IOT DEVICES INTEGRATED WITH HOME

CLOUDE FOR ENHANCED SECURITY WITH

NODE MCU
MINI PROJECT

submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree in

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CYBER FORENSICS AND INFORMATION SECURITY

by

AZAREDUEEN. S [211621101007]

CHANDRU. M [211621101009]
SIVA HARI SUDHAN. D [2116211010602]

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

MAY 2024
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mini Project Report is the bonafide work of S. Azarudeen Regno.
211621101007, M.Chandru Regno.211621101009 ,D.Siva hari sudhan Regno. 2116211010602
who carried out the Project entitled “IOT DEVICES INTEGRATED WITH HOME CLOUDE FOR
ENHANCED SECURITY WITH NODE MCU” under our supervision from December 2023 to May
2024.

Internal Guide Project Coordinator Project Coordinator HOD

Mrs.Sheeba Christy Mrs. Deepa Raju Mr. S. Mohan Dr. S. Geetha
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Professor Head
Faculty of Center of Faculty of Center of Department of CSE Department ofCSE
Excellence in Digital Excellence in Digital Dr.M.G.R.Educational Dr.M.G.R.Eductional
Forensics Forensics and Research Institute and Research Institute

Submitted for Viva Voce Examination held on ---------------

Internal Examiner External Examiner

(Name in Capital letters with signature) (Name in Capital letters with

signature)
 DECLARATION

We, S. Azarudeen Regno. 211621101007, M.Chandru Regno.211621101009, D.Siva hari

sudhan Regno. 2116211010602 here by declare that the Project entitled “IOT DEVICES
INTEGRATED WITH HOME CLOUDE FOR ENHANCED SECURITY WITH
NODE MCU” is
done by us under the guidance of “Mrs. Sheeba christy” is submitted in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the award of the degree in BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
CYBER FORENSICS AND INFORMATION SECURITY.

DATE:

PLACE:

1. AZARDUEEN. S

2. CHANDRU. M

3. SIVA HARI SUDHAN. D

SIGNATURE OF THE

CANDIDATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would First like to thank our beloved Chancellor Thiru. Dr. A. C. Shanmugam, B.A.,
B.L., President Er. A.C.S. Arunkumar, B.Tech., and Secretary Thiru A. Ravikumar for all
the encouragement and support extended to us during the tenure of this project and also our
years of studies in this wonderful University.

I express our heartfelt thanks to our Vice Chancellor Dr. S. Geethalakshmi for providing
all the support for my Project.

I express our heartfelt thanks to our Head of the Department, Prof. Dr. S. Geetha, who
has been actively involved and very influential from the start till the completion of our Project.

Our sincere thanks to our mini Project Coordinators Mrs. Deepa raju , Mr. S. Mohan
and Project guide Mrs. Sheeba christy for their continuous guidance and encouragement
throughout this work, which has made the project a success.

I would also like to thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff of the Computer Science
and Engineering department, for their constant support and the encouragement given to us while
we went about achieving my project goals.
 LIST OF CONTENTS
Figure.no Topic Page No.

List of figures i
List of Tables ii
Abbreviations and Acronyms iii
Abstract 1

Introduction
Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Background 3
1.3 Project objective 3
1.4 Scope 4
1.5 Project management 4
1.6 Overview and Benefits 5
1.7 Organisation of thesis 6

Chapter 2
Literature Review 11

Chapter 3 Theory

IOT Internet of Things

3.1.1
3.1.2 Features of IOT 13

3.1.3 Advantages of IOT 14

3.1.4 Disadvantages of IOT 16
3.1.5 Application grounds of IOT 17
3.1.6 IOT technologies and protocols 18
3.1.7 IOT software

3.2 Node MCU 21

3.2.1 Pin Configuration of Node MCU Development Board 21
3.2.2 Parts of Node MCU development board 24
3.2.3 Installation of Node MCU 28

3.2 Block diagram 29

3.3.1 Block diagram of proposed system
3.3.2 Proposed system 30

3.3 Overview of the project 31

3.4 Circuit diagram 32

Chapter 4 Hardware modelling and setup

4.1 Main features of prototype 34

4.2 Project Layout 34

4.2 Component required 35
4.3 Setting up the system 36
4.4 Driver installation for hardware interfacing 37
4.1 Interfacing Node MCU with Arduino IDE 37
4.2 Uploading code to Node MCU 39
4.5 Hardware assembly 43

Chapter 6 Conclusion and Future Scope

6.1 Result 53

6.2 further enhancement and future scope 53

6.3 Conclusion 53

Chapter 7 References 54
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Page No.

1. Model of phases in project management 5
2. Working of IOT enables care devices 17
3. IOT controlled greenhouse environment 18
4. Node MCU Development Board 21
5. ESP8266 Node MCU pinout 24
6. ESP 12E module in Node MCU Development board 25
7. Power module on a Node MCU development board 25
8. GPIO pins on Node MCU development board 26
9. ON board switches and LED indicators on Node MCU 27
development board
10. CP2120 on Node MCU development board 27
11. Block diagram of proposed system 29
12. Creating an account and generating unique ID in Blynk Server 31
13. Setup to control Node MCU from Blynk application 31
14. Connection diagram of Node MCU controlling 4 channel relay 32
module
15. Layout of project module 34
16. Setup Blynk application 36
17. Arduino IDE preferences 37
18. ESP8266 board installation in Arduino IDE 38
19. Arduino IDE Board manager installation 38
20. Assigning communication port on Arduino IDE 39
21. Code in Arduino IDE to be installed to Node MCU 40
22. IFTTT configured with actions and commands 41
23. Configuration of applet to switch relay with voice commands 42
24. Node MCU & 4 channel relay connection 43
25. Flow chart of prototype function 45
26. Working principle of Blynk application 47
27. Voice and switch mode control 50
28. Node MCU module 57
29. Resistor 57
30. Colour code of resistor 58
31. 6V cube relay 59
32. Channel 5V Relay Module 59
33. Schematic of relay module 60
34. Blank glass epoxy PCB board 61
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No Table Page No

1. Node MCU index ↔ GPIO mapping 22
2. Component listing 35
3. Comparison chart of Wi-Fi with other wireless 48
communication protocols 49
4. Costing of Project 51
 ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS

SL. NO ACRONYM EXPANSION

1. IOT Internet of Things
2. RF Comm Radio Frequency Communication
3. NodeMCU Node Micro Controller Unit
4. Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
5. SSL Secure Socket Layer
6. GPIO General Purpose Input/Output
7. NFC Near Field Communication
8. LAN Local Area Network
9. LoRaWAN Low Power Wide Area Network
10. DIP Dual In-line Package
11. UBW Ultra-Wide Band
12. PIR Passive Infrared Sensor
13. UID Unique Identifier
14. HAS Home Automation System
15. TCP Transmission Control Protocol
16. SSH Secure Socket Shell
17. IIOT Industrial Internet of Things
18. GSM Global System for Mobile
19. BLE Bluetooth Low Energy
20. SoC System on a Chip
21. USB Universal Serial Bus
22. LDR Light Dependent Resistor
23. HMI Human Machine Interaction
24. MQTT Message Queue Telemetry Transport
25. WSN Wireless Sensor Network
26. NLP Natural Language Processing
27. PCB Printed Circuit Board
 ABSTRACT

The overall design of IOT Devices Integrated with Home Cloud for Enhanced Security with
Node MCU with low cost and wireless system. It specifically focuses on the development of an IOT
based home automation system that is able to control various components via internet or be
automatically programmed to operate from ambient conditions. In this project, we design the
development of a firmware for smart control which can successfully be automated minimizing human
interaction to preserve the integrity within whole electrical devices in the home. We used Node MCU, a
popular open source IOT platform, to execute the process of automation. Different components of the
system will use different transmission mode that will be implemented to communicate the control of
the devices by the user through Node MCU to the actual appliance. The main control system
implements wireless technology to provide remote access from smart phone. We are using a cloud
server-based communication that would add to the practicality of the project by enabling unrestricted
access of the appliances to the user irrespective of the distance factor. We provided a data transmission
network to create a stronger automation. The system intended to control electrical appliances and
devices in house with relatively low cost design, user-friendly interface and ease of installation. The
status of the appliance would be available, along with the control on an android platform. This system
is designed to assist and provide support in order to 1fulfil the needs of elderly and disabled in home.
Also, the smart home concept in the system improves the standard living at home.

1
 CHAPTER 1
INRODUCTION

1.1 IOT

Internet of Things (IOT) is a concept where each device is assign to an IP address and through that
IP address anyone makes that device identifiable on internet. The mechanical and digital
machines are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a
network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. Basically, it
started as the “Internet of Computers.” Research studies have forecast an explosive growth in the
number of “things” or devices that will be connected to the Internet. The resulting network is
called the “Internet of Things” (IoT). The recent developments in technology which permit the
use of wireless controlling environments like, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi that have enabled different
devices to have capabilities of connecting with each other. Using a WIFI shield to act as a Micro
web server for the Arduino which eliminates the need for wired connections between the Arduino
board and computer which reduces cost and enables it to work as a standalone device. The Wi-Fi
shield needs connection to the internet from a wireless router or wireless hotspot and this would
act as the gateway for the Arduino to communicate with the internet. With this in mind, an
internet based home automation system for remote control and observing the status of home
appliances is designed.
Due to the advancement of wireless technology, there are several different type of connections
are introduced such as GSM, WIFI, and BT. Each of the connection has their own unique
specifications and applications. Among the four popular wireless connections that often
implemented in HAS project, WIFI is being chosen with its suitable capability. The capabilities
of WIFI are more than enough to be implemented in the design. Also, most of the current
laptop/notebook or Smartphone come with built-in WIFI adapter. It will indirectly reduce the cost
of this system.

1.2 BACKGROUND

The concept of “Home Automation” has been in existence for several years. “Smart Home”,
“Intelligent Home” are terms that followed and is been used to introduce the concept of
networking appliance within the house. Home Automation Systems (HASs) includes centralized
control and distance status monitoring of lighting, security system, and other appliances and
systems within a house. HASs enables energy efficiency, improves the security systems, and

2
 certainly the comfort and ease of users. In the present emerging market, HASs is gaining
popularity and has attracted the interests of many users. HASs comes with its own challenges.
Mainly being, in the present day, end users especially elderly and disabled, even though hugely
benefited, aren’t seen to accept the system due to the complexity and cost factors.

1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

o Design of an independent HAS

To formulate the design of an interconnected network of home appliance to be integrated
into the HAS. The objective to account for every appliance and its control to be automated
and integrated into the network further formulated into the HAS.
o Wireless control of home appliances (Switch )
To develop the application that would include features of switch and/or voice modes to
control the applications.

o Monitoring status of appliances

Being able to view the status of home appliances on the application, in order have a better HAS.

o Secure connection channels between application and Node MCU

Use of secure protocols over Wi-Fi so that other devices are prevented to achieve control
over the HAS. Secure connections are obtained by SSL over TCP, SSH.

o Controlled by any device capable of Wi-Fi (Android, iOS, PC)

To achieve flexibility in control of the home appliances, and device capable of Wi-Fi
connectivity will be able to obtain a secure control on the HAS.

o Extensible platform for future enhancement

With a strong existing possibility of adding and integrating more features and appliances to
the system, the designed system needs to be highly extensible in nature.

1.4 SCOPE
The aim is to design a prototype that establishes wireless remote control over a network of home
appliances. The application is designed to run on android device providing features like, switch
mode control, voice command control and a provision to view the status of the devices on the
application itself. Considering its wide range of application, following are the scope of this
3
 prototype.
The system can be implemented in homes, small offices and malls as well, being in-charge of
control of the electrical appliances.

For remote access of appliances in internet or intranet. The appliances in the above mentioned
environment can be controlled in intra-network or can be accessed via internet.

The development of technology friendly environment. The system incorporates the use of
technology and making HAS. By the use of day to day gadgets we can utilize them for a different
perspective.

1.6 OVERVIEW AND BENEFITS

The benefits of an established wireless remote switching system of home appliances include:

No legal issues
Obtaining access to or traversing properties with hard lines is extremely difficult.

Reduced wiring issues

Considering the increase in price of copper, thus increases the possibility of the wire to be stolen.
The use of a wireless remote system to control home appliances means no wire for thieves to
steal.

Extended range
As the system establishes control over Wi-Fi, it was a generally considered descent range. That is
150 feet indoors. Outdoors it can be extended to 300 feet, but since the application is of a HAS,
an indoor range is considered.

Security
As the connection of the control of the HAS is established over a secure network the system ensures
security to the maximum extent.

Integrable and extensive nature

The prototype designed can be integrated to a larger scale. Also it has an extensive nature being
able to add or remove the appliances under control according to application.
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1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS

The thesis is organised into seven chapters including the introduction. Each chapter is unique on
its own and is described with necessary theory to comprehend it.

Chapter 2 deals with Literature Review, this chapter reflects a comprehended form of the existing
projects related to the topic. It credits the projects along with a brief paragraph of summery about
the project. This reflects the various people worked on this area, how different and advanced
each project is from one another.

Chapter 3 has the Theory that has been acquired to commence the project work. This discussed
about IOT, the advantages, disadvantages the network topologies and communication protocols.
This chapter also briefs about the main microcontroller unit of the prototype, Node MCU. Its pin
configuration, various functional units of the development board and the installation process of
the device. The chapter further giver a brief overview of the project, a block diagram of the system
and the circuit diagram.

Chapter 4 describes the Hardware Modelling and setup of the project. The chapter points the
main features of the prototype, gives a layout of the project, lists the components requires. It
briefly describes the various setup processes involved with the project, including hardware
interfacing and software installation and setup according to our requirement. It finally gives the
hardware assembly involved.

Chapter 5 is the conclusion and Future scope. This chapter includes the result of the project work
carried, the limitations it possesses, the further enhancements and modification that can be
integrated into the prototype and finally concludes the project work carried so far.

Chapter 6 lists the References that have been used for the commencement of the project work

5
 CHAPTER 2
LIERATURE REVIEW

“Smart Energy Efficient Home Automation System using IOT”, by Satyendra K.

Vishwakarma, Prashant Upadhyaya, Babita Kumari, Arun Kumar Mishra.
This paper presents a step-by-step procedure of a smart home automation controller. It uses IOT to
convert home appliances to smart and intelligent devices, with the help of design control. An energy
efficient system is designed that accesses the smart home remotely using IOT connectivity. The
proposed system mainly requires, Node MCU as the microcontroller unit, IFTTT to interpret voice
commands, Adafruit a library that supports MQTT acts as an MQTT broker and Arduino IDE to
code the microcontroller. This multimodal system uses Google Assistant along with a web based
application to control the smart home. The smart home is implemented with main controller unit that
is connected with the 24-hour available Wi-Fi network. To ensure, that the Wi-Fi connection do not
turn off, the main controller is programmed to establish automatic connection with the available
network and connected to the auto power backup.

“IOT Based Smart Security and Home Automation”, by Shardha Somani, Parikshit Solunke,
Shaunak Oke, Parth Medhi, Prof. P. P. Laturkar.
This paper focuses on a system that provides features of Home Automation relying on IOT to operate
easily, in addition to that it includes a camera module and provides home security. The android
application basically converts Smartphone into a remote for all home appliances. Security is achieved
with motion sensors if movement is sensed at the entrance of the house; a notification is sent that
contains a photo of house entrance in real time. This notification will be received by the owner of the
house via internet such that app can trigger a notification. So owner can raise an alarm in case of any
intrusion or he/she can toggle the appliances like opening the door if the person is a guest. The
system uses Raspberry Pi, a small sized computer which acts as server for the system. The smart
home consist two modules. Home automation that consists; fan light and door controller, and
security module that consists; smoke sensor motion sensor and camera module.

“A Dynamic Distributed Energy Management Algorithm of Home Sensor Network for Home
Automation System”, by Tui-Yi Yang, Chu-Sing Yang, Tien-Wen Sung.
This paper proposes an optimization of home power consumption based on PLC (Power Line
Communication) for an easy to access home energy consumption. This also proposes a Zigbee and
PLC based renewable energy gateway to monitor the energy generation of renewable energies. ACS
and DDEM algorithm are proposed for the design of an intelligent distribution of power management
system to make sure ongoing power supply of home networks. To provide efficient power
management the power supply models of home sensor network are classified groups viz. main supply
only, main supply and backup battery, rechargeable battery power and non-rechargeable battery
power. Devices with particular features are assigned to these groups. It targets to establish real time
processing scheme to address variable sensor network topologies.

6
“Enhance Smart Home Automation System based on Internet of Things”, by Tushar Churasia
and Prashant Kumar Jain.
This paper proposes a system that develops a model to reduce the computation overhead in existing
smart home solutions that uses various encryption technologies like AES, ECHD, hybrid, etc. these
solutions use intermediate gateway for connecting various sensor devices. The proposed model
provides a method for automation with sensor based learning. The system uses temperature sensor for
development but other sensors can also be used as per requirement. These smart home devices with
sensors can configure themselves autonomously and can operate without human intervention. This
work minimizes encryption decryption and focuses on authentication and automation of smart home
devices with learning. The system bypasses local gateway mentioned in existing system to provide
better security for smart home devices and sensor data and save computation overhead. The real time
broker cloud is directly connected with smart home and manages all incoming and outgoing request
between users and devices. The main purpose to use real time broker cloud is save time of
cryptographic operations.

“Visual Machine Intelligence for Home Automation”, by Suraj, Ish Kool, Dharmendra Kumar,
Shovan Barman.
The paper present a vision-based machine intelligence system to sense on/off state of common home
appliance. The proposed method of sensing the state of appliances results on a novel home
automation system. The accessibility of the suite of devices in the home over a remote network is
facilitated by the IP Addressing methods in the IOT. This project uses two boards viz. Raspberry Pi
and Intel Galileo Gen 2. The communication between the User devices, Raspberry Pi and the Intel
Galileo boards happens over a wireless network. The UDP protocol is deployed to facilitate the
wireless communication of the nodes present in the home automation network. A Pi Cam and a USB
Logitech camera attached to the rotating shaft of two different servo motor capture snapshots that are
passed as inputs to the Machine Learning based models trained using dlib-C++ to detect the state of the
operation of the appliances. The proposed method uses visual modality to automate the appliances, as
privacy concerns may emerge while using the images from some specific places, as a counter to this
issue, an SPDT switch is added to the Raspberry Pi which when turned off ensures that even if the
images are taken from the webcams, they are just passed as inputs to the machine learning models
and are not displayed on the website when the users access the website on the server address
obtained from Raspberry Pi.

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“A Low Cost Home Automation System Using Wi-Fi based Wireless Sensor Network
Incorporating internet of Things”, by Vikram.N, Harish.K.S, Nihaal.M.S, Raksha Umesh,
Shetty Aashik Ashok Kumar.
This paper illustrates a methodology to provide a low cost Home Automation System (HAS) using
Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi).This crystallizes the concept of internetworking of smart devices. A Wi-Fi
based Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is designed for the purpose of monitoring and controlling
environmental, safety and electrical parameters of a smart interconnected home. The different
sections of the HAS are; temperature and humidity sensor, gas leakage warning system, fire alarm
system, burglar alarm system, rain sensing, switching and regulation of load & voltage and current
sensing. The primary requirement of HAS to monitor and control of devices is accomplished using a
Smartphone application. The application is developed using Android Studio based on JAVA
platformand User Interface of those are exemplified. The primary focus of the paper is to develop a
solution cost effective flexible in control of devices and implementing a wide range of sensors to to
capture various parameters.

“Voice Controlled Home Automation System using Natural Language Processing and Internet
of Things”, by Mrs. Paul Jasmin Rani, Jason Bakthakumar, Praveen Kumaar.B, Praveen
Kumaar.U, Santhosh Kumar.
The paper focuses on the construction of a fully functional voice based Home automation system that
uses Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing (NLP) to provide a
cost-effective, efficient way to work together with home appliances using various technologies such as
GSM, NFC, etc. it implements a seamless integration of all the appliances to a central console, i.e. the
mobile device. The prototype uses Arduino MK1000, known as Genuino MK1000. The NLP in this
project gives the user the freedom to interact with the home appliances with his/her own voice and
normal language rather than complicated computer commands. The appliances are connected to the
mobile device through an Arduino Board that establishes the concept of Internet of Things. The
Arduino Boards are interfaced with the appliances and programmed in such a way that they respond to
mobile

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 CHAPTER 3
IOT

3.1 OVERVIEW

IOT as a term has evolved long way as a result of convergence of multiple technologies, machine
learning, embedded systems and commodity sensors. IOT is a system of interconnected devices
assigned a UIDS, enabling data transfer and control of devices over a network. It reduced the
necessity of actual interaction in order to control a device. IOT is an advanced automation and
analytics system which exploits networking, sensing, big data, and artificial intelligence technology
to deliver complete systems for a product or service. These systems allow greater transparency,
control, and performance when applied to any industry or system.

3.1.1 Features of IOT

3.1.1.1 Intelligence

IOT comes with the combination of algorithms and computation, software & hardware that makes it
smart. Ambient intelligence in IOT enhances its capabilities which facilitate the things to respond in
an intelligent way to a particular situation and supports them in carrying out specific tasks. In spite
of all the popularity of smart technologies, intelligence in IOT is only concerned as a means of
interaction between devices, while user and device interaction are achieved by standard input
methods and graphical user interface

3.1.1.2 Connectivity

Connectivity empowers the Internet of Things by bringing together everyday objects. Connectivity
of these objects is pivotal because simple object level interactions contribute towards collective
intelligence in the IOT network. It enables network accessibility and compatibility in the things.
With this connectivity, new market opportunities for the Internet of things can be created by the networking
of smart things and applications

3.1.1.3 Dynamic Nature

The primary activity of Internet of Things is to collect data from its environment, this is achieved
with the dynamic changes that take place around the devices. The state of these devices change
dynamically, example sleeping and waking up, connected and/or disconnected as well as the context

9
of devices including temperature, location and speed. In addition to the state of the device, the
number of devices also changes dynamically with a person, place and time

3.1.1.4 Enormous Scale

The number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate with each other will be much
larger than the devices connected to the current Internet. The management of data generated from
these devices and their interpretation for application purposes becomes more critical. Gartner
(2015) confirms the enormous scale of IOT in the estimated report where it stated that 5.5 million
new things will get connected every day and 6.4 billion connected things will be in

use worldwide in 2016, which is up by 30 percent from 2015. The report also forecasts that the
number of connected devices will reach 20.8 billion by 2020

3.1.1.5 Sensing

IOT wouldn’t be possible without sensors that will detect or measure any changes in the
environment to generate data that can report on their status or even interact with the environment.
Sensing technologies provide the means to create capabilities that reflect a true awareness of the
physical world and the people in it. The sensing information is simply the analog input from the
physical world, but it can provide a rich understanding of our complex world

3.1.1.6 Heterogeneity

Heterogeneity in Internet of Things as one of the key characteristics. Devices in IOT are based on
different hardware platforms and networks and can interact with other devices or service platforms
through different networks. IOT architecture should support direct network connectivity between
heterogeneous networks. The key design requirements for heterogeneous things and their
environments in IOT are scalabilities, modularity, extensibility and interoperability.

3.1.1.7 Security

IOT devices are naturally vulnerable to security threats. As we gain efficiencies, novel experiences,
and other benefits from the IOT, it would be a mistake to forget about security concerns associated
with it. There is a high level of transparency and privacy issues with IOT. It is important to secure
the endpoints, the networks, and the data that is transferred across all of it means creating a security
paradigm.

10
3.1.2 Advantages of IOT
3.1.2.1 Communication

IOT encourages the communication between devices, also famously known as Machine-to-Machine
(M2M) communication. Because of this, the physical devices are able to stay connected and hence
the total transparency is available with lesser inefficiencies and greater quality.

3.1.2.2 Automation and Control

Due to physical objects getting connected and controlled digitally and centrally with wireless
infrastructure, there is a large amount of automation and control in the workings. Without human
intervention, the machines are able to communicate with each other leading to faster and timely
output.

3.1.2.3 Information

It is obvious that having more information helps making better decisions. Whether it is mundane
decisions as needing to know what to buy at the grocery store or if your company has enough
widgets and supplies, knowledge is power and more knowledge is better

3.1.2.4 Monitor

The second most obvious advantage of IOT is monitoring. Knowing the exact quantity of supplies or
the air quality in your home, can further provide more information that could not have previously
been collected easily. For instance, knowing that you are low on milk or printer ink could save you
another trip to the store in the near future. Furthermore, monitoring the expiration of products can and
will improve safety.

3.1.2.5 Time

As hinted in the previous examples, the amount of time saved because of IOT could be quite large.
And in today’s modern life, we all could use more time.

3.1.2.6 Money

The biggest advantage of IOT is saving money. If the price of the tagging and monitoring equipment
is less than the amount of money saved, then the Internet of Things will be very widely adopted.
IOT fundamentally proves to be very helpful to people in their daily routines by making the
11
appliances communicate to each other in an effective manner thereby saving and conserving energy
and cost. Allowing the data to be communicated and shared between devices and then translating it
into our required way, it makes our systems efficient.

3.1.2.7 Automation of daily tasks leads to better monitoring of devices

The IOT allows you to automate and control the tasks that are done on a daily basis, avoiding human
intervention. Machine-to-machine communication helps to maintain transparency in the processes. It
also leads to uniformity in the tasks. It can also maintain the quality of service. We can also take
necessary action in case of emergencies.

3.1.2.8 Efficient and Saves Time

The machine-to-machine interaction provides better efficiency, hence; accurate results can be
obtained fast. This results in saving valuable time. Instead of repeating the same tasks every day, it
enables people to do other creative jobs.

3.1.2.9 Saves Money

Optimum utilization of energy and resources can be achieved by adopting this technology and
keeping the devices under surveillance. We can be alerted in case of possible bottlenecks,
breakdowns, and damages to the system. Hence, we can save money by using this technology.

3.1.2.10 Better Quality of Life

All the applications of this technology culminate in increased comfort, convenience, and better management,
thereby improving the quality of life.
3.1.3 Disadvantages of IOT
3.1.3.1 Compatibility

Currently, there is no international standard of compatibility for the tagging and monitoring
equipment. I believe this disadvantage is the most easy to overcome. The manufacturing companies of
these equipment just need to agree to a standard, such as Bluetooth, USB, etc. This is nothing new or
innovative needed.

3.1.3.2 Complexity

As with all complex systems, there are more opportunities of failure. With the Internet of Things,
failures could sky rocket. For instance, let’s say that both you and your spouse each get a message
12
saying that your milk has expired, and both of you stop at a store on your way home, and you both
purchase milk. As a result, you and your spouse have purchased twice the amount that you both
need. Or maybe a bug in the software ends up automatically ordering a new ink cartridge for your
printer each and every hour for a few days, or at least after each power failure, when you only need a
single replacement.

3.1.3.3 Privacy/Security

With all of this IOT data being transmitted, the risk of losing privacy increases. For instance, how
well encrypted will the data be kept and transmitted with? Do you want your neighbours or
employers to know what medications that you are taking or your financial situation?

3.1.3.4 Safety

Imagine if a notorious hacker changes your prescription. Or if a store automatically ships you an
equivalent product that you are allergic to, or a flavour that you do not like, or a product that is
already expired. As a result, safety is ultimately in the hands of the consumer to verify any and all
automation.

As all the household appliances, industrial machinery, public sector services like water supply and
transport, and many other devices all are connected to the Internet, a lot of information is available on
it. This information is prone to attack by hackers. It would be very disastrous if private and
confidential information is accessed by unauthorized intruders.

3.1.3.5 Lesser Employment of Menial Staff

The unskilled workers and helpers may end up losing their jobs in the effect of automation of daily
activities. This can lead to unemployment issues in the society. This is a problem with the advent of
any technology and can be overcome with education. With daily activities getting automated,
naturally, there will be fewer requirements of human resources, primarily, workers and less educated
staff. This may create Unemployment issue in the society.

3.1.3.6 Technology Takes Control of Life

13
Our lives will be increasingly controlled by technology, and will be dependent on it. The younger
generation is already addicted to technology for every little thing. We have to decide how much of our
daily lives are we willing to mechanize and be controlled by technology.

3.1.4 Application Grounds of IOT

3.1.4.1 Wearables
Wearable technologies is a hallmark of IOT applications and is one of the earliest industries to have
deployed IOT at its services. Fit Bits, heart rate monitors, smartwatches, glucose monitoring devices
reflect the successful applications of IOT.

3.1.4.2 Smart homes

This area of application concerned to this particular project, so a detailed application is discussed
further. Jarvis, an AI home automation employed by Mark Zuckerberg, is a remarkable example in
this field of application.

3.1.4.3 Health care

IOT applications have turned reactive medical based system into proactive wellness based system.
IOT focuses on creating systems rather than equipment. IOT creates a future of medicine and
healthcare which exploits a highly integrated network of sophisticated medical devices. The
integration of all elements provides more accuracy, more attention to detail, faster reactions to
events, and constant improvement while reducing the typical overhead of medical research and
organizations

Figure 2. Working of IOT enables care devices.

3.1.4.4 Agriculture

14
A greenhouse farming technique enhances the yield of crops by controlling environmental
parameters. However, manual handling results in production loss, energy loss, and labour cost,
making the process less effective. A greenhouse with embedded devices not only makes it easier to be
monitored but also, enables us to control the climate inside it. Sensors measure different

parameters according to the plant requirement and send it to the cloud. It, then, processes the data and
applies a control action.

Figure 3. IOT controlled greenhouse environment.

3.1.4.5 Industrial Automation
For a higher return of investment this field requires both fast developments and quality of products.
This vitality thus coined the term IIOT. This whole schematic is re-engineered by IOT applications.
Following are the domains of IOT applications in industrial automation

• Factory Digitalization
• Product flow Monitoring
• Inventory Management
• Safety and Security
• Quality Control
• Packaging optimization
• Logistics and Supply Chain Optimization

3.1.4.6 Government and Safety

IOT applied to government and safety allows improved law enforcement, defence, city planning,
and economic management. The technology fills in the current gaps, corrects many current flaws,

15
and expands the reach of these efforts. For example, IOT can help city planners have a clearer view
of the impact of their design, and governments have a better idea of the local economy.

3.1.5 IOT Technologies and Protocols

Several communication protocols and technologies cater to and meet the specific functional
requirements of IOT system.
3.1.5.1 Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a short range IOT communication protocol/technology that is profound in many
consumer product markets and computing. It is expected to be key for wearable products in
particular, again connecting to the IOT albeit probably via a smartphone in many cases. The new
Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) – or Bluetooth Smart, as it is now branded – is a significant protocol
for IOT applications. Importantly, while it offers a similar range to Bluetooth it has been designed to
offer significantly reduced power consumption.

3.1.5.2 Zigbee
ZigBee is similar to Bluetooth and is majorly used in industrial settings. It has some significant
advantages in complex systems offering low-power operation, high security, robustness and high and
is well positioned to take advantage of wireless control and sensor networks in IOT applications.
The latest version of ZigBee is the recently launched 3.0, which is essentially the unification of the
various ZigBee wireless standards into a single standard.

3.1.5.3 Z-Wave

Z-Wave is a low-power RF communications IOT technology that primarily design for home
automation for products such as lamp controllers and sensors among many other devices. A Z- Wave
uses a simpler protocol than some others, which can enable faster and simpler development, but the
only maker of chips is Sigma Designs compared to multiple sources for other wireless technologies
such as ZigBee and others.

3.1.5.4 Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi connectivity is one of the most popular IOT communication protocol, often an obvious choice
for many developers, especially given the availability of Wi-Fi within the home environment within
LANs. There is a wide existing infrastructure as well as offering fast data transfer and the ability to
handle high quantities of data. Currently, the most common Wi-Fi standard used in homes and many
businesses is 802.11n, which offers range of hundreds of megabit per second, which is fine for file
16
transfers but may be too power-consuming for many IOT applications.

3.1.5.5 Cellular

Any IOT application that requires operation over longer distances can take advantage of
GSM/3G/4G cellular communication capabilities. While cellular is clearly capable of sending high
quantities of data, especially for 4G, the cost and also power consumption will be too high for many
applications. But it can be ideal for sensor-based low-bandwidth-data projects that will send very
low amounts of data over the Internet.

3.1.5.6 NFC

NFC (Near Field Communication) is an IOT technology. It enables simple and safe communications
between electronic devices, and specifically for smartphones, allowing consumers to perform
transactions in which one does not have to be physically present. It helps the user to access digital
content and connect electronic devices. Essentially it extends the capability of contactless card
technology and enables devices to share information at a distance that is less than 4cm.

3.1.5.7 LoRaWAN
LoRaWAN is one of popular IOT Technology, targets wide-area network (WAN) applications. The
LoRaWAN design to provide low-power WANs with features specifically needed to support low-
cost mobile secure communication in IOT, smart city, and industrial applications. Specifically meets
requirements for low-power consumption and supports large networks with millions and millions of
devices, data rates range from 0.3 kbps to 50 kbps.

3.1.6 IOT software

IOT software addresses its key areas of networking and action through platforms, embedded
systems, partner systems, and middleware. These individual and master applications are responsible
for data collection, device integration, real-time analytics, and application and process extension
within the IOT network. They exploit integration with critical business systems (e.g., ordering
systems, robotics, scheduling, and more) in the execution of related tasks.

3.1.6.1 Data Collection

This software manages sensing, measurements, light data filtering, light data security, and
aggregation of data. It uses certain protocols to aid sensors in connecting with real-time, machine-
to-machine networks. Then it collects data from multiple devices and distributes it in accordance
17
with settings. It also works in reverse by distributing data over devices. The system eventually
transmits all collected data to a central server.

3.1.6.2 Device Integration

Software supporting integration binds (dependent relationships) all system devices to create thebody
of the IOT system. It ensures the necessary cooperation and stable networking between devices.
These applications are the defining software technology of the IOT network because without them, it
is not an IOT system. They manage the various applications, protocols, and limitations of each
device to allow communication.

3.1.6.3 Real-Time Analytics

These applications take data or input from various devices and convert it into feasible actions or
clear patterns for human analysis. They analyse information based on various settings and designs in
order to perform automation-related tasks or provide the data required by industry.

3.1.6.4 Application and Process Extension

These applications extend the reach of existing systems and software to allow a wider, more effective
system. They integrate predefined devices for specific purposes such as allowing certain mobile
devices or engineering instruments access. It supports improved productivity and more accurate data
collection.

3.2 NODE MCU

NodeMCU (Node Microcontroller Unit) is a low-cost open source IOT platform. It initially
included firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware
which was based on the ESP-12 module. Later, support for the ESP32 32-bit MCU was added.

18
 Figure 4. Node MCU Development Board.

NodeMCU is an open source firmware for which open source prototyping board designs are
available. The name “NodeMCU” combines “node” and “MCU” (micro-controller unit). The term
“NodeMCU” strictly speaking refers to the firmware rather than the associated development kits.

Both the firmware and prototyping board designs are open source.

The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware is based on the eLua project, and built
on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua-
cjson and SPIFFS. Due to resource constraints, users need to select the modules relevant for their
project and build a firmware tailored to their needs. Support for the 32-bit ESP32 has also been
implemented.

The prototyping hardware typically used is a circuit board functioning as a dual in-line package
(DIP) which integrates a USB controller with a smaller surface-mounted board containing the MCU
and antenna. The choice of the DIP format allows for easy prototyping on breadboards. The design
was initially was based on the ESP-12 module of the ESP8266, which is a Wi-Fi SoC
integrated with a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, widely used in IOT applications.

3.2.1 Pin Configuration of Node MCU Development Board

This module provides an access to the GPIO subsystem. All the access is based on I/O index number
of Node MCU kits, not the internal GPIO pins. For example, the D0 pin on the development kit is
mapped to GPIO pin 16. Node MCU provides access to the GPIO pins and the following pin
mappingtable is a part of the API documentation.

ESP8266
PIN NAME ON ESP8266 PIN NAME ON
INTERNAL GPIO
NODEMCU INTERNAL GPIO NODEMCU
PIN NUMBER
DEVELOPMENT PIN NUMBER DEVELOPMENT
KIT KIT
0 [*] GPIO1 7 GPIO13
6
1 GPIO5 8 GPIO15

2 GPIO4 9 GPIO3

3 GPIO0 10 GPIO1

19
 4 GPIO2 11 GPIO9

5 GPIO1 12 GPIO10
4
6 GPIO1
2
Table 1. Node MCU index ↔ GPIO mapping.

[*] D0 (GPIO16) can only be used for GPIO read/write. It does not support open-
drain/interrupt/PWM/I²C or 1-Wire.

The ESP8266 Node MCU has total 30 pins that interface it to the outside world. The pins are grouped
by their functionality as:

Power pins:
There are four power pins viz. one VIN pin & three 3.3V pins. The VIN pin can be used to directly
supply the ESP8266 and its peripherals, if you have a regulated 5V voltage source. The 3.3V pins are
the output of an on-board voltage regulator. These pins can be used to supply power to external
components.

GND: is a ground pin of ESP8266 Node MCU development board.

12 IC Pins: are used to hook up all sorts of I2C sensors and peripherals in your project. Both I2C
Master and I2C Slave are supported. I2C interface functionality can be realized programmatically,
and the clock frequency is 100 kHz at a maximum. It should be noted that I2C clock frequency
should be higher than the slowest clock frequency of the slave device.

GPIO Pins: ESP8266 Node MCU has 17 GPIO pins which can be assigned to various functions
such as I2C, I2S, UART, PWM, IR Remote Control, LED Light and Button programmatically. Each
digital enabled GPIO can be configured to internal pull-up or pull-down, or set to high impedance.
When configured as an input, it can also be set to edge-trigger or level-trigger to generate CPU
interrupts.

20
ADC Channel: The Node MCU is embedded with a 10-bit precision SAR ADC. The two functions
can be implemented using ADC viz. Testing power supply voltage of VDD3P3 pin and testing input
voltageof TOUT pin. However, they cannot be implemented at the same time.

UART Pins: ESP8266 Node MCU has 2 UART interfaces, i.e. UART0 and UART1, which provide
asynchronous communication (RS232 and RS485), and can communicate at up to 4.5 Mbps. UART0
(TXD0, RXD0, RST0 & CTS0 pins) can be used for communication. It supports fluid control.
However, UART1 (TXD1 pin) features only data transmit signal so, it is usually used for printing
log.

SPI Pins: ESP8266 features two SPIs (SPI and HSPI) in slave and master modes. These SPIs also
support the following general-purpose SPI features:

• 4 timing modes of the SPI format transfer

• Up to 80 MHz and the divided clocks of 80 MHz

• Up to 64-Byte FIFO

SDIO Pins: ESP8266 features Secure Digital Input/output Interface (SDIO) which is used to directly
interface SD cards. 4-bit 25 MHz SDIO v1.1 and 4-bit 50 MHz SDIO v2.0 are supported.

PWM Pins: The board has 4 channels of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). The PWM output can be
implemented programmatically and used for driving digital motors and LEDs. PWM frequency
rangeis adjustable from 1000 μs to 10000 μs, i.e., between 100 Hz and 1 kHz.

Control Pins: are used to control ESP8266. These pins include Chip Enable pin (EN), Reset pin
(RST)and WAKE pin.

• EN pin – The ESP8266 chip is enabled when EN pin is pulled HIGH. When pulled
LOW the chip works at minimum power.
• RST pin – RST pin is used to reset the ESP8266 chip.

21
 • WAKE pin – Wake pin is used to wake the chip from deep-sleep.

Figure 5. ESP8266 Node MCU pinout.

3.2.2 Parts of Node MCU Development Board

3.2.2.1 ESP 12-E Module

The development board equips the ESP-12E module containing ESP8266 chip having Tensilica
Xtensa® 32-bit LX106 RISC microprocessor which operates at 80 to 160 MHz adjustable clock
frequency and supports RTOS.

There’s also 128 KB RAM and 4MB of Flash memory (for program and data storage) just enough to
cope with the large strings that make up web pages, JSON/XML data, and everything we throw at IOT
devices nowadays.

The ESP8266 Integrates 802.11b/g/n HT40 Wi-Fi transceiver, so it can not only connect to a Wi-Fi
network and interact with the Internet, but it can also set up a network of its own, allowing other
22
devices to connect directly to it. This makes the ESP8266 Node MCU even more versatile.

• Tensilica Xtensa® 32-bit LX106

• 80 to 160 MHz clock frequency
• 128 kb internal RAM
• 4 MB external flash
• 802.11b/g/n HT40 Wi-Fi transceiver

Figure 6. ESP 12E module in Node MCU Development board.

3.2.2.2 Power Requirements

As the operating voltage range of ESP8266 is 3V to 3.6V, the board comes with a LDO voltage
regulator to keep the voltage steady at 3.3V. It can reliably supply up to 600mA, which should be
more than enough when ESP8266 pulls as much as 80mA during RF transmissions. The output of the
regulator is also broken out to one of the sides of the board and labelled as 3V3. This pin can be used
to supply power to external components.

Power to the ESP8266 Node MCU is supplied via the on-board Micro B USB connector.
Alternatively, if you have a regulated 5V voltage source, the VIN pin can be used to directly supply the
ESP8266 andits peripherals.

• Operating voltage 2.5V to 3.6V

• On-board 3.6V 600mA regulator
• 80 mA operating current
• 20 µA during sleep mode

23
 Figure 7. Power module on a Node MCU development board.
3.2.2.3 Peripheral I/O

The ESP8266 Node MCU has total 17 GPIO pins broken out to the pin headers on both sides of the
development board. These pins can be assigned to all sorts of peripheral duties, including:

• ADC channel – A 10-bit ADC channel.

• UART interface – UART interface is used to load code serially.

• PWM outputs – PWM pins for dimming LEDs or controlling motors.

• SPI, I2C & I2S interface – SPI and I2C interface to hook up all sorts of sensors
andperipherals.
• I2S interface – I2S interface if you want to add sound to your project.

As a result of the pin multiplexing feature (Multiple peripherals multiplexed on a single GPIO pin), a
single GPIO pin can act as PWM/UART/SPI.

Figure 8. GPIO pins on Node MCU development board.

3.2.2.4 On Board Switches and LED Indicators

The ESP8266 Node MCU features two buttons. One marked as RST located on the top left corner is
the Reset button, used of course to reset the ESP8266 chip. The other FLASH button on the bottom
left corner is the download button used while upgrading firmware. The board also has a LED
indicator which is user programmable and is connected to the D0 pin of the board.

24
 Switches and indicators

• RST: Reset the ESP8266 chip

• FLASH: Download new programs
• Blue LED: User programmable

Figure 9. ON board switches and LED indicators on Node MCU development board.

3.2.2.5 Serial Communication

The board includes CP2102 USB-to-UART Bridge Controller from Silicon Labs, which converts
USB signal to serial and allows your computer to program and communicate with the ESP8266
chip.

• CP2120 USB-to-UART converter

• 4.5 Mbps communication speed
• Flow control support

Figure 10. CP2120 on Node MCU development board.

25
3.2.3 Installation of Node MCU
Mostly these days devices download and install drivers on their own, automatically. Windows doesn’t
know how to talk to the USB driver on the Node MCU so it can’t figure out that the board is a Node
MCU and proceed normally. Node MCU Amica is an ESP8266 Wi-Fi module based development
board. It has got Micro USB slot that can directly be connected to the computer or other USB host
devices. Ti has got 15X2 header pins and a Micro USB slot, the headers can be mounted on a
breadboard and Micro USB slot is to establish connection to USB host device. It has CP2120 USB to
serial converter. In order to install CP2120 (USB to serial converter), user is needed to download the
driver for the same. Once user downloads drivers as per its respective operating system, the system
establishes connection to Node MCU. The user needs to node down the COM post allotted to newly
connected USB device (Node MCU) from device manager of the system. This com port number will
be required while using Node MCU Amica. As the CP2120 driver is been installed, the Node MCU
can be programmed using Arduino IDE software by coding in embedded C. this requires ESP8266
board installation in Arduino IDE from board manager, and assigning communication port.

3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.3.1 Block diagram of the proposed system

26
 Figure 11. Block diagram of proposed system.

The block diagram gives the functionality of the overall project. The Node MCU unit is the
microcontroller or the main controlling unit of the system. The user uses the mobile application in
setting commands for functioning of the appliances. The mobile application interprets the command
form in user in voice or switch mode and sends signal to the Node MCU unit, over a wireless network
established by Wi-Fi communication. Hence the Wi-Fi module (actually inbuilt into Node MCU),
helps the microcontroller establish Wi-Fi communication with a device and take commands from an
application over wireless network. The Node MCU on further receiving the signal then turns on/off
the appliance with the help of relay. The Node MCU, relay and the final appliances are physically
connected. There is a power supply unit that powers the microcontroller, the relay as well as the final
appliances. There is also a display unit that displays the status of the application.

3.3.2 Proposed system

The android OS provides the flexibility of using the open source. The inbuilt sensors can be accessed
easily. The application used to control the system has the following features. Android Phone acts as a
client and data are sent via sockets programming. The application takes command from user in two
different modes.

• Switch mode: Switch mode uses the radio buttons that are used to control the home
appliances. The radio button sends the status of the switch.
• Voice mode: Voice Mode is used to control the home appliances using voice command. Using
the inbuilt microphone of Smartphone, the application creates an intent that fetches the
speech data to the Google server which responds with a string data. The string data are
further analysed and then processed.

More detailed discussion about the modes of control and how they actually control the system is discussed
if coming chapters.

27
3.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 14. Connection diagram of Node MCU controlling 4 channel relay module.

28
 CHAPTER 4
HARWARE MODELLING AND SETUP

4.1 MAIN FEATURES OF THE PROTOTYPE

The features of the developed prototype are:

• The prototype establishes a wireless remote switching system of home appliances.

• The prototype uses Wi-Fi to establish wireless control, which gives an indoor range to about
150 feet.
• The command to switch on and off an appliance can be given from radio buttons on the
application from one’s smartphone.
• There is also a provision developed to use voice commands on smartphone to remotely
switch home appliances
• Any device capable of Wi-Fi connectivity can be used to control the prototype.
• The control over home appliances is obtained over secure connections, by SSL over TCP, SSH.

• Simple design easy to integrate into a verity of appliances and extend on further range.

• Displays the status of each appliances on the application in smartphone

• Cost effective.

4.2 PROJECT LAYOUT

Project
module

Hardware Software
module module

Node 4 channel 9V LED and Blynk Google IFTTT

MCU relay battery Resistors application assistant application
module

Figure 15. Layout of project module

29
Node MCU is the microcontroller unit in the prototype. It has an in built Wi-Fi module (ESP8266)
thatestablishes wireless remote switching of home appliances.

Four channel relay module consists 4 individual relays physically connected between Node MCU
and the home appliances. It takes signals form GPIO pins of Node MCU and accordingly connects or
disconnects home appliances from the supply. They act as the switching device.

LED and resistors are used in this prototype to replace real appliances. They indicate power being
turned on and off to the appliances. In real time operation they would be replaced by actual home
appliances.

4.3 COMPONENTS REQIRED

Component Quantity
SL. NO
Node MCU 1
1.
4 channel relay board 1
2.
9V battery 1
3.
LED 4
4.
2.2K Ω Resistor 4
5.
Blank PCB (KS100) 1
6.
Male pin header 1
7.
Female pin header 1
8.
Jumper wires 8
9.
USB Cable 1
10.

Table 2. Component listing.

30
4.4 SETTING UP THE SYSTEM

4.4.1 Driver installation for hardware interfacing

Mostly these days devices download and install drivers on their own, automatically. Windows doesn’t
know how to talk to the USB driver on the Node MCU so it can’t figure out that the board is a Node
MCU and proceed normally.

• Node MCU Amica is an ESP8266 Wi-Fi module based development board. It has got Micro
USB slot that can directly be connected to the computer or other USB host devices. Ti has got
15X2 header pins and a Micro USB slot, the headers can be mounted on a breadboard and
Micro USB slot is to establish connection to USB host device. It has CP2120 USB to serial
converter.
• In order to install CP2120 (USB to serial converter), user is needed to download the driver for
the same.
• Once user downloads drivers as per its respective operating system, the system establishes
connection to Node MCU.
• The user needs to node down the COM post allotted to newly connected USB device (Node
MCU) from device manager of the system. This com port number will be required while using
Node MCU Amica.

4.4.2 Interfacing Node MCU with Arduino IDE

To begin with the latest Arduino IDE version, we’ll need to update the board manager with a custom
URL. Open up Arduino IDE and go to File > Preferences. Then, copy below URL into the
Additional Board Manager URLs text box situated on the bottom of the window:
http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json
Figure 17. Arduino IDE preferences

31
 OK. Then navigate to the Board Manager by going to Tools > Boards > Boards Manager. There
should be a couple new entries in addition to the standard Arduino boards. Filter your search
by typing esp8266. Click on that entry and select Install.

Figure 18. ESP8266 board installation in Arduino IDE.

Before we get to uploading sketch & playing with LED, we need to make sure that the board is
selected properly in Arduino IDE. Open Arduino IDE and select Node MCU 0.9 (ESP-12 Module)
option under your Arduino IDE > Tools > Board menu.

32
 Figure 19. Arduino IDE board manager installation.

Now, plug your ESP8266 NodeMCU into your computer via micro-B USB cable. Once the board is
plugged in, it should be assigned a unique COM port. On Windows machines, this will be something
like COM#, and on Mac/Linux computers it will come in the form of /dev/tty.usbserial-XXXXXX.
Select this serial port under the Arduino IDE > Tools > Port menu. Also select the Upload Speed:
115200

Figure 20. Assigning communication port on Arduino IDE.

4.4.3 Uploading code to Node MCU

• NodeMCU is connected to PC using a USB cable.

• Now, we’ll set up the Arduino IDE by changing some settings. So, open up the Arduino IDE.
Select Tools > Board and select ‘NodeMCU 1.0 (ESP-12E Module)’ as the board. And that’s
all the settings we need to change. So now we begin writing the code.

• Select Files > Examples > Blynk > Boards_WIFI > ESP8266_Standalone. A new file with
some prewritten code opens. The following changes to the code are made.

33
 1. The line which says ‘char auth[] = “YourAuthToken”, replace YourAuthToken part
2. The line which says char ssid[] = “YourNetworkName”, replace YourNetworkName
partwith the name of Wi-Fi network that the Node MCU must connect to.

3. The line where it says char pass[] = “YourPassword” and replace the YourPassword
partwith the password of the Wi-Fi network.

Figure 21. Code in Arduino IDE to be installed to Node MCU.

• The code is ready to be uploaded to the hardware. On clicking upload button, the code is
uploaded to Node MCU and the next time it’s powered on, it automatically connects to the
assigned Wi-Fi network.

4.5 HARDWARE ASSEBLY

Hardware assembly mainly includes connecting specific digital pins of NodeMCU to the 4
relays on the relay module, including the connection of supply and ground pins. The main
functional assemble in this prototype is simple. The further 4 relays are fit to be connected to
any appliance desired to be controlled.
The vital part in hardware assembly is taking into account the digital pin that corresponds to
which relay. This connection is done as per the setup of Blynk application. The radio buttons
34
on Blynk application are set up to switch a particular digital pin in Node MCU. It is made sure
that the relay connection are physically made according to this set up. For example, we have
assigned the radio button on Blynk application corresponding to relay 1 to work with D3. Then
physical connection of relay 1 is made with D3 of Node MCU.

Figure 24. Node MCU & 4 channel relay connection.

In this prototype instead of real home appliances, we connect the relays to LEDs, (according to
circuit diagram) to just ensure the functionality of the prototype. The prototype is given a supply
from a 9V battery.

35
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 CODE

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>

// Replace with your network credentials

// to create its own wifi network
const char* ssid = "M-TECH";
const char* password = "manimarantech";

// Assign output variables to GPIO pins

const int output12 = D5;
const int output27 = D6;
const int output13 = D7;
const int output14 = D8;

WiFiServer server(80);

String header;
String output12State = "off";
String output13State = "off";
String output14State = "off";
String output27State = "off";

void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
// Initialize the output variables as outputs
pinMode(output12, OUTPUT);
pinMode(output13, OUTPUT);
pinMode(output14, OUTPUT);
pinMode(output27, OUTPUT);

// Set outputs to high because we are using active low type relay module
digitalWrite(output12, LOW);
digitalWrite(output13, LOW);
36
 digitalWrite(output14, LOW);
digitalWrite(output27, LOW);

connectWiFi();
while ((!(WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED)))
{
connectWiFi();
}

server.begin();
}

void loop()
{
while ((!(WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED)))
{
connectWiFi();
}

WiFiClient client = server.available(); // Listen for incoming clients

if (client) { // If a new client connects,

Serial.println("New Client."); // print a message out in the serial port
String currentLine = ""; // make a String to hold incoming data from the client
while (client.connected()) { // loop while the client's connected
if (client.available()) { // if there's bytes to read from the client,
char c = client.read(); // read a byte, then
Serial.write(c); // print it out the serial monitor
header += c;
if (c == '\n') { // if the byte is a newline character
// if the current line is blank, you got two newline characters in a row.
// that's the end of the client HTTP request, so send a response:
if (currentLine.length() == 0) {
// HTTP headers always start with a response code (e.g. HTTP/1.1 200 OK)
// and a content-type so the client knows what's coming, then a blank line:
client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");
client.println("Content-type:text/html");
client.println("Connection: close");
client.println();

// turns the GPIOs on and off

//foe GPIO12
if (header.indexOf("GET /12/on") >= 0)
{
Serial.println("RELAY 1 on");
output12State = "on";
digitalWrite(output12, HIGH);

37
}
else if (header.indexOf("GET /12/off") >= 0)
{
Serial.println("RELAY 1 off");
output12State = "off";
digitalWrite(output12, LOW);
}

//for GPIO13
else if (header.indexOf("GET /13/on") >= 0)
{
Serial.println("RELAY 3 on");
output13State = "on";
digitalWrite(output13, HIGH);
}
else if (header.indexOf("GET /13/off") >= 0)
{
Serial.println("RELAY 3 off");
output13State = "off";
digitalWrite(output13, LOW);
}

//for GPIO14
else if (header.indexOf("GET /14/on") >= 0)
{
Serial.println("RELAY 4 on");
output14State = "on";
digitalWrite(output14, HIGH);
}
else if (header.indexOf("GET /14/off") >= 0)
{
Serial.println("RELAY 4 off");
output14State = "off";
digitalWrite(output14, LOW);
}

//for GPIO27
else if (header.indexOf("GET /27/on") >= 0)
{
Serial.println("RELAY 2 on");

38
 output27State = "on";
digitalWrite(output27, HIGH);
}
else if (header.indexOf("GET /27/off") >= 0)
{
Serial.println("RELAY 2 off");
output27State = "off";
digitalWrite(output27, LOW);
}

// Display the HTML web page

client.println("<!DOCTYPE html><html>");
client.println("<head><meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\">");
client.println("<link rel=\"icon\" href=\"data:,\">");
// CSS to style the on/off buttons
// Feel free to change the background-color and font-size attributes to fit your preferences
client.println("<style>html { font-family: Helvetica; display: inline-block; margin: 0px auto; text-
align: center;}");
client.println(".button { background-color: #4CAF50; border: none; color: white; padding: 16px
40px;");
client.println("text-decoration: none; font-size: 30px; margin: 2px; cursor: pointer;}");
client.println(".button2 {background-color: #555555;}</style></head>");

// Web Page Heading

client.println("<body><h1>M-TECH smart home</h1>");

// Display current state, and ON/OFF buttons for RELAY 1

client.println("<p>RELAY 1 - State " + output12State + "</p>");
// If the output12State is off, it displays the ON button
if (output12State=="off") {
client.println("<p><a href=\"/12/on\"><button class=\"button\">ON</button></a></p>");
} else {
client.println("<p><a href=\"/12/off\"><button class=\"button button2\">OFF</button></a></p>");
}

39
 // Display current state, and ON/OFF buttons for RELAY 2
client.println("<p>RELAY 2 - State " + output27State + "</p>");
// If the output27State is off, it displays the ON button
if (output27State=="off") {
client.println("<p><a href=\"/27/on\"><button class=\"button\">ON</button></a></p>");
} else {
client.println("<p><a href=\"/27/off\"><button class=\"button button2\">OFF</button></a></p>");
}

// Display current state, and ON/OFF buttons for RELAY 3

client.println("<p>RELAY 3 - State " + output13State + "</p>");
// If the output13State is off, it displays the ON button
if (output13State=="off") {
client.println("<p><a href=\"/13/on\"><button class=\"button\">ON</button></a></p>");
} else {
client.println("<p><a href=\"/13/off\"><button class=\"button button2\">OFF</button></a></p>");
}

// Display current state, and ON/OFF buttons for RELAY 4

client.println("<p>RELAY 4 - State " + output14State + "</p>");
// If the output14State is off, it displays the ON button
if (output14State=="off") {
client.println("<p><a href=\"/14/on\"><button class=\"button\">ON</button></a></p>");
} else {
client.println("<p><a href=\"/14/off\"><button class=\"button button2\">OFF</button></a></p>");
}

client.println("</body></html>");

// The HTTP response ends with another blank line

client.println();
// Break out of the while loop
break;
} else { // if you got a newline, then clear currentLine
currentLine = "";
}
} else if (c != '\r') { // if you got anything else but a carriage return character,
currentLine += c; // add it to the end of the currentLine

40
 }
}
}
// Clear the header variable
header = "";
// Close the connection
client.stop();
Serial.println("Client disconnected.");
Serial.println("");
}
}

void connectWiFi()
{
pinMode(2, OUTPUT);
WiFi.disconnect();
WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA);
Serial.println("Connecting to wifi......");

WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
while ((!(WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED)))
{
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
delay(300);
digitalWrite(2,LOW);
delay(200);

Serial.println(" - ");
}
Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi connected");
Serial.println("NodeMCU Local IP is : ");
Serial.print((WiFi.localIP()));

digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
delay(400);
digitalWrite(2,LOW);

5.2 RESULT
The experimental model was made according to the circuit diagram and the results were as expected.
The home appliances could be remotely switched over Wi-Fi network. Both the switch mode and the
voice mode control methodologies were successfully achieved. The Blynk application was also
41
successful in displaying the status of every application.

5.3 FURTHER ENHANCEMENT AND FUTURE SCOPE

Looking at the current situation we can build cross platform system that can be deployed on various
platforms like iOS, Windows. Limitation to control only several devices can be removed by extending
automation of all other home appliances. The prototype can include sensors to implement automatic
control of the home appliances like; an LDR that can sense daylight and switch lamp accordingly, a
PIR to detect motion and be used for security purposes making an alarm buzz, or a DHT11 sensor
that’s senses ambient temperature and humidity of atmosphere and switch fan/air conditioner
accordingly. Scope of this project can be expanded to many areas by not restricting to only home, but
to small offices

5.4 CONCLUSION
It is evident from this project work that an individual control home automation system can be cheaply
made from low-cost locally available components and can be used to control multifarious home
appliances ranging from the security lamps, the television to the air conditioning system and even the
entire house lighting system. And better still, the components required are so small and few that they
can be packaged into a small inconspicuous container. The designed home automation system was
42
tested a number of times and certified to control different home appliances used in the lighting
system, air conditioning system, home entertainment system and many more . Hence, this system is
scalable and flexible.

43
 CHAPTER 7
REFFERENCES

a. “Smart Energy Efficient Home Automation System using IOT”, by Satyendra K.

Vishwakarma, Prashant Upadhyaya, Babita Kumari, Arun Kumar Mishra.

b. “IOT Based Smart Security and Home Automation”, by Shardha Somani, Parikshit Solunke,
Shaunak Oke, Parth Medhi, Prof. P. P. Laturkar.

c. “A Dynamic Distributed Energy Management Algorithm of Home Sensor Network for Home
Automation System”, by Tui-Yi Yang, Chu-Sing Yang, Tien-Wen Sung; in 2016 Third
International Conference on Computing Measurement Control and Sensor Network.

d. “Enhance Smart Home Automation System based on Internet of Things”, by Tushar Churasia
and Prashant Kumar Jain; in Proceedings of the Third International Conference on I-SMAC
(IoTin Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC 2019) IEEE Xplore Part
Number:CFP19OSV- ART; ISBN:978-1-7281-4365-1

e. “Visual Machine Intelligence for Home Automation”, by Suraj, Ish Kool, Dharmendra
Kumar, Shovan Barman.

f. “A Low Cost Home Automation System Using Wi-Fi based Wireless Sensor Network
Incorporating internet of Things”, by Vikram.N, Harish.K.S, Nihaal.M.S, Raksha Umesh,
Shetty Aashik Ashok Kumar; in 2017 IEEE 7th International Advance Computing
Conference.

g. “Voice Controlled Home Automation System using Natural Language Processing and
Internet of Things”, by Mrs. Paul Jasmin Rani, Jason Bakthakumar, Praveen Kumaar.B,
Praveen Kumaar.U, Santhosh Kumar; in 2017 Third International Conference on Science
Technology Engineering & Management (ICONSTEM)

44
 h. Wikipedia(2009). HomeAutomation. From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation

i. Theory of IOT from :https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT

J. About Node MCU from: https://lastminuteengineers.com/esp8266-nodemcu-arduino-

tutorial/

45