INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM: BASED ON

INTEGRATED SYSTEM CALLS GRAPH AND NEURAL

NETWORKS (CNN+GNN)

Industrial Oriented Mini Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE

By
Shaima Sultana 22L51A7216
Zainab Nazneen 22L51A7223

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Nausheen Fathima

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE

SHADAN WOMEN'S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC B++
Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad
Hyderabad, Telangana 500004

JUNE 2025
 SHADAN WOMEN'S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM:
BASED ON INTEGRATED SYSTEM CALLS GRAPH AND NEURAL NETWORKS
(CNN+GNN) being submitted by

Shaima Sultana 22L51A7216

Zainab Nazneen 22L51A7223

in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Artificial

Intelligence and Data Science to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad,

Hyderabad is a record of bonafied work carried out under my guidance and supervision.

Dr. Nausheen Fathima Dr.I.Samuel Peter James

Assistant professor Head of the Department

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the dissertation entitled INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM:

BASED ON INTEGRATED SYSTEM CALLS GRAPH AND NEURAL NETWORKS

(CNN+GNN) submitted for the B.Tech Degree is original work and the dissertation has

not formed the basis for the award of any degree, associateship, fellowship or any

other similar titles.

Place: Hyderabad Shaima Sultana 22L51A7216

Date: Zainab Nazneen 22L51A7223

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled INTRUSION DETECTION

SYSTEM: BASED ON INTEGRATED SYSTEM CALLS GRAPH AND NEURAL

NETWORKS (CNN+GNN) submitted by Shaima Sultana-22L51A7216 and Zainab

Nazneen-22L51A7223 to the Shadan Women's College of Engineering & Technology,

Hyderabad, in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of B.Tech in Artificial

Intelligence and Data Science is a bonafide record of project work carried out by her under

my/our supervision. The contents of this report, in full or in parts, have not been submitted to

any other Institution or University for the award of any degree or diploma.

Internal guide Head of the Department

 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We, the students of Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Shadan
Women's College of Engineering & Technology, would like to convey heartfelt thanks to
Dr. Nausheen Fathima, Assistant professor for the wonderful guidance and encouragement
given to us to move ahead in the execution of this project and support in completing this
project successfully.
We are highly grateful to the great personality in the field of Artificial Intelligence
and Data Science, none other than Dr.I.Samuel Peter James, Head of the Department of
Artificial Intelligence and Data Science of SWCET for guiding and taking care of our career
in this field. We are ever thankful to the Professor.
We would also like to thank Dr. P. Hima Bindu, Vice Principal, for her
encouragement in carrying out major project successfully.
We would also like to thank Dr.M.Subburaj, Principal of Shadan Women's College
of Engineering & Technology for encouragement in carrying out our major project
successfully.
Lastly, we like to thank our overall mini-project members of Project Review
Committee (PRC) for giving us this opportunity to present the technical project work.
Above all, we are very much thankful to the management of Shadan Women's
College of Engineering & Technology, which was established by the high profile intellectuals
for the cause of Technical Education in modern era.
We are also thankful to the staff members of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
Department, my friends and to our parents who helped us in completing this project
successfully.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page No

List of Figures i

List of Tables ii

Abstract iii

1. Introduction 1-3

2. Literature Survey/Existing System 4-5

3. Software Requirement Analysis 6-8

4. Proposed System 9-12

5. Software Design 13-20

6. Coding / Implementation 21-39

7. Testing 40-41

8. Output Screens / Results 42-48

9. Conclusion and Further Work 49

10.References 50
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

4.1 System architecture 10
5.1 Class diagram 13
5.2 Sequence diagram 14
5.3 Collaboration diagram 15
5.4 Object diagram 16
5.5 Use case diagram 17
5.6 Control flow diagram 18
5.7 Level 0 DFD 19
5.8 Level 1 DFD 20
8.1 Training Logs in Terminal 42
8.2 normal syscall graph visualization 43
8.3 Attack syscall graph visualization 43
8.4 API response 44
8.5 Flask running on localhost:5000 44
8.6 Intrusion detection system GUI/App 45
8.7 Prediction graph and ids_logs 46
8.8 Confusion_Matrix 46
8.9 Detection vs False Positive Rate Graph 47
8.10 ROC Curve 48

i
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO

3.1 Software Requirements 8
3.2 Hardware Requirements 8

ii
 ABSTRACT

This project presents an Intrusion Detection System based on the integration of system call
graphs and neural networks to detect anomalies and malicious behavior in computer systems.
By analysing sequences of system calls, the system models normal program execution and
identifies deviations that indicate potential attacks. The core approach transforms system call
logs into structured graphs that reflect the relationships and dependencies between calls. These
graphs are processed using Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to extract topological features,
while Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are used to learn spatial patterns from call
sequences. Integrating these two deep learning techniques allows the system to capture both
relational and sequential aspects of system behavior. This enhances detection of complex and
previously unseen threats. The model is evaluated on realistic numeric ADFA-LD system-call
datasets, and aims to deliver improved accuracy and reduced false positives compared to
traditional detection techniques. The outcome is a robust, adaptive, and intelligent IDS capable
of real-time intrusion detection.

iii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction:

In today’s digitally connected environment, the frequency, scale, and complexity of cyber
threats have significantly increased. Organizations, governments, and individuals rely heavily
on networked systems and cloud-based infrastructures to manage sensitive information and
deliver services. This growing dependency exposes systems to a wide range of attacks such
as malware, privilege escalation, and zero-day vulnerabilities, making cybersecurity a
critical domain of concern.

A key mechanism in the modern security landscape is the Intrusion Detection System
(IDS), which acts as a watchdog for monitoring and analyzing system or network activities to
detect unauthorized access or malicious behavior. IDS tools identify and alert system
administrators to potential threats, playing a vital role in securing critical infrastructure,
financial data, and personal information.

IDSs can be classified based on their area of operation:

 Host-Based IDS (HIDS), which monitors activities within a single host system (e.g.,
system calls or file changes).
 Network-Based IDS (NIDS), which analyzes traffic across the network to detect
suspicious patterns.

They are also categorized by detection technique:

 Signature-Based IDS, which compares activities against known attack signatures.

 Anomaly-Based IDS, which flags deviations from established normal behavior
patterns using statistical or machine learning models.

Traditional IDSs, especially signature-based systems, struggle to detect zero-day attacks or

novel threats due to their reliance on predefined patterns. To overcome this limitation, this
project proposes an Intrusion Detection System based on Integrated System Call Graphs
and Neural Networks (CNN + GNN). This model leverages both Convolutional Neural
Networks (CNN) for feature extraction and Graph Neural Networks (GNN) to understand
the structural dependencies between system calls. The system processes and visualizes the
ADFA-LD dataset, a real-world dataset containing normal and attack-based system call
sequences, to build an efficient, anomaly-based IDS.

1.2 Problem Statement:

Cyberattacks on computer systems are becoming more sophisticated, and traditional intrusion
detection systems (IDS) often fail to detect complex, novel attack patterns. Conventional
Intrusion Detection Systems often face several challenges:

 Inability to detect zero-day attacks due to dependence on known signatures.

 High rate of false positives and false negatives, especially in anomaly detection
models with inadequate feature extraction.
 Lack of contextual understanding of system behavior, as sequential or tabular
representations fail to capture temporal dependencies between system calls.
 Difficulty in visualizing or interpreting the reasoning behind alerts.

There is a need for an intelligent and adaptive IDS that:

 Learns from system call behaviors effectively.

 Represents system activities as structured graphs to preserve dependencies.
 Utilizes deep learning models for robust classification of normal and malicious
activities.

1.3 Scope of the Project:

This project focuses on the design and implementation of a Host-Based Intrusion Detection
System (HIDS) that:

 Utilizes system call graphs to model application behaviors.

 Applies deep learning models (CNN + GNN) to detect anomalies in syscall
sequences.
 Works on the ADFA-LD dataset, a realistic dataset containing labeled normal and
attack syscall traces.

2
  Includes capabilities for:
o Graph generation and visualization
o Model training and evaluation
o Real-time inference via a Flask-based API and GUI dashboard.
o Performance analysis using metrics like accuracy, F1-score, false positive rate,
and detection rate

The scope is limited to syscall-based anomaly detection on Linux systems. Although the
development and implementation are carried out on a Windows environment, the detection
logic, datasets, and evaluation are centered around Linux system call behaviors. It does not
include network traffic monitoring or automated threat mitigation.

1.4 Objectives:

The key objectives of this project are:

 To design a graph-based representation of system call sequences for enhanced

context-awareness in anomaly detection.
 To build a hybrid deep learning model (CNN + GNN) that extracts spatial and
structural features for effective classification of system behaviors.
 To detect zero-day and known attacks from syscall sequences using machine
learning models trained on the ADFA-LD dataset.
 To visualize syscall graphs and monitor model predictions to aid human
interpretability and debugging.
 To evaluate system performance using metrics such as confusion matrix, F1-score,
false positive rate (FPR), and attack detection rate (ADR).
 To provide a real-time interface via a REST API for syscall classification using the
trained model.

3
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY/EXISTING SYSTEM

2.1 Literature Survey:

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are essential for defending against unauthorized access
and cyberattacks. Traditional methods include signature-based (efficient but blind to new
attacks). Early approaches like n-grams and HMMs struggled with complex patterns and
scalability.

Recent advancements in intrusion detection systems (IDS) have explored the fusion of
traditional machine learning with modern deep learning architectures, particularly those
leveraging system call graphs. Mora-Gimeno et al. (2021) proposed an IDS approach that
integrates system call graphs with neural networks to improve anomaly detection. Using the
ADFA-LD dataset, their model demonstrated improved accuracy and reduced false positives.
However, the model's complexity poses a challenge for real-time scalability.

Sun et al. (2024) introduced GNN-IDS, a graph neural network-based intrusion detection
system that processes system call or network flow data as graphs. Their method, applied to
the LID-DS dataset, outperformed traditional and deep learning models in accuracy and
robustness. A noted limitation was the model's demand for computational resources and lack
of validation on unseen datasets.

Hu et al. (2021) presented GRID, which used random walks on system call graphs combined
with Word2Vec embeddings and pooling mechanisms. Applied to the ADFA-LD dataset, it
effectively captured semantic relationships in syscall sequences and achieved high detection
accuracy. However, the method involved time-consuming preprocessing and lacked
interpretability.

Melvin et al. (2025) explored a novel image-based approach by converting syscall sequences
into time-series images and applying convolutional neural networks. This method, tested on
ADFA-LD and virtual machine logs, yielded strong performance even on unknown attacks.
Nonetheless, the transformation process discarded semantic context, and scalability on larger
datasets remained unverified.

4
Chawla et al. (2019) developed a hybrid model combining CNN and GRU layers. The CNN
extracted spatial features while the GRU captured sequential dependencies. Tested on ADFA-
LD, the model achieved high F1-scores but struggled with long-range attack behaviors, as it
focused mainly on short-term dependencies.

Grimmer et al. (2019) applied graph-based techniques to syscall sequences and fed extracted
features into classical machine learning models. The ADFA-LD dataset results showed that
graph features outperformed raw sequence models. Still, reliance on handcrafted features and
traditional ML techniques limited scalability.

Bilot et al. (2023) conducted a comprehensive survey on GNN applications in both host- and
network-based intrusion detection systems. Their findings highlighted GNNs’ advantages in
modeling relational data such as syscall graphs and network flows. However, the review
lacked experimental benchmarking and discussion on practical deployment challenges.

Sinaei (2018) experimented with converting system call logs into dependency graphs and
applying SVM, decision trees, and random forest classifiers. Though effective, the use of
conventional models and a custom dataset limited the approach’s generalizability to modern
environments with evolving threats.

Lo et al. (2022) introduced E-GraphSAGE, an edge-enhanced GNN tailored for IoT-based

intrusion detection. Utilizing the IoT-23 dataset, the model achieved over 96% accuracy.
Despite this success, its applicability to general-purpose computing environments remains
uncertain.

Finally, Creech and Hu (2013) contributed significantly by generating the ADFA-LD dataset,
addressing limitations of outdated datasets like DARPA and UNM. It includes modern Linux
syscall traces with real attack patterns. However, the dataset is limited in diversity and lacks
syscall arguments or context metadata.

Research Gaps Identified:

 Limited CNN-GNN integration for system call analysis

 Lack of real-time scalability evaluation.
 Poor generalization to unseen attack types.

5
 CHAPTER 3
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

3.1 Introduction

This chapter outlines the software requirements necessary for the successful development and
deployment of the proposed Intrusion Detection System (IDS). It includes both functional
and non-functional requirements that define the capabilities, behavior, and constraints of
the system. Proper requirement analysis ensures that the system aligns with user expectations,
technical feasibility, and performance goals.

3.2 Functional Requirements

Functional requirements describe the specific behaviors and functionalities the IDS must
exhibit:

FR1. Data Preprocessing

 The system shall load and parse system call logs from the ADFA-LD dataset.
 The system shall convert syscall sequences into graph format using a label encoder.
 The system shall assign labels: 0 for normal and 1 for attack sequences.

FR2. Model Training

 The system shall use a hybrid CNN and GNN model.

 The system shall support model training on the generated graph dataset.
 The system shall save the trained model in .pth format for reuse.

FR3. Inference

 The system shall accept syscall sequences as input for real-time predictions.
 The system shall return the classification result as either “Normal” or “Attack.”

FR4. Evaluation

 The system shall calculate and display performance metrics including:

6
 o Confusion Matrix
o F1-score
o Precision and Recall
o ROC Curve and AUC
o Attack Detection Rate vs False Positive Rate

FR5. Graph Visualization

 The system shall display syscall graphs showing node and edge structures.
 The system shall distinguish between normal and attack graphs via color coding.

FR6. API Integration

 The system shall expose a REST API endpoint (/predict) for inference.
 The API shall accept JSON input and return prediction output in JSON format.

3.3 Non-Functional Requirements

Non-functional requirements define how the system performs its functions:

NFR1. Performance

 The system should efficiently handle over 5000 syscall sequences.

 Model training should complete within a reasonable time on a CPU-based system.

NFR2. Accuracy

 The IDS should achieve a high F1-score and minimize false positives.

NFR3. Scalability

 The architecture should allow future scaling to larger datasets or live streams.

NFR4. Usability

 The CLI and API should be user-friendly and well-documented.

7
NFR5. Security

 Sensitive system data must not be exposed through the API.

 The model should be robust against adversarial inputs.

NFR6. Portability

 The system should run on standard Windows/Linux environments with Python ≥ 3.10.

3.4 Hardware and Software Requirements

3.4.1 Software Requirements:

Component Version/Tool

Python 3.10 or higher

PyTorch 2.0+

PyTorch Geometric 2.4+

scikit-learn Latest

Flask 2.x

NumPy, Matplotlib Latest

tkinter latest

Table 3.1 Software Requirements

3.4.2 Hardware Requirements:

Component Specification

Processor Intel Core i5 / AMD Ryzen 5+

RAM Minimum 8 GB

Storage 1 GB free (for datasets/models)

GPU (Optional) CUDA-enabled GPU (for faster training)

Table 3.2 Hardware Requirements

8
 CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED SYSTEM

4.1 Introduction
In response to the increasing complexity of modern cyber threats, the proposed system
introduces a novel approach to intrusion detection by integrating Convolutional Neural
Networks (CNN) with Graph Neural Networks (GNN). This hybrid model is designed to
intelligently analyse system call sequences by converting them into graph structures, enabling
the system to detect both known and unknown attacks with enhanced accuracy and reduced
false positives.
The proposed system leverages the numeric ADFA-LD dataset, which contains realistic and
diverse syscall traces for normal and attack scenarios. It emphasizes learning both sequential
and structural patterns from system call data, addressing limitations of traditional anomaly
detection methods.

4.2 System Architecture Overview

The architecture consists of several interconnected modules working in a pipeline:
1. Input and Preprocessing
2. Graph Construction
3. Hybrid CNN-GNN Model
4. Model Training and Inference
5. Evaluation and Visualization
6. REST API Integration and IDS dashboard

9
 Fig. 4.1: System architecture

4.3 Module Description

4.3.1 Module-1: Data preprocessing module- utils/data_preprocessing.py
Tasks:
 Load syscall sequences from both folders
 Fit LabelEncoder to map syscalls to indices
 Convert each sequence into a graph (nodes: syscalls, edges: transitions)
 Save graphs as .pkl files in data/processed_graphs/

4.3.2 Module-2: Graph construction module- utils/graph_utils.py

Tasks:
 Each syscall sequence is passed to build_syscall_graph()
 Graph includes:
o Nodes: one-hot encoded syscall indices
o Edges: i → i+1 transition links
 Returns a torch_geometric.data.Data object

4.3.3 Module-3: CNN-GNN Module- cnn_gnn_model.py

Tasks: This is your core model!
 Takes graph Data from PyG
 Passes through:
o GNN Layers (GCNConv): learn structure + neighborhood info

10
 o Global Pooling (mean): condense graph
o CNN-style Fully Connected Layers: learn semantic patterns
 Output: logits [normal_score, attack_score]

4.3.4 Module-4 Model Training -train.py

Tasks:
 Load all graphs via prepare_dataset()
 Split into train/validation sets
 Initialize CNN_GNN_Model
 Train for multiple epochs
 Save:
o model.pth (weights)
o encoder.pkl (fitted syscall encoder)

4.3.5 Module-5 Inference – inference.py

Tasks:
 Load test syscall .txt files
 Use saved encoder.pkl to encode test sequences
 Use build_graph() to convert to graph
 Load model.pth, pass graph → predict "Normal" or "Attack"

4.3.6 Module-6 Evaluation Phase – evaluate.py

Tasks:
 Run inference on validation set
 Generate:
o Confusion matrix
o F1-score, Precision, Recall
o Attack Detection Rate vs False Positive Rate
o ROC-AUC curve

4.3.7 Module-7: API Layer – api.py

Tasks:
 Flask API that receives syscall sequences as JSON
 Converts them to graphs

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  Uses trained model to respond: "attack" or "normal"

4.3.8 Module-8: GUI Dashboard/IDS app - gui.py

Tasks:
1) File Upload & Prediction
 Allows the user to upload .txt files containing system call sequences.
 Sends the file to the Flask API (/predict) and displays the prediction result with
confidence score.
2) Live Monitoring
 Monitors a user-selected folder for new .txt files in real time.
 Automatically sends new files to the API and displays results as they arrive.

3) Graph Visualization
Displays a bar chart summarizing the number of predictions (Normal vs Attack) using
matplotlib.

4) History Logging (SQLite)

 Logs every prediction with file name, prediction, confidence, and timestamp into an
SQLite database (ids_logs.db).
5) Export to CSV
 Allows the user to export all prediction results to a CSV file for offline analysis or
reporting.

4.4 Advantages of the Proposed System

 High Accuracy: CNN-GNN hybrid captures both local and global features in syscall
behaviour.
 Robust Detection: Effectively detects zero-day attacks by modeling structural
patterns.
 Reduced False Positives: Learns behavior patterns instead of relying on rigid rules.
 Scalability: Designed to handle large syscall logs efficiently.
 Modular Design: Each component is independently testable and reusable.

12
 CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE DESIGN

The design phase serves as the blueprint for constructing the Intrusion Detection System
based on Integrated System Call Graphs and Neural Networks (CNN + GNN). This chapter
outlines the architectural structure, module interactions, and system workflows using
standardized modeling tools. The goal is to ensure clarity in how data flows, how modules
interact, and how the IDS performs its detection functionality.

5.1 UML DIAGRAMS

UML (Unified Modelling Language) is used to visualize, specify, and document the design of
the IDS project. The following UML diagrams are included:

5.1.1 CLASS DIAGRAM

Fig 5.1 Class Diagram

13
The class diagram illustrates the key components and classes involved in the system,
including:
 Inference GUI
 IDSAPI
 DataPreprocessing
 GraphUtils/ Graph construction
 CNN_GNN_Module
 Model Training
 Evaluation
 Label encoder
Each class includes relevant attributes and methods, showcasing the modularity and
responsibility of each component in the system.
Flow summary: Raw syscall logs → preprocessing → graph construction →
training/evaluation → prediction via API → GUI output.

5.1.2 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

Fig 5.2 Sequence Diagram

14
This sequence diagram illustrates the workflow of the Intrusion Detection System using
CNN+GNN. The user uploads a syscall file through the GUI, which sends it to the API. The
API interacts with the model to generate a graph, using the encoder for syscall encoding. The
model predicts whether the input is an attack or normal, and the result is returned and
displayed in the GUI.

5.1.3 COLLABORATION DIAGRAM

Fig 5.3 Collaboration Diagram

The collaboration diagram demonstrates object interactions and message flow between
components such as:
 Input Handler
 Preprocessing Module
 CNN-GNN Model
 Evaluator
Each interaction includes message sequences and relationships.

15
5.1.4 OBJECT DIAGRAM

Fig 5.4 Object Diagram

The object diagram showcases runtime instances of classes and their relationships. Objects
include:
 input_obj
 preprocessor_obj
 graph_construction_obj
 cnn_gnn_model_obj
 inference_obj
 evaluator_obj

16
5.1.5 USE CASE DIAGRAM

Fig 5.5 Use Case Diagram

This Use Case Diagram shows how a User interacts with the Intrusion Detection System
through four main actions:
 Upload File: Submit system call data for analysis.
 Live Monitoring: Enable real-time tracking of system activity.
 Export Results: Save detection outcomes to a CSV file.
 View Prediction Graphs: Visualize detection trends and statistics.
It captures core user functionalities in a clear, user-centered layout.

17
5.2 CONTROL FLOW DIAGRAM

Fig 5.6 Control Flow Diagram

This Control Flow Diagram outlines the main process of the Intrusion Detection System:
1. Start → Load dataset
2. Train model → Evaluate
3. If evaluation is successful:
-Save model
-Load model
-Make prediction
- Output result
4. End
If evaluation fails, it loops back to retraining. This ensures a cycle of training until an optimal
model is achieved.

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5.3 DATAFLOW DIAGRAMS

5.3.1 LEVEL 0 DFD

Fig 5.7: Level 0 DFD

Level 0 shows a high-level view where the User provides a Syscall File to the IDS, which
processes it using the Dataset and Trained Model & Encoder, then returns the Prediction
Output.

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5.3.2 LEVEL 1 DFD

Fig 5.8: Level 1 DFD

 Level 1 expands the internal processes:

1. Load syscall sequences
2. Preprocess and label encode
3. Build graph from sequences
4. Train CNN-GNN model
5. Save model and encoder
6. Evaluate and return predictions
It accurately reflects your project’s actual data handling and system flow.

20
 CHAPTER 6
CODING AND IMPLEMENTATION

This chapter outlines the implementation of the proposed Intrusion Detection System using
Python and PyTorch Geometric. The project consists of multiple Python modules, each
representing a core functionality of the system. The modules include data preprocessing,
graph construction, CNN-GNN model, training, inference, evaluation, and an optional Flask
API and the GUI.
6.1 Directory Structure
ids-mini-project/
│
├── data/
│ └── adfa_ld/
│ ├── normal/
│ └── Attack_Data/
| |___ Training_data
| |___ Validation_data
├── models/
│ └── cnn_gnn_model.py
├── utils/
│ ├── data_preprocessing.py
│ ├── graph_utils.py
│ └── graph_visualization.py
├── train.py
├── inference.py
├── evaluate.py
└── api.py
|____gui.py

21
6.2 Module: utils/graph_utils.py
Class/Function: build_syscall_graph(syscalls, label, encoder)
 Purpose: Builds a graph from a syscall sequence.
 Input:
o syscalls (list[int]): List of syscall IDs.
o label (int): 0 for normal, 1 for attack.
o encoder: LabelEncoder fitted on syscall vocabulary.
 Output: PyTorch Geometric Data object

CODE:
import torch
from torch_geometric.data import Data

def build_syscall_graph(syscalls, label, encoder):

# Convert syscall integers to encoded indices
encoded = encoder.transform(syscalls)
seq_len = len(encoded)

if seq_len == 0:
print("⚠️ Skipping empty sequence.")
return None

# Create edges: i -> i+1

edge_index = [[i, i + 1] for i in range(seq_len - 1)]
edge_index = torch.tensor(edge_index,
dtype=torch.long).t().contiguous()

# One-hot encode the nodes

x = torch.nn.functional.one_hot(torch.tensor(encoded),
num_classes=len(encoder.classes_)).float()
y = torch.tensor([label], dtype=torch.long)

return Data(x=x, edge_index=edge_index, y=y)

6.3 Module: utils/data_preprocessing.py

Function: load_syscall_sequences(folder_path)
 Purpose: Loads syscall sequences from .txt files.
 Input: Path to folder containing syscall log files.
 Output: List of syscall sequences.
Function: get_syscall_encoder(sequences)

22
  Purpose: Fits a LabelEncoder on the syscall vocabulary.
 Output: Encoder object and saves it to encoder.pkl.
Function: prepare_dataset(limit=None)
 Purpose: Loads normal and attack sequences, builds graphs.
 Output: List of Data graphs with labels
CODE:
import os
import sys
import pickle
from tqdm import tqdm
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder

# Add root project directory to path

sys.path.append(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file_
_), '..')))
from utils.graph_utils import build_syscall_graph

def load_syscall_sequences(folder_path):
sequences = []
for filename in os.listdir(folder_path):
filepath = os.path.join(folder_path, filename)
if os.path.isfile(filepath):
with open(filepath, 'r') as f:
line = f.read().strip()
if line:
try:
calls = list(map(int, line.split()))
sequences.append(calls)
except ValueError:
print(f"❌ Skipping non-numeric file:
{filename}")
return sequences

def get_syscall_encoder(sequences):
all_syscalls = [sc for seq in sequences for sc in seq]
encoder = LabelEncoder()
encoder.fit(all_syscalls)
with open("encoder.pkl", "wb") as f:
pickle.dump(encoder, f)
return encoder

def prepare_dataset(limit=None):
print("📥 Loading syscall sequences...")
normal_sequences =
load_syscall_sequences("data/adfa_ld/normal/")

23
 attack_sequences =
load_syscall_sequences("data/adfa_ld/Attack_Data/")
print(f"✅ Loaded {len(normal_sequences)} normal and
{len(attack_sequences)} attack sequences")

# Use LabelEncoder to encode all syscalls

all_sequences = normal_sequences + attack_sequences
encoder = get_syscall_encoder(all_sequences)

graphs = []

# Limit if specified, else use all

normal_limit = limit if limit else len(normal_sequences)
attack_limit = limit if limit else len(attack_sequences)

for seq in normal_sequences[:normal_limit]:

graph = build_syscall_graph(seq, label=0, encoder=encoder)
if graph:
graphs.append(graph)

for seq in attack_sequences[:attack_limit]:

graph = build_syscall_graph(seq, label=1, encoder=encoder)
if graph:
graphs.append(graph)

print(f"✅ Built {len(graphs)} total graphs")

return graphs

def convert_to_graphs(sequences, label, encoder):

graphs = []
for idx, seq in enumerate(sequences):
try:
graph = build_syscall_graph(seq, label, encoder)
if graph:
graphs.append({'graph': graph, 'label': label})
except Exception as e:
print(f"❌ Error in graph {idx}: {e}")
return graphs

def save_graphs(graphs, save_dir, prefix):

os.makedirs(save_dir, exist_ok=True)
for i, item in enumerate(tqdm(graphs, desc=f"Saving {prefix}
graphs")):
path = os.path.join(save_dir, f"{prefix}_{i}.pkl")
with open(path, 'wb') as f:
pickle.dump(item, f)

# Script usage

24
if __name__ == "__main__":
save_dir = "data/processed_graphs"
print("🔄 Preparing dataset and graphs...")
dataset = prepare_dataset(limit=None)

# Save to .pkl format for debugging or analysis

normal_graphs = [g for g in dataset if g.y.item() == 0]
attack_graphs = [g for g in dataset if g.y.item() == 1]

save_graphs(normal_graphs, save_dir, "normal")

save_graphs(attack_graphs, save_dir, "Attack_Data")
print("🎉 Done! Graphs saved in:", save_dir)

6.4 Module: models/cnn_gnn_model.py

Class: CNN_GNN_Model(nn.Module)
 Purpose: Hybrid model combining CNN and GNN layers.
 Functions:
o __init__(self, num_features): Initializes GCNConv and fully connected layers.
 num_features: Number of input features from one-hot encoding.
o forward(self, data)
 Input: PyG Data batch.
 Output: Logits (class scores).
 Architecture:
o GCNConv ➝ ReLU ➝ GCNConv ➝ GlobalMeanPool ➝ FC ➝ FC ➝
Output

CODE:
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch_geometric.nn import GCNConv, global_mean_pool

class CNN_GNN_Model(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, num_features):
super().__init__()
self.conv1 = GCNConv(num_features, 64)
self.conv2 = GCNConv(64, 32)
self.relu = nn.ReLU()
self.pool = global_mean_pool

self.fc1 = nn.Linear(32, 16)

25
 self.fc2 = nn.Linear(16, 2) # Binary classification: Normal
(0), Attack (1)
self.dropout = nn.Dropout(0.3)

def forward(self, data):

x, edge_index, batch = data.x, data.edge_index, data.batch

x = self.relu(self.conv1(x, edge_index))
x = self.relu(self.conv2(x, edge_index))
x = self.pool(x, batch)

x = self.dropout(self.relu(self.fc1(x)))
out = self.fc2(x)

return out

6.5 Module: train.py

 Purpose: Trains the CNN-GNN model on syscall graphs.
 Steps:
1. Loads dataset using prepare_dataset.
2. Initializes the model using CNN_GNN_Model.
3. Trains using CrossEntropyLoss and Adam optimizer.
4. Saves model to model.pth.

CODE:
import torch
import pickle
import numpy as np
from torch_geometric.loader import DataLoader
from torch.utils.tensorboard import SummaryWriter
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score

from models.cnn_gnn_model import CNN_GNN_Model

from utils.data_preprocessing import prepare_dataset

# Hyperparameters
BATCH_SIZE = 32
EPOCHS = 10
LEARNING_RATE = 0.001

# Load dataset
print("📦 Loading dataset...")

26
graphs = prepare_dataset() # No limit means use entire dataset

# Extract input dimension

input_dim = graphs[0].x.shape[1]
print(f"🎯 Feature dimension: {input_dim}")

# Split dataset
train_data, val_data = train_test_split(graphs, test_size=0.2,
random_state=42)
train_loader = DataLoader(train_data, batch_size=BATCH_SIZE,
shuffle=True)
val_loader = DataLoader(val_data, batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)

# Define model
model = CNN_GNN_Model(num_features=input_dim)
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=LEARNING_RATE)
criterion = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()

# TensorBoard (optional)
writer = SummaryWriter("runs/ids_train")

# Training loop
print("🚀 Starting training...")
for epoch in range(1, EPOCHS + 1):
model.train()
total_loss = 0
for batch in train_loader:
optimizer.zero_grad()
out = model(batch)
loss = criterion(out, batch.y)
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()
total_loss += loss.item()

avg_loss = total_loss / len(train_loader)

print(f"📈 Epoch {epoch}: Train Loss = {avg_loss:.4f}")
writer.add_scalar("Loss/train", avg_loss, epoch)

# Save model
torch.save(model.state_dict(), "model.pth")
print("✅ Model saved as model.pth")

# Save encoder (already done in prepare_dataset(), this is a

reminder)
print("✅ Encoder saved as encoder.pkl")
writer.close()
6.6 Module: inference.py

27
Functionality:
 Loads encoder and trained model.
 Builds graph for new syscall sequence.
 Makes prediction using the model.
Main Functions:
 build_graph(syscalls, encoder)
 predict(model, graph)

CODE:
import os
import torch
import pickle
import numpy as np
from torch_geometric.data import Data
from models.cnn_gnn_model import CNN_GNN_Model
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder

def load_encoder(path="encoder.pkl"):
with open(path, "rb") as f:
return pickle.load(f)

def load_syscall_sequence(file_path):
with open(file_path, 'r') as f:
line = f.read().strip()
return list(map(int, line.split()))

def build_graph(syscalls, encoder):

encoded = encoder.transform([sc for sc in syscalls if sc in
encoder.classes_])
if len(encoded) < 1:
raise ValueError("No valid syscalls found in input")

edge_index = [[i, i + 1] for i in range(len(encoded) - 1)]

edge_index = torch.tensor(edge_index,
dtype=torch.long).t().contiguous() \
if edge_index else torch.empty((2, 0), dtype=torch.long)

x = torch.nn.functional.one_hot(torch.tensor(encoded),
num_classes=len(encoder.classes_)).float()
return Data(x=x, edge_index=edge_index)

def predict(model, graph):

graph.batch = torch.zeros(graph.x.size(0), dtype=torch.long)
with torch.no_grad():

28
 out = model(graph)
pred = out.argmax(dim=1).item()
return "Attack" if pred == 1 else "Normal"

def main():
encoder = load_encoder("encoder.pkl")
input_dim = len(encoder.classes_)

model = CNN_GNN_Model(num_features=input_dim)
model.load_state_dict(torch.load("model.pth"))
model.eval()

# Create sample test_syscalls directory if not exists

os.makedirs("test_syscalls", exist_ok=True)

# Example test files (auto-create if empty)

if not os.listdir("test_syscalls"):
print("🛠 Creating example test files...")
examples = {
"sample1.txt": "114 162 114 114 162 142 123 124",
"sample2.txt": "116 117 118 116 119 121 122"
}
for fname, content in examples.items():
with open(f"test_syscalls/{fname}", "w") as f:
f.write(content)

print("🔍 Predicting samples in test_syscalls/ ...\n")

for filename in os.listdir("test_syscalls"):
if filename.endswith(".txt"):
path = os.path.join("test_syscalls", filename)
try:
syscalls = load_syscall_sequence(path)
graph = build_graph(syscalls, encoder)
label = predict(model, graph)
print(f"{filename}: {label}")
except Exception as e:
print(f"⚠️ {filename}: Failed to predict — {e}")

if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

6.7 Module: evaluate.py

Purpose: Evaluates model on validation split.
 Outputs:
o Confusion matrix

29
 o F1-score, precision, recall
o False positive rate vs. Attack detection rate
o ROC curve and AUC

CODE:
import torch
import pickle
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.metrics import (
confusion_matrix, f1_score, precision_score, recall_score,
ConfusionMatrixDisplay, roc_curve, auc
)
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from torch_geometric.loader import DataLoader

from utils.data_preprocessing import prepare_dataset

from models.cnn_gnn_model import CNN_GNN_Model

def evaluate():
print("📦 Loading dataset for evaluation...")
dataset = prepare_dataset()
input_dim = dataset[0].x.shape[1]

print("⚙️ Loading trained model...")

model = CNN_GNN_Model(num_features=input_dim)
model.load_state_dict(torch.load("model.pth"))
model.eval()

# Load encoder
with open("encoder.pkl", "rb") as f:
encoder = pickle.load(f)

# Split into validation set

_, val_data = train_test_split(dataset, test_size=0.2,
random_state=42)
val_loader = DataLoader(val_data, batch_size=32)

y_true = []
y_pred = []
y_scores = []

print("🔍 Running inference...")

with torch.no_grad():
for batch in val_loader:
out = model(batch)

30
 probs = torch.softmax(out, dim=1)[:, 1] # Probability
of attack
preds = torch.argmax(out, dim=1)

y_pred.extend(preds.cpu().numpy())
y_scores.extend(probs.cpu().numpy())
y_true.extend(batch.y.cpu().numpy())

# 📊 Confusion Matrix
print("\n📊 Evaluation Results")
cm = confusion_matrix(y_true, y_pred)
disp = ConfusionMatrixDisplay(confusion_matrix=cm,
display_labels=["Normal", "Attack"])
disp.plot(cmap="Blues")
plt.title("Confusion Matrix")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig("confusion_matrix.png")
print("✅ Confusion matrix saved as confusion_matrix.png")

# 🔢 Evaluation Metrics
f1 = f1_score(y_true, y_pred)
precision = precision_score(y_true, y_pred)
recall = recall_score(y_true, y_pred)

tn, fp, fn, tp = cm.ravel()

fpr = fp / (fp + tn) if (fp + tn) else 0
adr = tp / (tp + fn) if (tp + fn) else 0

print(f"F1-Score : {f1:.2f}")
print(f"Precision : {precision:.2f}")
print(f"Recall : {recall:.2f}")
print(f"False Positive Rate : {fpr:.2f}")
print(f"Attack Detection Rate: {adr:.2f}")

# 📝 Save text report

with open("metrics_report.txt", "w") as f:
f.write(f"F1-Score: {f1:.4f}\n")
f.write(f"Precision: {precision:.4f}\n")
f.write(f"Recall: {recall:.4f}\n")
f.write(f"False Positive Rate: {fpr:.4f}\n")
f.write(f"Attack Detection Rate: {adr:.4f}\n")
print("📝 Metrics report saved as metrics_report.txt")

# 📉 ROC Curve with AUC and annotation

fpr_curve, tpr_curve, thresholds = roc_curve(y_true, y_scores)
roc_auc = auc(fpr_curve, tpr_curve)

plt.figure()

31
 plt.plot(fpr_curve, tpr_curve, color='blue', label=f"AUC =
{roc_auc:.2f}")
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1], linestyle='--', color='gray')
plt.scatter(fpr, adr, color='red', label="Operating Point")
plt.text(fpr + 0.02, adr, f"FPR={fpr:.2f}\nADR={adr:.2f}",
fontsize=9)
plt.xlabel("False Positive Rate")
plt.ylabel("Attack Detection Rate (TPR)")
plt.title("ROC Curve: Attack Detection")
plt.legend(loc="lower right")
plt.grid(True)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig("roc_curve.png")
print("📉 ROC curve saved as roc_curve.png")

# 🔘 Single-point Detection Rate vs FPR

plt.figure()
plt.plot([fpr], [adr], marker='o', color='red')
plt.subplots_adjust(left=0.1, right=0.9) # Manually tweak
margins
plt.text(fpr + 0.01, adr, f"FPR={fpr:.2f}\nADR={adr:.2f}",
fontsize=10, color='black')
plt.xlabel("False Positive Rate")
plt.ylabel("Attack Detection Rate")
plt.title("Attack Detection Rate vs False Positive Rate")
plt.grid(True)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig("detection_vs_fpr.png")
print("📈 Point plot saved as detection_vs_fpr.png")

if __name__ == "__main__":
evaluate()

6.8 Module: api.py

Purpose: Flask API to serve predictions via REST endpoint /predict
 Accepts syscall sequences in JSON.
 Returns prediction: Normal or Attack.

32
CODE:
from flask import Flask, request, jsonify
import torch
import os
import pickle
from werkzeug.utils import secure_filename
from models.cnn_gnn_model import CNN_GNN_Model
from torch_geometric.data import Data
import torch.nn.functional as F

app = Flask(__name__)
UPLOAD_FOLDER = 'test_syscalls'
ALLOWED_EXTENSIONS = {'txt'}

app.config['UPLOAD_FOLDER'] = UPLOAD_FOLDER
os.makedirs(UPLOAD_FOLDER, exist_ok=True)

# Load encoder and model

encoder = pickle.load(open("encoder.pkl", "rb"))
input_dim = len(encoder.classes_)
model = CNN_GNN_Model(num_features=input_dim)
model.load_state_dict(torch.load("model.pth",
map_location=torch.device('cpu')))
model.eval()

def allowed_file(filename):
return '.' in filename and filename.rsplit('.', 1)[1].lower() in
ALLOWED_EXTENSIONS

def build_graph(syscalls, encoder):

# Only keep valid syscalls
valid_syscalls = [sc for sc in syscalls if sc in
encoder.classes_]
if not valid_syscalls:
raise ValueError("No valid syscalls found in the input.")
encoded = encoder.transform(valid_syscalls)
edge_index = [[i, i + 1] for i in range(len(encoded) - 1)]
edge_index = torch.tensor(edge_index,
dtype=torch.long).t().contiguous() \
if edge_index else torch.empty((2, 0), dtype=torch.long)
x = F.one_hot(torch.tensor(encoded),
num_classes=len(encoder.classes_)).float()
return Data(x=x, edge_index=edge_index)

@app.route('/predict', methods=['POST'])
def predict_syscall_file():
if 'file' not in request.files:
return jsonify({'error': 'No file part in request'}), 400

33
 file = request.files['file']
if file.filename == '':
return jsonify({'error': 'No selected file'}), 400
if file and allowed_file(file.filename):
filename = secure_filename(file.filename)
path = os.path.join(app.config['UPLOAD_FOLDER'], filename)
file.save(path)
try:
with open(path, 'r') as f:
syscalls = list(map(int, f.read().strip().split()))
graph = build_graph(syscalls, encoder)
graph.batch = torch.zeros(graph.x.size(0),
dtype=torch.long)
with torch.no_grad():
out = model(graph)
pred = out.argmax(dim=1).item()
confidence = F.softmax(out, dim=1)[0][pred].item()
label = "Attack" if pred == 1 else "Normal"
return jsonify({
'filename': filename,
'prediction': label,
'confidence': round(confidence, 4)
})
except Exception as e:
return jsonify({'error': f'Failed to process file:
{str(e)}'}), 500
return jsonify({'error': 'Invalid file type. Only .txt
allowed.'}), 400

@app.route('/')
def index():
return jsonify({
'message': 'Welcome to the Intrusion Detection System API.',
'usage': 'Send a POST request to /predict with a .txt file
of system calls.'
})

if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True, port=5000)

6.9 Module: gui.py

Purpose:
To serve as a user-friendly frontend that connects with a backend Flask API to classify .txt
system call sequences as Normal or Attack, supporting real-time monitoring and result
tracking.

34
Outputs:
 Prediction result (Normal / Attack) with confidence percentage.
 Live alerts when new threats are detected.
 Log table displaying prediction history.
 Bar chart showing prediction distribution.
 CSV file containing all exported results.
 SQLite database with all prediction logs for future reference.

CODE:
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import filedialog, messagebox, ttk
import requests
import os
import csv
import threading
from datetime import datetime
import sqlite3
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.backends.backend_tkagg import FigureCanvasTkAgg

API_URL = "http://localhost:5000/predict"
DB_PATH = "ids_logs.db"

class IDSApp:
def __init__(self, root):
self.root = root
self.root.title("🔐 Intrusion Detection")
self.root.geometry("800x600")
self.root.resizable(False, False)
self.root.configure(bg="#2c3e50")

self.history = []
self.create_database()

style = ttk.Style()
style.theme_use("default")
style.configure("Treeview",
background="#ecf0f1",
foreground="black",
rowheight=25,
fieldbackground="#ecf0f1")
style.configure("Treeview.Heading", background="#2980b9",
foreground="white")

35
 self.title_label = tk.Label(root, text="🔐 Intrusion
Detection System", font=("Arial", 20, "bold"),
bg="#2c3e50", fg="white")
self.title_label.pack(pady=15)

btn_frame = tk.Frame(root, bg="#2c3e50")

btn_frame.pack(pady=5)

self.upload_btn = tk.Button(btn_frame, text="📂 Upload

File", command=self.upload_file,
font=("Arial", 12),
bg="#1abc9c", fg="white", width=20)
self.upload_btn.grid(row=0, column=0, padx=5)

self.live_btn = tk.Button(btn_frame, text="🔁 Live

Monitor", command=self.start_live_monitoring,
font=("Arial", 12), bg="#3498db",
fg="white", width=20)
self.live_btn.grid(row=0, column=1, padx=5)

self.export_btn = tk.Button(btn_frame, text="💾 Export CSV",

command=self.export_to_csv,
font=("Arial", 12),
bg="#f39c12", fg="white", width=20)
self.export_btn.grid(row=0, column=2, padx=5)

self.result_label = tk.Label(root, text="", font=("Arial",

13), bg="#2c3e50", fg="white")
self.result_label.pack(pady=5)

self.confidence_label = tk.Label(root, text="",

font=("Arial", 11, "italic"), bg="#2c3e50", fg="lightgray")
self.confidence_label.pack()

self.tree = ttk.Treeview(root, columns=("File",

"Prediction", "Confidence"), show="headings", height=6)
self.tree.heading("File", text="File")
self.tree.heading("Prediction", text="Prediction")
self.tree.heading("Confidence", text="Confidence")
self.tree.pack(pady=10)

graph_btn = tk.Button(root, text="📊 Show Prediction Graph",

command=self.plot_graph,
font=("Arial", 12), bg="#8e44ad",
fg="white")
graph_btn.pack(pady=10)

def create_database(self):

36
 conn = sqlite3.connect(DB_PATH)
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("""
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS logs (
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
filename TEXT,
prediction TEXT,
confidence REAL,
timestamp TEXT
)
""")
conn.commit()
conn.close()

def log_to_db(self, filename, prediction, confidence):

conn = sqlite3.connect(DB_PATH)
cursor = conn.cursor()
timestamp = datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO logs (filename, prediction,
confidence, timestamp) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)",
(filename, prediction, confidence,
timestamp))
conn.commit()
conn.close()

def upload_file(self):
file_path = filedialog.askopenfilename(filetypes=[("Text
files", "*.txt")])
if file_path:
self.send_to_api(file_path)

def send_to_api(self, file_path):

try:
with open(file_path, 'rb') as file:
files = {'file': file}
response = requests.post(API_URL, files=files)

if response.status_code == 200:
data = response.json()
prediction = data.get("prediction", "Unknown")
confidence = data.get("confidence", 0)
fname = os.path.basename(file_path)

self.result_label.config(
text=f"Prediction: {prediction}", fg="#2ecc71"
if prediction == "Normal" else "#e74c3c")
self.confidence_label.config(
text=f"Confidence: {confidence * 100:.2f}%")

37
 self.tree.insert('', 'end', values=(fname,
prediction, f"{confidence * 100:.2f}%"))
self.history.append((fname, prediction, confidence))
self.log_to_db(fname, prediction, confidence)

self.root.after(100, lambda:
messagebox.showinfo("Detection", f"{fname}: {prediction}
({confidence * 100:.2f}%)"))

else:
error_msg = response.json().get("error", "Unknown
error occurred.")
self.result_label.config(text=f"❌ Error:
{error_msg}", fg="red")
self.confidence_label.config(text="")

except Exception as e:
messagebox.showerror("Error", f"Failed to send request:
{str(e)}")

def export_to_csv(self):
if not self.history:
messagebox.showwarning("No Data", "No predictions to
export.")
return
file_path =
filedialog.asksaveasfilename(defaultextension=".csv",
filetypes=[("CSV files", "*.csv")])
if not file_path:
return
with open(file_path, mode='w', newline='') as file:
writer = csv.writer(file)
writer.writerow(["Filename", "Prediction",
"Confidence"])
for row in self.history:
writer.writerow([row[0], row[1], f"{row[2] *
100:.2f}%"])
messagebox.showinfo("Export Successful", f"Results exported
to {file_path}")

def start_live_monitoring(self):
folder_path = filedialog.askdirectory()
if not folder_path:
return
messagebox.showinfo("Live Monitoring", f"Monitoring
{folder_path} for .txt files...")

38
 threading.Thread(target=self.monitor_folder,
args=(folder_path,), daemon=True).start()

def monitor_folder(self, folder_path):

seen_files = set()
while True:
current_files = set(f for f in os.listdir(folder_path)
if f.endswith(".txt"))
new_files = current_files - seen_files
for fname in new_files:
full_path = os.path.join(folder_path, fname)
self.send_to_api(full_path)
seen_files.add(fname)
self.root.after(3000)

def plot_graph(self):
conn = sqlite3.connect(DB_PATH)
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("SELECT prediction, COUNT(*) FROM logs GROUP
BY prediction")
data = cursor.fetchall()
conn.close()

labels = [row[0] for row in data]

values = [row[1] for row in data]

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(4, 3))

ax.bar(labels, values, color=["#2ecc71" if l == "Normal"
else "#e74c3c" for l in labels])
ax.set_title("Prediction Distribution")
ax.set_ylabel("Count")

top = tk.Toplevel(self.root)
top.title("Prediction Graph")
canvas = FigureCanvasTkAgg(fig, master=top)
canvas.draw()
canvas.get_tk_widget().pack()

def main():
root = tk.Tk()
app = IDSApp(root)
root.mainloop()

if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

39
 CHAPTER 7
TESTING

Testing is a crucial phase in the software development lifecycle that ensures the developed
system performs as expected under various conditions. In this project, both Black Box
Testing and White Box Testing techniques have been applied to validate the functionality,
correctness, and reliability of the Intrusion Detection System.

7.1 Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing focuses on testing the functionality of the system without knowing its
internal code structure. The main goal is to check whether the system behaves correctly for
given inputs and provides the expected outputs.

 Test Case 1: API Prediction Endpoint

Test Case ID BB001
Description Test prediction endpoint with a valid syscall sequence
Input {"syscalls": ["12", "35", "47", "51", "17"]}
Expected Output {"prediction": "Normal"} or {"prediction": "Attack"}
Actual Output As per model’s inference
Result Pass

 Test Case 2: Empty Input Handling

Test Case ID BB002
Description Test API with no input syscalls
Input {"syscalls": []}
Expected Output {"error": "No syscalls provided"}
Actual Output As expected
Result Pass

40
7.2 White Box Testing
White Box Testing involves testing internal logic, functions, and code paths to ensure that
each method works correctly.

 Test Case 3: Graph Construction Function

Test Case ID WB001
Function build_syscall_graph()
Input [45, 21, 34, 12] with encoder fitted on dataset
Expected Output PyG Data object with 4 nodes and 3 edges
Actual Output Graph built with correct shape
Result Pass

 Test Case 4: Model Output Shape Validation

Test Case ID WB002
Function CNN_GNN_Model.forward()
Input Graph batch of 32 samples
Expected Output Output tensor shape: (32, 2)
Actual Output Matches expected output
Result Pass

The IDS has passed key functional and logic-based test cases under both black-box and
white-box testing strategies. The system demonstrates robustness in handling valid/invalid
inputs and internal data flow correctness, which indicates readiness for deployment or further
optimization.

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 CHAPTER 8
OUTPUT SCREENS / RESULTS

This chapter presents the output screens obtained during the execution of the proposed
Intrusion Detection System based on Integrated System Calls Graph and Neural Networks
(CNN + GNN). Each output corresponds to a major functional component of the system and
validates correct implementation and expected performance.

8.1 Model Training Output

Training Logs in Terminal

Fig. 8.1: Training Logs in Terminal

 Description: This output shows the training loop of the model with loss per epoch.
 Insight: Confirms that the CNN-GNN hybrid model is being trained with decreasing
loss, which indicates learning progression.
Key Info Displayed:
 Total number of graphs used
 Epoch number
 Training loss
 Input dimensions

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8.2 System Call Graph Visualizations
Sample syscall graphs using NetworkX + PyG

Fig. 8.2: normal syscall graph visualization

Fig. 8.3: Attack syscall graph visualization

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  Description: Graphs generated from individual syscall sequences, colored and labeled
for clarity.
 Insight: Shows structure of input as processed by the GNN; confirms successful
preprocessing and graph construction.
Features:
 Nodes: One-hot encoded syscalls
 Edges: Sequential transitions
 Labels: Attack / Normal

8.3 Inference Output via API

API Response

Fig. 8.4: API response

 Description: This output shows a JSON response from the Flask API after sending a
POST request with a list of syscalls.
 Insight: System classifies the sequence as either "Attack" or "Normal".
Key Info Displayed:
 Input syscalls
 Classification result
 HTTP Status: 200 OK

8.4 Web Server Console (Flask Output)

Flask running on localhost:5000

Fig. 8.5: Flask running on localhost:5000

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  Description: Indicates that the server is up and running.
 Insight: Backend service ready to accept predictions via REST API.
Terminal Output:
 Serving Flask app
 Debug mode active
 Endpoint: http://127.0.0.1:5000/predict

8.5 Intrusion Detection system GUI dashboard/app

Fig. 8.6: a), b) Intrusion detection system GUI/App

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 Fig. 8.7: Prediction graph and ids_logs

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION/ANALYSIS:
8.6 Confusion Matrix
confusion_matrix.png

Fig 8.8: Confusion_Matrix

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  Description: The confusion matrix visualizes model performance on the validation
dataset.
 Insight: Helps assess true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false
negatives.

8.7 Detection vs False Positive Rate Graph

detection_vs_fpr.png

Fig. 8.9: Detection vs False Positive Rate Graph

 Description: A plot that shows the trade-off between Attack Detection Rate (ADR)
and False Positive Rate (FPR).
 Insight: Ideal models should have high ADR and low FPR.
Plotted Points:
 X-axis: FPR
 Y-axis: ADR

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8.8 ROC Curve
roc_curve.png

Fig.8.10: ROC Curve

 Description: The ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve illustrates the trade-
off between the True Positive Rate (TPR) and False Positive Rate (FPR) across
different classification thresholds.
 Insight: The Area Under the Curve (AUC) reflects the model's ability to distinguish
between attack and normal samples. A higher AUC value indicates better
classification performance.
Graph Axes:
 X-axis: False Positive Rate (FPR)
 Y-axis: True Positive Rate (TPR)
 The curve moves towards the top-left corner for better-performing models.
Metric Included:
 AUC Score: Printed on the plot (e.g., AUC = 0.94)
 Description: Indicates that the server is up and running

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 CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION AND FURTHER WORK

9.1 CONCLUSION

This project presents a robust Intrusion Detection System (IDS) based on an integrated
approach using System Call Graphs and Neural Networks (CNN + GNN). By transforming
syscall sequences into graph representations and analyzing them with advanced deep learning
models, the system achieves effective detection of both known and zero-day attacks.

The GUI dashboard, built with Tkinter, offers a user-friendly interface for file uploads, live
monitoring, result visualization, and export. The backend Flask API, powered by a trained
CNN-GNN model, ensures accurate and real-time predictions. The system successfully
bridges advanced AI techniques with practical usability, making it suitable for modern
cybersecurity applications.

9.2 FURTHER WORK

To further strengthen the Intrusion Detection System (IDS), several enhancements can be
introduced. First, the system's generalization capability can be improved by training on more
diverse and extensive datasets such as NGIDS-DS or LID-DS, which would enhance its
ability to detect new and sophisticated attack patterns. Incorporating advanced models like
Graph Attention Networks (GAT) or hybrid architectures combining LSTM with GNN could
also boost the system’s performance. Moving beyond a desktop application, a web-based
interface built with modern frontend frameworks like React or backend platforms like Django
would enable remote access and better scalability. Additionally, integrating Explainable AI
(XAI) techniques such as SHAP or LIME would provide insights into the model’s decision-
making process, helping users understand why a specific sequence was flagged as malicious.

Furthermore, the system could be enhanced to monitor live processes in real-time by

integrating with kernel-level monitoring tools like auditd on Linux. Extending the binary
classification to multi-class detection would allow the system to identify specific attack types,
such as Denial of Service (DoS), User-to-Root (U2R), or Remote-to-Local (R2L).
Incorporating self-learning or online learning mechanisms could enable the IDS to adapt over
time to evolving threats.

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 CHAPTER 10
REFERENCES

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