PATHFIT 1 – Detailed Notes
1. Components of Physical Education and Health
A. Health-related components
Body Composition – ratio of fat mass to lean mass (muscle, bone, water).
Flexibility – ability of the joints to move through a full range of motion.
Muscular Strength – maximum amount of force a muscle can exert in a single effort.
Muscular Endurance – ability of a muscle group to perform repeated contractions over
time.
Cardiorespiratory Endurance – efficiency of the heart, lungs, and vascular system in
delivering oxygen during sustained physical activity.
B. Skill-related components
Agility – ability to change direction quickly while maintaining control.
Speed – ability to move quickly from one point to another.
Power – ability to exert maximum force in a short period of time (strength + speed).
Balance – ability to maintain equilibrium while stationary or moving.
Coordination – ability to use body parts smoothly and efficiently.
Reaction Time – time taken to respond to a stimulus.
2. Training Principles
Progression – making the activity harder (increasing intensity, duration, or load).
Regression – making the activity easier (reducing intensity, duration, or load).
3. Directional Terms (based on anatomical position)
Medial – toward the body’s midline.
Lateral – away from the body’s midline.
Distal – farthest from the point of origin (e.g., wrist is distal to elbow).
Proximal – closest to the point of origin (e.g., elbow is proximal to wrist).
Superior – above, toward the head.
Inferior – below, toward the feet.
Anterior (ventral) – toward the front of the body.
Posterior (dorsal) – toward the back of the body.
Superficial – near or on the body’s surface.
Deep – away from the body’s surface, internal.
4. Anatomical Terms of Movement
Flexion – decreasing the angle between two bones (e.g., bending the elbow).
Extension – increasing the angle between two bones (e.g., straightening the elbow).
Hyperextension – extending past normal range (e.g., bending the head backward).
Abduction – movement away from the midline (e.g., raising arm sideways).
Adduction – movement toward the midline (e.g., lowering arm to the side).
Medial (internal) rotation – rotation toward the midline (e.g., turning arm inward).
Lateral (external) rotation – rotation away from the midline (e.g., turning arm outward).
Circumduction – circular movement of a limb describing a cone shape (arm or leg
circles).
Elevation – raising a body part upward (e.g., shrugging shoulders).
Depression – lowering a body part downward (e.g., pressing shoulders down).
Protraction – moving shoulder girdle forward (scapula away from spine).
Retraction – moving shoulder girdle backward (scapula toward spine).
Pronation – rotating forearm medially (palm down).
Supination – rotating forearm laterally (palm up).
Plantar Flexion – pointing toes downward (away from body).
Dorsiflexion – pointing toes upward (toward shin).
Inversion – turning sole of foot inward.
Eversion – turning sole of foot outward.
Tilt (pelvis) – anterior (forward), posterior (backward), or lateral (side to side).
