ECC ACADEMY

ECC ACADEMY,MARTHANDAM
WEATHER AND CLIMATE G-1

 Weather and climate are the terms that are related to the
atmospheric conditions
 Weather is a day to day conditions of atmosphere at any place in
regard to temperature, pressure, wind, humidity and rainfall within
24 hours.
 Climate is the average state of weather for a longer period of time
at any place. It is recorded for the minimum period of 30-35 years
to get accurate output.
 Study of climate is called as climatology
 Study of Weather is called Meterology
 Aerology is the branch of meterology which including
 Observation
 Research of atmosphere using air balloons, Radio senses and
airplanes
 The word climate is derived from the Greek word ‘klima’ which
means inclination
FACTORS INFLUENCE CLIMATE AND WEATHER
 Latitude
 Altitude
 Distance from the sea
 Wind
 Position of Mountains
LATITUDE
 India lies between 804’ N to 3706’ N Latitude
 23030’ N Latitude tropic of Cancer divides the Country into two
equal halves
 The part of the Country to the north of tropic of cancer lie in warm
Temperature zone.
 Hence they experience low temperature particularly in winter.
 The angle formed by solar radiation to the ground is angle of
Incidence.
 It decreases from equator towards poles.
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 Eg) New Delhi situation in 380N latitude experience 230C

Kanniyakumari at 80N Latittude experience 320C during
Norember.
ALTITUDE
 When altitude increase temperature decreases for every 165 m
temperature decreases by 10C and for every 1000 m temperature
decreases by 6.50C.
 This is called normal lapse rate.
 Places at high altitude (Mountains) are cooler than plains
 Eg. New Delhi situated at 239 m altitude experiance 40.20C while
temperature of simla situated at 2205m experience 23.70 C at the
month of june.
DISTANCE FROM THE SEA
 Place to the north of tropic of cancer experience continental
climate’ where the summer is extremely hot and winter is
extremely cool.
 The prevalance of temperature is due to far off location from the
sea.
 Place to the south of tropic of cancer experience equable climate.
 Which is neither hot nor too cold.
 Equable climate is also known as British climate.
WIND
 During the day land masses get heated more rapidly than the
oceans.
 So high pressure is developed over oceans and low pressure over
land
 Wind blows from sea to land is called sea breeze.
 i.e why coastal area experience cooler summer than other areas.
 During night the land cools more rapidly than oceans
 So high pressure develops over land.
 Wind blows from land to sea is called as land breeze.
POSITION OF MOUNTAINS
 Position of Mountains plays a vital role.
 Himalayas in North India obstructs the cold wind from central asia
to india
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 Aravalli range lies parallel to the southwest monsoon winds and so

western side of this ranges is desert and receives less rainfall.
MONSOON
 Monsoon is dreived from Arabic word ‘Mausim’ meaning seasons.
 Monsoon was used by Arab travellers to describe system of
Alternating winds over the Arabian sea.
 It blows from south west to north east during summer and
Northeast to southwest during winter.
 Winds which reverse their direction completely between summer
and winter is monsoon winds.
 Due to this India experience “Tropical Monsoon Climate”
 Main feature of Monsoon winds is change of seasons which
determine climate of India.
SEASONS
 On basis of monsoon variation meterologists recognize four
seasons in India.
 Summer / pre monsoon / hot weather season (March to May)
 South west Monsoon / Rainy Season (June to September)
 North East Monsoon (October – December)
 Winter/cold weather season (January to February)
SUMMER
 The Summer season starts in march and Continues up to May
 During this season the suns rays are vertical over tropic of Cancer.
 In North west India the day temperature may be high as 50 0C.
 Due to this low pressure prevail over the northern part od India
 Southern part of India has moderate weather conditions because it
is nearer to sea.
 Maximum mean temperature varies from 260C to 350C High
Pressure develops due to low temperature.
 Wind blows from South west to North east direction in Arabian sea
and Bay of Bengal.
 They bring pre monsoon showers to west coastal area during May.
 There are few thunder showers called mango showers’ which helps
in the quick ripening of Karnataka.
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 North Eastern part of India also experience local storms called

Norwesters: these thunderstorms are known as kalbaisakhi.
 It is the calamity in the month of Baisakh in punjab
 Strong hot winds blow during day time over northern and
northwest part of india are called as Loo winds.
SOUTH WEST MONSOON
 By the end of May low pressure is formed over north west part of
country.
 At the same time oceans becomes cool and high pressure area
develops over sea.
 Wind blow from Indian ocean towards land of India.
 These winds blow from south east direction
 When they cross the equator they get deflected due to coriolis and
blow as southwest monsoon.
 When they approach southern part of kerala, they give rain with
violent thunderstorms indicating onset of monsoon and lightening
this is know as monsoon burst.
 Due to peninsular shape of country it is divided in to
 Arabian sea branch
 Bay of Bengal branch
ARABIAN SEA BRANCH
 Blowing from Arabian sea, first part of wind strikes at western
Ghats
 Kerala is the 1st state to receive rainfall from the southwest
monsoon in India, which occur during 1 st week of June
 Mumbai gets a heavy rainfall of over 150 cm as it lies on the
windward side of western Ghats while pune gets less than 50 cm
rainfalls as it lies on the leeward side of western Ghats.
 Then the wind gradually moves towards the north of western coast,
leads to gradual development of monsoon in karnataka Goa,
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan.
 The Second part of wind blow throught the vidhya satpura ranges
& strikes against Rajmahal hills and causes heavy rainfall in the
chotanagpur plateau the third part of this wind blow through
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Rajasthan where Aravalli mountains stand parallel to the direction

of this wind.
 So it doesnot give rainfall to Rajasthan.
 The wind then advances towards the foothills of Himalayas and
creates rainfall in punjab haryana.
 The wind then reaches Himachal pradesh and combines with Bay
of Bengal Branch.
 It gets obstructed by shiwalik hills and gives good rainfall to the
foothills of this region.
BAY OF BENGAL BRANCH
 Indira point in Great Nicobar is the 1 st place which receives rainfall
due to bay of Bengal branch in May
 It strikes kasi, Garo, Jaintia Hills.
 This wind causes heavy rainfall in Mawsynram part of this branch
gets deflected by himalayas and move towards west giving rain to
Gangetic plains
 As it moves further westward loss its moisture content gives scanty
rainfall to punjab and Haryana.
 TN remains dry because it lies in the leewards side of Arabian sea
branch and parallel to Bay of Bengal branch.
NORTH EAST MONSOON
 During this season sun moves towards the tropic of capricorn
 Land mass of India loss heat and has high pressure.As temperature
in the sea is moderate low pressure occurs in sea.Wind blows from
land to sea.
 As it is a cold dry wind it doesn’t give rainfall to land region.But
when it crosses Bay of Bengal it absorbs moisture and gives heavy
rain to coramandal coast.
 So Andhra and TN get heavy rainfall
WINTER
 During winter sun is overhead in the Tropic of Capricorn.
 The land mass becomes cold in north Indian where the mean
temperature remains 210(high pressure)
 Low pressure form in south India.
 Wind blows from north west India towards south India.
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 These winds are called as retreating winds blowing from land to

sea and do not cause much rainfall
 But when it crosses Bay of Bengal absorbs moistures and give
rainfall to TN and south Andhra pradesh.
 Low pressure depression originates over the mediterranean sea and
travels eastwards towards Iran and Afghanistan and reaches India.
 This low pressure is called western Disturbance.
 Jet stream plays a major role in bringing this rainfall
 This causes rainfall in punjab Haryana Himachal Pradesh which is
very useful for cultivation of Wheat.
 It bring snowfall in the hills of Jammu and Kashmir.
RAINFALL
 Rainfall is the predominant types of precipitation.
 Mositure laden air masses raises upwards forms clouds and bring
rainfall .
 Average rainfall of India is 118 cm
 Annual rainfall varies from 1187cm to 25cm
 Mawsynram 16 km west of cherrapunji in the states of Megalaya
receives 1187 cm rainfall which is highest in world. Thar desert in
Rajasthan receives 25cm rainfall.
 Based upon the mechanisms of Raising the air, they are of 3 types.
 Convectional Rainfalls
 Orographic Rainfalls
 Cyclonic Rainfalls
CONVECTIONAL RAINFALL
 Earth suface is heated through solar radiation during day time.
 As a result of heating of the Surface air, the warm moist air
expands and is forced to rise to great height.
 As the air rise it cool reaches dew point and condense to form
clouds.
 This influence the upper troposheric circulation.
 By further cooling precipitation takes place as rainfalls
 This rainfalls occurs throughout the year near the equator in the
afternoon (or) evening
 It is called as 4 ‘O’ clock rainfall.
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OROGRAPHIC RAINFALL
 It is also called as relief rainfall
 It occurs when large mass of air is forced to rise across land
barriers such as high mountain ranges.
 Plateaus, escarpments or over high hills.
 On the windward side of the region the warm moist air raises.
 Temperature of air falls below its dew point forming clouds which
give subsequent rainfall
 As the wind moves to leeward side it has emptied itself of
moisture and descends the scope as warm dry winds
CYCLONIC RAINFALL:
 It is also called as frontal rainfall .
 It is associated with cumulo Nimbus clouds.
 When warm and cool air masses converge condensation,
Precipitation occurs due to frontal rainfall.
 Cyclonic rainfall is very heavy and accompained with Lightning
and thunder high speed winds blows which has potential to cause
damage.
DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL
 It depends on two factors
 Positions of Mountain ranges
 Direction of rain bearing Winds
 30% of country →15 to 80 cm rainfalls
 40% area of Country →80 cm rainfall
 20% area of Country →120 to 180cm
 10% area of Country →200 cm
 On the basis of amount of rainfalls
REGION OF VERY HEAVY RAINFALL
 Areas with over 300cm of rain
 The southern slopes of Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Bengal, west
coast region comprising konkan, Malabar coast.
REGION OF HEAVY RAINFALL
 Areas with rainfalls between 200 to 300cm
 Middle Ganga valley, Western, Ghats, Eastern Maharashtra,
Madhya Pradesh, Odissa
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REGION OF MODERATE RAIN FALL

 Areas with 100 to 200 cm rain fall
 Cover upper Ganga Valley, Eastern Rajasthan, punjab, Southern
Deccan, Plateau regions of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil nadu
REGIONS OF SCANTY RAINFALL
 Areas with less than 50 cm
 Covers northern part of kashmir, western, Rajasthan, Southern
Punjab
LIGHTNING AND THUNDER
 They are caused by the differences in the electrical charge of
difference parts of the cloud
 The top of the cloud becomes positively charged and bottom is
negatively charged
 When the difference is greater lightning occurs
 Difference in the charge between cloud and earth surface causes
lightning
 Thunder is caused by rapid expansion of air that is heated as the
lightning pass through it
 Lightling travels at a speed of 96,560 miles /sec
 Person who studies lightning called as fulminologist
 Study or science of lightning is called fulminology
 There are 16 Million lightning occurs every year
 It can generate electricity from lightning.
NOTE
 Mawsynram the place which receives highest rainfall (1141 cm) in
the world.
 It is located in Meghalaya
 Atacama desert is the driest place in the world.
 Tamilnadu lies in the south of tropic of Cancer
 Annual temperature ranges from 18 0 to 430 and annual rainfall is
958.5 mm
 Winter temperature of TN varies from 150C to 250C.
 Summer temperature of TN varies from 300C to 400C.
 In hill station the winter temperature drops below 50C some valleys
in Nillgiris records 00C
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 Chinnakallar near valparai is the 3rd wettest place in India and it is

the wettest place in the Tamilnadu.
 Line Joining equal amount of Rainfall is isohyets.
 Kerala and TN are in same latitude but kerala receives more
rainfall which is in windward side of western Ghats and TN is in
leeward side.
JETSTREAMS
 Air current in the upper layer of the atmosphere is called as
jetstreams
 It determines the arrival and departure of monsoon winds in India.
 wavy nature of the Jetstreams is represented as “Rossby waves”
ELNINO
 It is a complex weather phenomenon that appears every 5 to 10
years.
 It brings drought flood and other extreme weather conditions
 It delays the onset of southwest monsoon in India
 It occurs during the month of December Mainly in Peru and
Ecuador.
 Elnino Means Monsoon failure
 It is known as ‘christ child’ in Spanish