g[ 4 Nm MFk;. kpd; ,UKidapd; ePsk;
tHpna gha[k; kpd;ghak; :
2 br.kP. vdpy; mjpYs;s xU kpd; Jfspd;
a) 100 V . m b) 
500 V . m
w

kpd;D}l;l vz; kjpg;g[ PTA-6

c) 20 V . m d) RHp a) 
8 mC b) 2 mC c) 5 mC d) 7 μC
 tpil: b) 500 V . m  tpil: b) 2 mC
kpd;ghaj;jpd; ghpkhzk; kw;Wk; myF _____. 10. A kw;Wk; B–y; ,uz;L g[s;sp kpd;D}l;l=;fs;
w

5.
a) 
ML2 T–3 A–2, Nm2 C–1 PTA-3 Mf!;l; ? 2021 +Q kw;Wk; -Q Mfpad xU Fwpg;gpl;l
b) 
ML3 T–3 A–1, Nm2 C–1 bjhiytpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpw;F
c) ML2 T–1 A–2, Nm2 C–1 ,ilnaahd tpir F MFk;. A-d; 25%
w

kpd;D}l;lk; B-f;F khw;wg;gLfpwJ vdpy;

d) ML–4 T–3 A–2, Nm2C–1
kpd;D}l;l=;fSf;fpilnaahd jw;nghija
 tpil: b) ML3 T–3 A–1, Nm2 C–1
tpirahdJ QY -2019
6. K
otpyh bjhiytpy; epiykpd;dpapay;
a) b) c) F d)
mGj;jk; PTA-4
a) Kotpyh b) bgUkk;
c) rpWkk; d) RHp tpil: d) RHp tpil: d)

myF - 1 28

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

11. R MuKk; ePsKk; cs;s xU cUisahdJ mjd; 3. kpd;D}l;l khwhj; jd;ik tpjpiaf; TWf. PTA-2
mr;rpw;F ,izahf cs;s rPuhd g[w kpd;g[yj;jpy;  bkhj;j kpd;D}l;lk; khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;.
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vdpy; me;j cUisapd; KG kpd;D}l;lj;ij Mf;fnth mHpf;fnth ,ayhJ.
g[wg;gug;gpy; bray;gLk; bkhj;j kpd;g[y ghak; ve;jbthU ,aw;if epfH;tpYk; bkhj;j
MdJ .................. QY -2019 kpd;D}l;l khw;wk; RHpahfnt ,Uf;Fk;.
a) 2 R2E b) 4. Vm myF bfhz;l ,aw;gpay; msit tiuaW/
kw;Wk; mJ !;nfyuh my;yJ btf;luh vdf;
c) ( R2 - R)/E d) RHp tpil: d) RHp TWf. PTA-3

n
12. bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;jpy; g[s;spkpd;ndhl;lk; ➢ Vm myF bfhz;l ,aw;gpay; mst[ kpd;ghak;.
+q MdJ ikak; O y; cs;sJ. kw;bwhU g[s;sp ➢ kpd;g[yf; nfhLfSf;Ff; FWf;nf mike;j

l.i
(-Q) kpd;D}l;lj;ij g[s;sp A ypUe;J g[s;sp Fwpg;gpl;l gug;g[ xd;wpd; tHpna gha[k; kpd;g[yf;
B f;F bfhz;Ltu bra;ag;gLk; ntiyapd;
nfhLfspd; vz;zpf;if.
mst[  khh;r; ? 2020
➢ ,J !;nfyhh; mst[ MFk;.
➢ ,jdpd; kw;wbkhU myF Nm2C-1

da
y
qQ  a  5. ,U rk kpd;dGj;j gug;g[fs; xd;iwbahd;W
a)  
A 4π∈0 a2  2  btl;of; bfhs;SkhW mika[kh> fhuzk;
(0, a) TWf. PTA-5
b) RHp
1
kpd;rhu g[yk; rkr;rPh; nkw;gug;g[f;F ,ay;ghdJ
-q Q
c) kw;Wk; nkw;gug;gpy; ve;j ,uz;L g[s;spfSf;Fk;
+q
O

tpil: b) RHp
B (a, 0) x
d)
4π∈0
qQ
4π∈0
a2
1
a2
2a

2a ka 6.
,ilapyhd rhj;jpakhd ntWghL g{$;akhf
,Ug;gjhy; FWf;F btl;L rhj;jpakpy;iy.
fh!; tpjpiaf; TWf. Mf!;l; ? 2022
fh!; tpjpapd;go/ ve;jbthU @oa gug;gpy;
vi
II. FW kw;Wk; rpWtpdhf;fs; (2&3 kjpg;bgz;fs;) bray;gLk; kpd;g[yj;jpd; bkhj;j gha kjpg;g[.
1. kpd;D}l;lk; bgw;w Kotpyh rkjsg;gug;g[ mg;gug;gpy; cs;s bkhj;j kpd;D}l;lj;jpd;
q ∈
kl=;Ff;Fr; rkk;. mjhtJ/ ϕE = Î
al
jfLfspdhy; Vw;gLk; kpd;g[yj;jpd; khWghL
o
E (y mr;R) f;Fk; jfl;oypUe;J bjhiy
(x mr;R) ,ilnaahd tiuglk; @yk; fhl;L. III. bgUtpdhf;fs; (5 kjpg;bgz;fs;)
 GMQ-2019 1.
.k

kpd;dGj;jk; tiuaW kpd;g[yj;jpw;Fk;

kpd;g[yk; bjhiytpid rhu;e;jJ my;y. kpd;dGj;jj;jpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd bjhlh;
x - mr;Rf;F ,izahfr; bry;Yk;. gpid vGJf. PTA-6
Y kpd; d Gj; j k; :
w

XuyF kpd;D}l;lk; bfhz;l neh;kpd;Jfs; xd;iw

E Kotpyhj; bjhiytpy; efh;j;j bra;ag;gLk; ntiy
MFk;.
kpd;g[yj;jpw;Fk; kpd;dGj;jj;jpw;Fk;
w

,ilnaahd bjhlh;g[ :
o x (bjhiyt[) ➢ Mjpg;g[s;spapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s neh; kpd;Jfs;
2. xU flj;jpf;F btspna kpd;g[ykhdJ mjd; q itf; fUJnthk;. E kpd;g[yj;jpy; XuyF
w

gug;g[f;Fr; br=;Fj;jhf ,Uf;Fk; fhuzk; kpd;D}l;lk; bfhz;l neh; kpd;Jfs; xd;iw

TWf> PTA-1 dx bjhiyt[ efh;j;j bra;ag;gLk; ntiy
➢ flj;jpapd; gug;gpw;F ,izahd jpirfspy; dW= -E.dx. ,=;F vjph;f;FwpahdJ kpd;g[yj;jpw;F
kpd;g[yj;jpd; TWfs; ,Ue;jhy; gug;gpYs;s vjpuhf ntiy bra;ag;gLfpwJ. vd;gij
fl;Lwh vyf;l;uhd;fs; KLf;fg;gLk;. czh;j;JfpwJ.
➢ mjhtJ flj;jp rkepiyapy; ,y;iy vd;whFk;. ➢ ,=;F ntiy kpd;dGj;j ntWghl;ow;Fr;
vdnt/ epiykpd; rkepiyapy;/ flj;jpapd; rkkhFk; vdnt/ dw = dV
gug;g[f;F br=;Fj;jhd jpirapy; kl;Lnk kpd;g[yk;
mika[k;. my;yJ dV = - E dx

29 myF - 1

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

dv ➢ +q kjpg;g[ila kpd;Jfis @iy R f;F bfhz;L

vdnt/ E=- tu bra;ag;gLk; ntiy
dx
1 q q
,jpypUe;J kpd;g[ykhdJ vjph;Fwpaplg;gl;l WR = -q ×
- +
4πÎ0 a 2a
kpd;dGj;jr; rhpt[f;Fr; rkk; vd;whfpwJ. 1 q2 q
= - 1+
2. kpd;g[yj;ij Fwpf;Fk; kpd;g[yf; nfhLfis 4πÎ0 a 2
tiua[k; nghJ gpd;gw;w ntz;oa tpjpfis ➢ ehd;fhtJ kpd;Jfs; q I @iy S f;F bfhz;L tu
vGJf. QY - 2019 bra;ag;gLk; ntiy

n
gpd;gw;wntz;oa tpjpfs; : 1 q q q
➢ kpd;g[yf; nfhLfs; neh; kpd;Jfspy; bjhl=;fp vjph; WS = -q × + +
4πÎ0 a a 2a
kpd;Jfspnyh my;yJ Kotpyhj; bjhiytpnyh
1 q 1

l.i
Kotilfpd;wd. = 2-
➢ kpd;g[yf; nfhl;ow;F xU g[s;spapy; tiuag;gLk; 4πÎ0 a 2
bjhLnfhl;od; jpirapy; mg;g[s;spapd; kpd;g[y
btf;lh; mika[k;. 2. bjhpahj kpd;njf;Fj;jpwd; kjpg;g[fisa[ila
➢

da
ve;jbthU gFjpapy; kpd;g[yj;jpd; brwpt[ ,U kpd;njf;fpfs; bjhlhpizg;gpYk;
mjpfkhf cs;snjh m=;F kpd;g[yf; nfhLfs; gf;f ,izg;gpYk; ,izf;fg;gLk; nghJ
beUf;fkhft[k;/ v=;F kpd;g[yj;jpd; brwpt[ mtw;wpd; bjhFgad; kpd;njf;Fj;jpwd;
Fiwthf cs;snjh m=;F mit ,ilbtsp Kiwna 6 F kw;Wk; 25 F vdpy; mtw;wpd;
tpl;Lk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kpd;njf;Fj;jpwd;fisf; fzf;fpLf. PTA-2
➢ ,U kpd;g[yf; nfhLfs; xd;iwbahd;W btl;of;

➢
bfhs;tjpy;iy. mt;thW btl;of; bfhz;lhy;/ xnu
g[s;spapy; ,UntW kpd;g[y btf;lh;fs; cs;s epiy
Vw;gLk;.
xU neh; kpd;JfspypUe;J btspnehf;fpr;
bry;Yk; kpd;g[yf; nfhLfspd; vz;zpf;if
ka jPh;t[ : Cs = 6μF ; Cp = 25μF
vi
my;yJ vjph;kpd;Jfspy; Kotila[k; nfhLfspd;
vz;zpf;ifahdJ me;j kpd;Jfspd; kpd;D}l;l
kjpg;gpw;F neh;j;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
al
IV. fzf;Ffs;
C1C2 = 25 × 6 = 150
1. +q, +q, -q kw;Wk; -q Mfpa ehd;F
kpd;Jfs;fs; r gf;fk; cila PQRS vd;w
.k

xU rJuj;jpd; ehd;F @iyfspy; itf;fg;gl

ntz;Lk;. ,t;tikg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;Fj;
njitg;gLk; ntiyiaf; fzf;fpLf. 
jPh;t[ :  PTA-1 (my;yJ)
w

➢ Kjypy; +q kpd;D}l;lk; bfhz;l kpd;Jfis xU C12 - 25C1 + 150 = 0

@iyf;F (P) bfhz;L tUnthk; gpw kpd;Jfs;fs;
VJk; m=;F ,y;yhjjhy; ,jw;F njitg;gLk; C12 - 10C1 - 15 C1 + 150 = 0
ntiy RHp WP = 0 C1 (C1 - 10) - 15 (C1 - 10) = 0
w

+q -q
+
a – (C1 - 10) (C1 - 15) or C1 = 10 or 15
P Q

O
if C1 = 10μF, C2 = 15μF
a a
C1 = 15 μF, C2 = 10μF
w

q´

S R

–
-q+q a
+
3. i\l;u$d; mQtpy; vyf;l;uhd; kw;Wk;
➢ -q kjpg;g[ila kpd;Jfis @iy Q f;F bfhz;L g[nuhl;lhd; ,ilg;gl;l tpiriaf; fzf;fpLf.
(e = 1.6 × 10–19 C , r0 = 0.53 Å) PTA-3
tu bra;ag;gLk; ntiy
jPh;t[:
1 q 1 q2
WQ = -q × =
4πÎ0 a 4πÎ0 a

myF - 1 30

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš - bjhFâ I

æ 1 1 1 1 ö
´ ç -2
+ -2
+ -2
+ -2 ÷
è 4 2 ´ 10 4 2 ´ 10 4 2 ´ 10 4 2 ´ 10 ø

V = 2.1216 x 103 V.
6. ,izj;jl;L kpd;njf;fp xd;wpy; 5 cm gf;f
mst[fs; bfhz;l ,U rJuj;jl;Lfs; 1 mm
4. glj;jpy; fhl;oago ehd;F g[s;sp ,ilbtspapy; cs;sd vdpy; kpd;njf;fpapd;
kpd;D}l;l=;fs; xU rJuj;jpd; ehd;F
kpd;njf;Fj;jpwidf; fzf;fpLf. QY-2019
@iyfspy; (a) kw;Wk; (b) Mfpa ,U Kiwfspy;

n
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,U mikg;g[fspYk; tpil :
C = Î0A = 8.85 10
-12 25 10-4
rJuj;jpd; ikaj;jpy; (i) kpd;dGj;jk; kw;Wk;

l.i
(ii) kpd;g[yk; rkkhf ,Uf;Fkh my;yJ d 1 10-3
= 221.2 10 F -13
khWgl;L ,Uf;Fkh> Vd;> PTA-5
A B
A
+q
B
+q –q +q C = 22.12 x 10-12 F = 22.12 pF
r
r

da
a) r o   b) r o 7. 8 mm ,ilbtspapy; gphpf;fg;gl;l 5μH
r r kw;Wk; -5μC vd;w ,U kpd;Jfs;fs; xU kpd;
r +q r –q ,UKidia cUthf;fpdhy;
–q –q
D –q C
D –q C a) k
 pd; ,UKidapd; ikaj;jpypUe;J
i) 
glk; (b)y; xnu tifahd kpd;D}l;l=;fs; mr;Rf;nfhl;oy; 25 br.kP bjhiytpy; cs;s
g[s;spapy; cUthFk; kpd;g[yj;ijf; fhz;f.
@iytpl;l=;fspd;
xU rJuj;jpy;
vjpbujph; gf;f=;fspy;
mike;Js;sjhy;
ikaj;jpy; kpd;g[yk; RHp. glk; (a) y;
@iytpl;l=;fspd; Kidfspy;
mjd;
ntwpd
kpd;D}l;l=;fs; mike;Js;sjhy; kpd; g[yj;jpd;
kjpg;g[ RHpahtjpy;iy.
ka b) k
 pd; ,UKidapd; eLtiuf; nfhl;oy;
20 br.kP bjhiytpy; cs;s g[s;spapy;
cUthFk; kpd;g[yj;ijf; fhz;f. HY-2019
jPh;t[:
vi
P = 2qd = 2 5 10-6 8 10-3 = 80 10-9 cm
ii) 
kpd;dGj;jk; glk; (a)y; kw;Wk; glk; (b) mr;Rf;nfhl;oy; 25 cm bjhiytpy;
,uz;L mikg;gpYk; rkkhfnt ,Uf;Fk;
1 2p
Vbddpy; rk vz; kjpg;g[ ,uz;L vjph; E=
4π 0 r3
al
kpd;D}l;l=;fs; ikaj;jpypUe;J rk bjhiytpy; -9
mike;Js;sd. = 9 109 2 80 10
(25 x 10-2)3
5. 8 br.kP gf;f ePsk; bfhz;l xU rJuj;jpd; = 0.09216 106
= 9.2 × 104 NC–1
.k

xt;bthU @iyapYk;
E eLtiuf;nfhl;oy; 20cm bjhiytpy;
kjpg;g[ila kpd;Jfs;fs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 1 80 10-9
@iytpl;l=;fs; btl;Lk; g[s;spapy; E = = 9 109
4π 0 (20 10-2)3
w

kpd;dGj;jj;ijf; fhz;f. QY -2019

= 0.09 106 = 9 104 NC-1
jPh;t[:
8 8. fhw;wpd; kpd;fhg;g[ typik 4 × 106 V m–1. thd;
o fpuhg; ,aw;wpapd; nfhsff; Tl;od; Muk;
w

2
4

4
R = 0.4 m vdpy; thd; o fpuhg; ,aw;wpahy;
2

8 8 cUthf;fg;gLk; bgUk (maximum)

2
4
4

kpd;dGj;j ntWghl;ilf; fzf;fpLf.

2
w

fh!; tpjpg;go/  Mf!;l; ? 2021

q 8 jfty; :
q 1 1 1 1 Emax = 4 × 106 Vm-1 ; R =0.4 m
V = + + +
4π 0 r1 r2 r3 r4 jPh;t[:
10 Vmax = Emax R
[q = × 10-9C]
3 = 4 × 106 × 0.4 = 1.6 × 106
10
V = 9 × 109 × × 10-9 Vmax = 1.6 kpy;ypad; nthy;l;
3
31 myF - 1

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš

28. bghJ ckpH;g;ghd; epiy mikg;gpy; NPN ouhd;rp!;lupd; kpd;Rw;W FwpaPL glk; tiuf. myF ? 10
29. nghyuha;od; gad;fisf; TWf. myF ? 7
30. 
bjhlupizg;gpy; kpd;njf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gLk;nghJ tpisa[k; bjhFgad; kpd; njf;Fj;
jpwDf;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg; bgWf. myF ? 1
31. i\l;u$d; mQtpd; 5?tJ Rw;Wg;ghijapd; : myF ? 9
(i) nfhz ce;jk; kw;Wk;
(ii) mjpYs;s vyf;l;uhdpd; jpirntfk; Mfpatw;iwf; fzf;fpLf.

n
(h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js ; m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg)
32. fhe;jtpay; yhud;!; tpirapd; rpwg;gpay;g[fisf; Fwpg;gpLf myF ? 3

l.i
33. 
bjhlu; RLC Rw;wpy; cs;s kpd; J}z;oapd; kpd;kWg;g[/ kpd;njf;fpapd; kpd;kWg;g[ kw;Wk; kpd;jil
Mfpait Kiwna 184 , 144 , kw;Wk; 30 , vdpy; Rw;wpd; kpd; vjpu;g;igf; fhz;f. nkYk;
kpd;dGj;j ntWghL kw;Wk; kpd;ndhl;lk; ,ilapyhd fl;lf; nfhzj;ija[k; fzf;fpLf.

da
 myF ? 4
gFjp - IV
midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspf;ft[k;. 5×5=25
34. (m) xU KG miy jpUj;jpapd; mikg;g[ kw;Wk; bray;gLk; tpjj;jpid tptupf;ft[k;.
(my;yJ) myF ? 10
(M) kpd;khw;wpapd; mikg;g[ kw;Wk; bray;ghl;il tpsf;Ff.

(my;yJ) ka
35. (m) kpd; ,UKid xd;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; epiy kpd;dGj;jj;jpw;fhd nfhitiag; bgWf.

(M) a=; ,ul;ilg;gpst[ Ma;tpy; bgwg;gLk; gl;il mfyj;jpw;fhd nfhitiag; bgWf.

myF ? 4

myF ? 1
myF ? 7
vi

36. (m) gal; ? rhtu;l; tpjpiag; gad;gLj;jp kpd;ndhl;lk; gha[k; Kotpyh ePsk; bfhz;l neu;
flj;jpahy; xU g[s;spapy; Vw;gLk; fhe;jg; g[yj;jpw;fhd nfhitiag; bgWf. myF ? 3
(my;yJ)
al
(M) i\l;u$d; mQtpd; epwkhiy bjhlu;fis tpsf;Ff. myF ? 9
37. (m) (i) rpwg;g[ X-fjpu; epwkhiyia vt;thW ehk; bgWfpnwhk;>  myF ? 8
(ii) 20,000 V KLf;F kpd;dGj;jk; cs;s X-fjpu; FHhapy; ,Ue;J btsptUk; X-fjpu;fspd;
.k

btl;L miyePsk; kw;Wk; btl;L mjpu;btz; Mfpatw;iwf; fzf;fpLf. myF ? 7

(my;yJ)
(M) epwkhiy vd;why; vd;d> btsptpL epwkhiyapd; tiffis tpsf;ft[k;. myF ? 5
w

38. (m) byd;!; cUthf;Fgtupd; rkd;ghl;oid tUtp.   (my;yJ) myF ? 6

(M) nthy;l; kPl;liu gad;gLj;jp kpd;fyj;jpd; mf kpd;jilia fhz;gij tpsf;Ff.
 myF ? 2
*****
w

muR Jiz¤ nj®î - Mf°£ 2022

neu« : 3.00 k 12 ïa‰ãaš bkh¤j kâ¥bg©fŸ : 70
w

gFâ - I
F¿¥ò : (i) mid¤J Édh¡fS¡F« ÉilaË¡fî«. 15×1=15
(ii)  bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs kh‰W ÉilfËš Äfî« V‰òila Éilia¤ nj®ªbjL¤J¡
F¿p£Ll‹ ÉilÆidí« nr®¤J vGjî«.
1. iA£u#‹ mQÉ‹ Kjš _‹W R‰W¥ghijfË‹ Mu§fË‹ É»j« :
(m) 1 : 2 : 3 (M) 1 : 2 : 2 (ï) 1 : 4 : 9 (<) 1 : 3: 5

357 muRj; njh;t[

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https://www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš

2. I k‰W« 4I xË¢ br¿îfŸ bfh©l ïu©L x‰iw Ãw XÇaš xË¡f‰iwfŸ x‹Wl‹ x‹W
nk‰bghUªJ»‹wd. bjhFga‹ ã«g¤â‹ rh¤âakhd bgUk k‰W« áWk xË¢ br¿îfŸ
Kiwna :
(m) 5I k‰W« I (M) 5I k‰W« 3I (ï) 9I k‰W« I (FF) 9I k‰W« 3I
3. 230 V Ä‹dG¤j _y¤Jl‹ ïiz¡f¥g£l f«ãÆš âw‹ ïH¥ò P1 m¡f«ãahdJ ïU
rkkhd gFâfshf bt£l¥g£L, ïU J©LfS« g¡f ïiz¥ãš mnj Ä‹dG¤j _y¤Jl‹
P
ïiz¡f¥gL»‹wd. ïªÃiyÆš âw‹ ïH¥ò P2 vÅš 2 v‹D« É»j« :

n
P1
(m) 1 (M) 2 (ï) 3 (<) 4
4. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ É©Û‹fŸ Ä‹Dtj‰fhd rÇahd fhuz« vJ?

l.i
(m) xË vâbuhË¥ò (M) KG mf vâbuhË¥ò
(ï) xË Éyfš (<) js Éisî
5. xU R‰¿š khWâir Ä‹ndh£l« k‰W« Ä‹dG¤j ntWgh£o‹ fzneu kâ¥òfŸ Kiwna

da
1 1  π
i= sin (100 t) A and v = sin  100 πt +  V MF«. R‰¿š Efu¥g£l ruhrǤ âw‹ (th£
2 2  3
my»š) :
1 3 1

6.
(m)
4
(M)
4
ka (ï)
NÇa xËÆ‹ ruhrÇ miyÚs« 550 nm k‰W« mj‹ ruhrÇ âw‹ 3.8×1026W vÅš, NÇa
xËÆÈUªJ xU Édho neu¤âš kÅjÅ‹ f©fŸ bgw¡Toa ~ngh£lh‹fË‹ ruhrÇ
v©Â¡ifahdJ :
2
(<)
vi
(m) 1045 (M) 1042 (ï) 1054 (<) 1051
7. 2×105 NC−1 kâ¥òŸs Ä‹òy¤âš 30° xU§fik¥ò nfhz¤âš Ä‹ ïUKid x‹W
al
it¡f¥g£LŸsJ. mj‹ ÛJ brašgL« âU¥òÉirÆ‹ kâ¥ò 8 Nm. Ä‹ ïUKidÆ‹ Ús«
1 br.Û. vÅš mâYŸs xU Ä‹JfË‹ Ä‹}£l v© kâ¥ò :
(m) 4 mC (M) 8 mC (ï) 5 mC (<) 7 mC
.k

8. ãuh‹nAhg® tÇfŸ v›tif Ãwkhiy¡F vL¤J¡fh£L?

(m) tÇ btËÆL (M) tÇ c£ft® (ï) g£il btËÆL (<) g£il c£ft®
w

9. 3 Li mQ¡fUÉ‹ ÃiwahdJ mâYŸs mid¤J Ãô¡Ëah‹fË‹ bkh¤j Ãiwia Él

7

0.042 u Fiwthf cŸsJ vÅš 73 Li mQ¡fUÉ‹ xU Ãô¡ËahD¡fhd ruhrÇ ãiz¥ò

M‰wš :
w

(m) 46 MeV (M) 5.6 MeV (ï) 3.9 MeV (<) 23 MeV
10. xU f«ãÆ‹ bt¥gÃiy Ä‹jil v© 0.00125/°C. 20°C bt¥gÃiyÆš f«ãÆ‹ Ä‹jil
1Ω vÅš vªj bt¥gÃiyÆš mj‹ Ä‹jil 2Ω MF«?˜
w

(m) 800°C (M) 700°C (ï) 850°C (<) 820°C

11. ZnO bghUË‹ JfŸ msî 30 nm. gÇkhz¤â‹ mo¥gilÆš ïJ __________ vd
tif¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
(m) ngusî bghUŸ (M) ehndh bghUŸ
(ï) bk‹ikahd bghUŸ (<) fhªj¥ bghUŸ

muRj; njh;t[ 358

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš

12. xU AC Ä‹R‰¿‹ L, C k‰W« R -‹ kâ¥òfŸ Kiwna 1 H, 9 F k‰W« 3 Ω, vÅš, ïªj Ä‹

R‰¿‹ ju¡fhuÂahdJ :
1
(m) 1 M) 9 (ï) (<)
9
13. 5 br.Û MuK« 50 R‰WfS« bfh©l t£l tot¡ f«ã¢ RUË‹ tÊna 3 M«ãa® Ä‹ndh£l«
ghŒ»wJ. m¡f«ã¢ RUË‹ fhªj ïUKid¤ âU¥òâwÅ‹ kâ¥ò v‹d?
(m) 1.0 Am2 (M) 1.2 Am2 (ï) 0.5 Am2 (<) 0.8 Am2

n
14. 0.9 eV k‰W« 3.3 eV ~ngh£lh‹ M‰wš bfh©l ïu©L fâ®å¢RfŸ xU cnyhf¥ gu¥ã‹
ÛJ mL¤jL¤J ÉG»‹wd. cnyhf¤â‹ btËna‰W M‰wš 0.6 eV vÅš, ïU ne®îfËš

l.i
btËÉl¥gL« vy¡£uh‹fË‹ bgUk ntf§fË‹ jfî :
(m) 1:4 (M) 1:3 (ï) 1:1 (<) 1:9
15. X® ne® miu miy âU¤âÆš âU¤j¥g£l Ä‹dG¤j« xU gS Ä‹jil¡F mË¡f¥g£lhš,

da
cŸçL irif khWgh£o‹ vªj¥ gFâÆš gS Ä‹ndh£l« ghí«?
(m) 0° - 90° (M) 90° - 180° (ï) 0° - 180° (<) 0° - 360°
gFâ - II

ÉilaË¡fî«.
16. ö©l¥g£l Ä‹Åa¡F Éiria cUth¡F« tÊfis¡ TWf.
17. ÃW¤J Ä‹dG¤j« - tiuaW¡fî«.
ka
F¿¥ò : vitnaD« MW Édh¡fS¡F ÉilaË¡fî«. Édh v© 24 -¡F f£lhakhf
6×2=12
myF ? 4
myF ? 8
vi
18. òw Cjh¡ fâ®fË‹ ïU ga‹ghLfis¡ TWf. myF ? 5
19. xË Éyfš v© 1.33 bfh©l öa ÚÇ‹ tÊna bršY« xËÆ‹ ntf¤ij¡ fh©f.
 myF ? 6
al

20. ÉirÆ‹ mo¥gilÆš M«ãa® - tiuaW¡fî«. myF ? 3

21. âU¤Jjš v‹whš v‹d ˜ myF ? 10
.k

22. fhÞ Éâia¡ TWf. myF ? 1

23. mQ Ãiw myF - tiuaW¡fî«. myF ? 9
24. 12 V Ä‹fy¤Jl‹ ïiz¡f¥g£LŸs 2Ω  R R
w

1 2

k‰W« 41 Ä‹jilah¡»fŸ x›bth‹¿‰F« I

FW¡nf cŸs Ä‹dG¤j ntWghLfis¡ fh©f. + -
2V
nkY« ïªj Ä‹R‰¿š cŸs bjhFga‹ Ä‹jilia¡ fh©f.
w

 myF ? 2
gFâ - III
F¿¥ò : vitnaD« MW Édh¡fS¡F ÉilaË¡fî«. Édh v© 33 -¡F f£lhakhf
w

ÉilaË¡fî«. 6×3=18
25. ïizj£L Ä‹nj¡»ÆDŸ nrĤJ it¡f¥gL« M‰wY¡fhd rk‹gh£il bgWf.
 myF ? 1
26. 0.500 T msîŸs Óuhd fhªj¥òy¤â‰F¢ br§F¤jhf bršY« vy¡£uh‹ x‹W 2.50 mm
MuKila t£l¥ghijia nk‰bfhŸ»wJ vÅš, mj‹ ntf¤ij¡ fh©f. myF ? 3
27. xË cÄœî Ä‹fy¤â‹ mik¥ò k‰W« ntiy brŒí« Éj¤ij És¡Ff. myF ? 8

359 muRj; njh;t[

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byhnahyh <á 12 - ïa‰ãaš

28. FW¡Ñ£L Éisî¡F« ÉË«ò Éisî¡F« cŸs ntWghLfŸ ahit? myF ? 7

29. brdh® ilnahL v‹whš v‹d?˜ ïj‹ ga‹ghLfŸ VnjD« ïu©oid¡ F¿¥ãLf.
 myF ? 10
30. Óbg¡ Éisî v‹whš v‹d?˜ Óbg¡ ÉisÉ‹ ga‹ghLfŸ ahit? myF ? 2
31. nf¤njhL fâ®fË‹ g©òfis vGJf. myF ? 9
32. ne®¤âir Ä‹ndh£l¤ij Él khWâir Ä‹ndh£l« áwªjJ - És¡Ff. myF ? 4

n
33. xË, fh‰¿ÈUªJ xËÉyfš v© 1.5 k‰W« 50 br.Û jok‹ bfh©l f©zhoÆDŸ brš»wJ.
f©zhoÆš xËÆ‹ ntf« v‹d?˜ k‰W« f©zhoia¡ flªJ bršy xË vL¤J¡ bfhŸS«

l.i
neu« v‹d? myF ? 6
gFâ - IV
F¿¥ò : mid¤J Édh¡fS¡F« ÉilaË¡fî«. 5×5=25

da
34. (m) å£Þnlh‹ rkd¢R‰¿š rk‹brŒ Ãiy¡fhd Ãgªjidia¥ bgWf. myF ?2
mšyJ
(M) (i) fâÇa¡f mQ¡fUÉ‹ miu Mí£fhy« k‰W« ruhrÇ Mí£fhy« v‹whš v‹d ˜
 myF ? 9

fz¡»Lf. fh®g‹-14-‹ miu Mí£fhy« 5730 M©LfŸ.

35. (m) xËÆ‹ ntf¤ij¡ f©l¿í« ~ãÌí Kiwia ÉtÇ¡fî«.
ka
(ii) bjhl¡f¤âYŸs fâÇa¡f¡ fh®g‹ - 14 mQ¡fË‹ v©Â¡if 10,000 vÅš,
22,920 M©LfS¡F¥ ãwF áijtilahkš ïU¡F« mQ¡fË‹ v©Â¡ifia¡
myF ? 9
myF ? 6
vi
mšyJ
(M) (i) Ä‹fhªj miyfË‹ g©òfis¡ TWf. myF ? 5
al
(ii) Clf« x‹¿‹ x¥òik fhªj c£òFâw‹ 2.5 k‰W« x¥òik Ä‹ ÉLâw‹ 2.25 vÅš,
m›Clf¤â‹ xËÉyfš v©iz¡ fh©f.  myF ? 5
36. (m) th‹ o »uh¥ ïa‰¿Æ‹ mik¥ò k‰W« ntiy brŒí« Éj¤ij ÉÇthf És¡fî«.
.k

mšyJ myF ? 1
(M) T£L E©nzh¡» x‹¿id ÉtǤJ, mj‹ cU¥bgU¡f¤â‰fhd nfhitia¥ bgWf. 
 myF ? 7
w

37. (m) xU nrho f«ã¢RUŸfŸ ïilna cŸs gÇkh‰W Ä‹ö©lš v© rkkhF« v‹gij¡
fh£Lf. (M12 = M21) myF ? 4
mšyJ
w

(M) Okh®fÅ‹ Kjš k‰W« ïu©lhtJ nj‰w§fis¡ T¿ Ã%ã¡fî«. myF ? 10

38. (m) (i) jFªj És¡f§fSl‹ I‹ÞOÅ‹ xËÄ‹ rk‹gh£il¥ bgWf. myF ? 8
(ii) ~ngh£lh‹fË‹ áw¥ãašòfis¥ g£oaÈLf. myF ? 8
w

mšyJ
(M) fhªj¥òy¤âš it¡f¥g£LŸs Ä‹ndh£l« ghí« fl¤âÆ‹ ÛJ brašgL« Éir¡fhd
nfhitia tUÉ¡fî«. myF ? 3

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