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Chicken
The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a
domesticated subspecies of the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus), Chicken
originally native to Southeast Asia. It was first domesticated
around 8,000 years ago and is one of the most common and
widespread domesticated animals in the world. Chickens are
primarily kept for their meat and eggs, though they are also
kept as pets.[1]

As of 2023, the global chicken population exceeds 26.5 billion,

with more than 50 billion birds produced annually for
consumption. Specialized breeds such as broilers and laying
hens have been developed for meat and egg production,
respectively. A hen bred for laying can produce over 300 eggs
per year. Chickens are social animals with complex
vocalizations and behaviors, and feature prominently in
folklore, religion, and literature across many societies. Their
economic importance makes them a central component of
global animal husbandry and agriculture.
Male (left) and female (right)

Nomenclature Conservation status

Domesticated
Terms for chickens include:
Scientific classification
Biddy: a chicken, or a newly hatched chicken[2][3] Kingdom: Animalia
Capon: a castrated or neutered male chicken[a] Phylum: Chordata
Chick: a young chicken[4]
Class: Aves
Chook /tʃʊk/: a chicken (Australia/New Zealand,
informal)[5] Order: Galliformes
Cock: a fertile adult male chicken[6][7] Family: Phasianidae
Cockerel: a young male chicken[8] Genus: Gallus
Hen: an adult female chicken[9]
Species: G. gallus
Pullet: a young female chicken less than a year old.[10] In
the poultry industry, a pullet is a sexually immature Subspecies: G. g. domesticus
chicken less than 22 weeks of age.[11] Trinomial name
Rooster: a fertile adult male chicken, especially in North
America. Originated in the 18th century, possibly as a Gallus gallus domesticus
euphemism to avoid the sexual connotation of the word (Linnaeus, 1758)
cock.[12][13][14]
Yardbird: a chicken (southern United States, dialectal)[15]
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Chicken can mean a chick, and this was historically the

meaning of the word chicken,[16] as in William Shakespeare's
play Macbeth, where Macduff laments the death of "all my
pretty chickens and their dam".[17] The usage is preserved in
placenames such as the Hen and Chicken Islands.[18] In older
sources, and still often in trade and scientific contexts,
chickens as a species are described as common fowl or
domestic fowl.[19]
Chicken distribution

Synonyms
Description Gallus domesticus L.

Chickens are relatively large birds, active by

day. The body is round, the legs are
unfeathered in most breeds, and the wings are
short.[20] Wild junglefowl can fly; chickens and
their flight muscles are too heavy to allow them
to fly more than a short distance.[21] Size and
coloration vary widely between breeds.[20]
Newly-hatched chicks of both modern and
heritage varieties weigh the same, about 37 g
(1.3 oz). Modern varieties however grow much Comb of female, generally
faster; by day 35 a Ross 708 broiler may weigh smaller

1.8 kg (4.0 lb) as against the 1.05 kg (2.3 lb) of

a heritage chicken of the same age.[22] Comb and wattles of
male
Adult chickens of both sexes have a fleshy crest
on their heads called a comb or cockscomb,
and hanging flaps of skin on either side under their beaks called wattles; combs and wattles are more
prominent in males. Some breeds have a mutation that causes extra feathering under the face, giving
the appearance of a beard.[23]

Chickens are omnivores.[24] In the wild, they scratch at the soil to search for seeds, insects, and
animals as large as lizards, small snakes,[25] and young mice.[26] A chicken may live for 5–10 years,
depending on the breed.[27] The world's oldest known chicken lived for 16 years.[28]

Chickens are gregarious, living in flocks, and incubate eggs and raise young communally. Individual
chickens dominate others, establishing a pecking order; dominant individuals take priority for access
to food and nest sites. The concept of dominance, involving pecking, was described in female chickens
by Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe in 1921 as the "pecking order".[29][30] Male chickens tend to leap and
use their claws in conflicts.[31] Chickens are capable of mobbing and killing a weak or inexperienced
predator, such as a young fox.[32] Chickens have been thought of primarily as providers of food, but
their cognition, emotions, and sociality are comparable with other birds and mammals.[33]

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A male's crowing is a loud and sometimes shrill call, serving as

a territorial signal to other males,[34] and in response to
sudden disturbances within their surroundings. Hens cluck
loudly after laying an egg and to call their chicks. Chickens
give different warning calls to indicate that a predator is
approaching from the air or on the ground.[35]

0:06
Reproduction and life-cycle
Crowing (with audio)
To initiate courting, some roosters may dance in a circle
around or near a hen (a circle dance), often lowering the wing
which is closest to the hen.[36] The dance triggers a response in the hen[36] and when she responds to
his call, the rooster may mount the hen and proceed with the mating. Mating typically involves a
sequence in which the male approaches the female and performs a waltzing display. If the female is
unreceptive, she runs off; otherwise, she crouches, and the male mounts, treading with both feet on
her back. After copulation the male does a tail-bending display.[37]

Sperm transfer occurs by cloacal contact between the male and female, in an action called the 'cloacal
kiss'.[38] As with all birds, reproduction is controlled by a neuroendocrine system,[39] the
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-I neurons in the hypothalamus. Reproductive hormones including
estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone)
initiate and maintain sexual maturation changes. Reproduction declines with age, thought to be due to
a decline in GnRH-I-N.[40]

Hens often try to lay in nests that already contain eggs and
sometimes move eggs from neighbouring nests into their own.
A flock thus uses only a few preferred locations, rather than
having a different nest for every bird.[41] Under natural
conditions, most birds lay only until a clutch is complete; they
then incubate all the eggs. This is called "going broody". The
hen sits on the nest, fluffing up or pecking defensively if
disturbed. She rarely leaves the nest until the eggs have
hatched.[42]

Eggs of chickens from the high-altitude region of Tibet have Newly hatched chicks
special physiological adaptations that result in a higher
hatching rate in low oxygen environments. When eggs are
placed in a hypoxic environment, chicken embryos from these populations express much more
hemoglobin than embryos from other chicken populations. This hemoglobin has a greater affinity for
oxygen, binding oxygen more readily.[43]

Fertile chicken eggs hatch at the end of the incubation period, about 21 days; the chick uses its egg
tooth to break out of the shell.[36] Hens remain on the nest for about two days after the first chick
hatches; during this time the newly hatched chicks feed by absorbing the internal yolk sac.[44] The hen

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guards her chicks and broods them to keep them warm. She leads them to food and water and calls
them towards food. The chicks imprint on the hen and subsequently follow her continually. She
continues to care for them until they are several weeks old.[45]

Inbreeding of White Leghorn chickens tends to cause inbreeding depression expressed as reduced egg
number and delayed sexual maturity.[46] Strongly inbred Langshan chickens display obvious
inbreeding depression in reproduction, particularly for traits such as age when the first egg is laid and
egg number.[47]

Origin

Phylogeny
Water or ground-dwelling fowl similar to modern partridges,
in the Galliformes, the order of bird that chickens belong to,
survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that
killed all tree-dwelling birds and their dinosaur relatives.[48]
Chickens are descended primarily from the red junglefowl
(Gallus gallus) and are scientifically classified as the same
species.[49] Domesticated chickens freely interbreed with
populations of red junglefowl.[49] The domestic chicken has
subsequently hybridised with grey junglefowl, Sri Lankan Red junglefowl, the wild ancestor of the
junglefowl and green junglefowl; [50] a gene for yellow skin, for chicken
instance, was incorporated into domestic birds from the grey
junglefowl (G. sonneratii).[51] It is estimated that chickens
share between 71 and 79% of their genome with red junglefowl.[50]

Domestication
According to one early
study, a single
domestication event of the
red junglefowl in present-
day Thailand gave rise to
the modern chicken with
minor transitions
separating the modern
breeds.[54] The red
junglefowl is well adapted
to take advantage of the
vast quantities of seed
produced during the end Chicken domestication and dispersal;[50] possibility of early arrival in Americas[52][53]
of the multi-decade

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bamboo seeding cycle, to boost its own reproduction.[55] In domesticating the chicken, humans took
advantage of the red junglefowl's ability to reproduce prolifically when exposed to a surge in its food
supply.[56]

Exactly when and where the chicken was domesticated remains controversial. Genomic studies
estimate that the chicken was domesticated 8,000 years ago[50] in Southeast Asia and spread to China
and India 2,000 to 3,000 years later. Archaeological evidence supports domestic chickens in
Southeast Asia well before 6000 BC, China by 6000 BC and India by 2000 BC.[50][57][58] A landmark
2020 Nature study that fully sequenced 863 chickens across the world suggests that all domestic
chickens originate from a single domestication event of red junglefowl whose present-day distribution
is predominantly in southwestern China, northern Thailand and Myanmar. These domesticated
chickens spread across Southeast and South Asia where they interbred with local wild species of
junglefowl, forming genetically and geographically distinct groups. Analysis of the most popular
commercial breed shows that the White Leghorn breed possesses a mosaic of divergent ancestries
inherited from subspecies of red junglefowl.[59][60][61]

Dispersal

Austronesia
A word for the domestic
chicken (*manuk) is part
of the reconstructed Proto-
Austronesian language,
indicating they were
domesticated by the
Austronesian peoples since
ancient times. Chickens,
together with dogs and
pigs, were carried
throughout the entire
range of the prehistoric
Austronesian maritime
migrations to Island
Southeast Asia,
Micronesia, Island
Melanesia, Polynesia, and
Madagascar, starting from Prehistoric introduction of domesticated chickens into Oceania from the Philippines
at least 3000 BC from via Neolithic Austronesian expansion (starting at c. 4000 BP), inferred from genetic
Taiwan. [62][63][64][65] markers on ancient and modern chicken DNA (Thomson et al., 2014)[62]
These chickens may have
been introduced during
pre-Columbian times to South America via Polynesian seafarers, but this is disputed.[66]

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Americas
The possibility that domestic chickens were in the Americas before Western contact is debated by
researchers, but blue-egged chickens, found only in the Americas and Asia, suggest an Asian origin for
early American chickens. A lack of data from Thailand, Russia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast
Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa makes it difficult to lay out a clear map of the spread of chickens in these
areas; better description and genetic analysis of local breeds threatened by extinction may also help
with research into this area.[67] Chicken bones from the Arauco Peninsula in south-central Chile were
radiocarbon dated as pre-Columbian, and DNA analysis suggested they were related to prehistoric
populations in Polynesia.[52][53] However, further study of the same bones cast doubt on the
findings.[68][69]

Eurasia
Chicken remains have been difficult to date, given the small and fragile bird bones; this may account
for discrepancies in dates given by different sources. Archaeological evidence is supplemented by
mentions in historical texts from the last few centuries BC, and by depictions in prehistoric artworks,
such as across Central Asia.[70] Chickens were widespread throughout southern Central Asia by the
4th century BC.[70]

Middle Eastern chicken remains go back to a little earlier than 2000 BC in Syria.[67] Phoenicians
spread chickens along the Mediterranean coasts as far as Iberia. During the Hellenistic period (4th–
2nd centuries BC), in the southern Levant, chickens began to be widely domesticated for food.[71] The
first pictures of chickens in Europe are found on Corinthian pottery of the 7th century BC.[72][73]

Breeding increased under the Roman Empire and reduced in the Middle Ages.[67] Genetic sequencing
of chicken bones from archaeological sites in Europe revealed that in the High Middle Ages chickens
became less aggressive and began to lay eggs earlier in the breeding season.[74]

Africa
Chickens reached Egypt via the Middle East for purposes of
cockfighting about 1400 BC and became widely bred in Egypt around
300 BC.[67] Three possible routes of introduction into Africa around
the early first millennium AD could have been through the Egyptian
Nile Valley, the East Africa Roman-Greek or Indian trade, or from
Carthage and the Berbers, across the Sahara. The earliest known
remains are from Mali, Nubia, East Coast, and South Africa and date
back to the middle of the first millennium AD.[67]

Diseases
Chickens are susceptible both to parasites such as mites, and to A chicken in Nigeria
diseases caused by pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The
parasite Dermanyssus gallinae feeds on blood, causing irritation and

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reducing egg production, and acts as a vector for bacterial

diseases such as salmonellosis and spirochaetosis.[75] Viral
diseases include avian influenza.[76]

Use by humans

Farming 8 day old chick with avian influenza

Chickens are common and widespread domestic animals, with
a total population of 23.7 billion as of 2018.[77] More than 50
billion chickens are reared annually as a source of meat and eggs.[78] In the United States alone, more
than 8 billion chickens are slaughtered each year for meat,[79] and more than 300 million chickens are
reared for egg production.[80] The vast majority of poultry is raised in factory farms. According to the
Worldwatch Institute, 74% of the world's poultry meat and 68% of eggs are produced this way.[81] An
alternative to intensive poultry farming is free-range farming. Friction between these two main
methods has led to long-term issues of ethical consumerism. Opponents of intensive farming argue
that it harms the environment, creates human health risks and is inhumane towards sentient
animals.[82] Advocates of intensive farming say that their efficient systems save land and food
resources owing to increased productivity, and that the animals are looked after in a controlled
environment.[83] Chickens farmed for meat are called broilers. Broiler breeds typically take less than
six weeks to reach slaughter size,[84] some weeks longer for free range and organic broilers.[85]

Chickens farmed primarily for eggs are called layer hens. The
UK alone consumes more than 34 million eggs per day.[86]
Hens of some breeds can produce over 300 eggs per year; the
highest authenticated rate of egg laying is 371 eggs in 364
days.[87] After 12 months of laying, the commercial hen's egg-
laying ability declines to the point where the flock is
commercially unviable. Hens, particularly from battery cage
systems, are sometimes infirm or have lost a significant
amount of their feathers, and their life expectancy has been
A commercial chicken house with open
reduced from around seven years to less than two years.[88] In
sides raising broiler pullets for meat
the UK and Europe, laying hens are then slaughtered and used
in processed foods, or sold as 'soup hens'.[88] In some other
countries, flocks are sometimes force moulted rather than being slaughtered to re-invigorate egg-
laying. This involves complete withdrawal of food (and sometimes water) for 7–14 days[89] or
sufficiently long to cause a body weight loss of 25 to 35%,[90] or up to 28 days under experimental
conditions.[91] This stimulates the hen to lose her feathers but also re-invigorates egg-production.
Some flocks may be force-moulted several times. In 2003, more than 75% of all flocks were moulted in
the US.[92] Chickens are one of the most efficient sources of foods for many different purposes.

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As pets
Keeping chickens as pets became increasingly popular in the 2000s[93]
among urban and suburban residents.[94] Many people obtain chickens for
their egg production but often name them and treat them as any other pet
like cats or dogs. Chickens provide companionship and have individual
personalities. While many do not cuddle much, they will eat from one's
hand, jump onto one's lap, respond to and follow their handlers, as well as
show affection.[95][96] Chickens are social, inquisitive, intelligent[97] birds,
and many people find their behaviour entertaining.[98] Certain breeds, such
as silkies and many bantam varieties, are generally docile and are often
recommended as good pets around children with disabilities.[99]
Woman with her pet
rooster, Cuba
Cockfighting
A cockfight is a contest held in a ring called a cockpit between
two cocks. Cockfighting is outlawed in many countries as
involving cruelty to animals.[100] The activity seems to have
been practised in the Indus Valley civilisation from 2500 to
2100 BC.[101] In the process of domestication, chickens were
apparently kept initially for cockfighting, and only later used
for food.[102]

A cockfight in Tamil Nadu, India, 2011

In science
Chickens have long been used as model organisms to study
developing embryos. Large numbers of embryos can be provided commercially; fertilized eggs can
easily be opened and used to observe the developing embryo. Equally important, embryologists can
carry out experiments on such embryos, close the egg again and study the effects later in development.
For instance, many important discoveries in limb development have been made using chicken
embryos, such as the discovery of the apical ectodermal ridge and the zone of polarizing activity.[103]

The chicken was the first bird species to have its genome sequenced.[104] At 1.21 Gb, the chicken
genome is similarly sized compared to other birds, but smaller than nearly all mammals: the human
genome is 3.2 Gb.[105] The final gene set contained 26,640 genes (including noncoding genes and
pseudogenes), with a total of 19,119 protein-coding genes, a similar number to the human
genome.[106] In 2006, scientists researching the ancestry of birds switched on a chicken recessive
gene, talpid2, and found that the embryo jaws initiated formation of teeth, like those found in ancient
bird fossils.[107]

In culture, folklore, and religion

Chickens are featured widely in folklore, religion, literature, and popular culture. The chicken is a
sacred animal in many cultures and deeply embedded in belief systems and religious practices.[108]
Roosters are sometimes used for divination, a practice called alectryomancy. This involves the
sacrifice of a sacred rooster, often during a ritual cockfight, used as a form of communication with the
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gods.[109] In Gabriel García Márquez's Nobel-Prize-winning 1967 novel One Hundred Years of
Solitude, cockfighting is outlawed in the town of Macondo after the patriarch of the Buendia family
murders his cockfighting rival and is haunted by the man's ghost.[110] Chicken jokes have been made
at least since The Knickerbocker published one in 1847.[111] Chickens have been featured in art in
farmyard scenes such as Adriaen van Utrecht's 1646 Turkeys and Chickens and Walter Osborne's
1885 Feeding the Chickens.[112] The nursery rhyme "Cock a doodle doo", its chorus line imitating the
cockerel's call, was published in Mother Goose's Melody in 1765.[113] The 2000 animated adventure
comedy film Chicken Run, directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park, featured anthropomorphic chickens
with many chicken jokes.[114][115][116]

Rooster and hen, Đông Hồ

folk woodcut, Vietnam
Etruscan askos in the form of Feeding the chickens by
a rooster, 4th century B.C. Walter Osborne, 1885

Joseph Crawhall III, Spanish Wooden chicken mask, Bali, Carved and painted wooden
Cock and Snail, c. 1900 late 20th century tribal statue of a cock fight,
Yoruba, West Africa, c. 2000

Rooster sculpture, Bordeaux,

France. The bird is a symbol
of the country.[117]

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Notes
a. The surgical and chemical castration of chickens is illegal in some parts of the world.

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External links
Data related to Gallus gallus domesticus at Wikispecies

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