MODALS

How are modal verbs used?

Modal verbs are used to express certain hypothetical conditions, such as
advisability, capability, or requests (there’s a full list in the next section). They’re
used alongside a main verb to inflect its meaning.
Consider the difference between these two examples:
I swim every Tuesday.
I can swim every Tuesday.
The first example is a simple factual statement. The speaker participates in a
swimming activity every week on Tuesdays.
The second example uses the modal verb can. Notice how the meaning changes
slightly. The speaker does not necessarily swim every Tuesday; they’re saying that
they are capable of swimming every Tuesday or that the possibility exists for them
to swim every Tuesday. It’s hypothetical.
Because modal verbs are auxiliary, they can’t generally be used on their own. A
modal verb can appear alone only in a sentence only if the main verb is implied
because it has previously been established.
Can you swim every Tuesday?
Yes, I can.
Modal verbs are quite common in English; you’ve seen them in action hundreds
of times even if you didn’t know what they were called. The most frequently used
ones are:
 can
 may
 might
 could
 should
 would
 will
 must
There are other, less common modal verbs. Some—like shall and ought—are
rarely used any longer. There are also verbs that can function either as main verbs
or as modal auxiliaries depending on the context; got, need, and have all behave
like modal verbs in the common colloquial expressions got to, need to, and have
to. Some modal verbs express very specific conditions that don’t come up often,
like dare in its modal form in “Dare I ask?” The word used in the idiomatic
phrase used to, as in “I used to be an English student too,” behaves like a modal
verb with only a past tense form.
When are modal verbs used?
What special conditions do modal verbs indicate? Here’s a list, along with
examples:

Likelihood
Some things seem likely to be true but can’t be stated as definite facts. In these
cases, you can use the modal verbs should and must to show probability without
certainty.
Her parents must be so proud.
My baby brother should be asleep by now.

Possibility
In a situation when something is possible but not certain, use the modal
verb could, may, or might.
Judging by the clouds, it might rain today.
She may become the youngest pro soccer player ever.

Ability
The modal verb can expresses whether the subject of a sentence is able to do
something. Likewise, the negative form, cannot or can’t, shows that the subject is
unable to do something.
She can speak three languages but none of them well.
You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.

Permission
If you want to ask permission to do something, start your question with can, may,
or could. Traditionally, may is considered more formal and polite usage for
permission; if you ask “Can I go to the bathroom?” it could be misinterpreted as
“Do I have the ability to go to the bathroom?” However, in modern informal
usage, may and can are both perfectly acceptable options for describing
possibility or permission.
Students, you may leave early today.
Could I play too?

Request
Similarly, if you want to ask someone else to do something, start your question
with will, would, can, or could.
Would you get that box off the top shelf?
Will you turn that music down?

Suggestion/advice
What if you want to recommend a course of action but not command it? If you’re
giving suggestions or advice without ordering someone around, you can use the
modal verb should.
You should try the lasagna.
That guy should wear less cologne.

Command
 On the other hand, if you want to command someone, use the modal
verbs must, have, or need. With the latter two, the main verb does not drop the
word to from its infinitive form.
You must wash your hands before cooking.
You need to be here before 8:00.

Obligation or necessity
Modal verbs can express a necessary action, such as an obligation, duty, or
requirement. Likewise, the negative forms express that an action is not necessary.
Use the same modal verbs as with commands: must, have, and need.
We have to wait for our boss to arrive before we open.
You don’t need to come if you don’t want to.

Habit
To show an ongoing or habitual action—something the subject does regularly—
you can use the modal verb would for the past tense and will for the present and
future. The phrase used to is also acceptable when you’re talking about a habit in
the past.
When I lived alone, I would fall asleep with music.
I will arrive early to every meeting and leave late.

How to use modal verbs (with examples)

Luckily, using modal verbs in a sentence is pretty simple. For basic sentences—in
the simple present tense—just remember these rules:
 Modal verbs come directly before the main verb except for in questions.
 With modal verbs, use the infinitive form of the main verb. With most but not all
modal verbs, to is dropped from the infinitive.
So if you want to brag about your ability to eat an entire pizza, you use the modal
verb can before the infinitive form of eat without to—which is simply eat. The
rest of the sentence continues as normal.
I can eat an entire pizza.
If you want to communicate that circumstances are requiring you to eat an entire
pizza, you might use the modal verb have before the infinitive form of eat,
retaining to:
I have to eat an entire pizza.
For yes/no questions, you still use the infinitive form of the main verb, but the
order is a little different: [modal verb] + [subject] + [main verb infinitive].
Can you eat an entire pizza?
Do you have to eat an entire pizza?
Note that in the second example above, because have is a verb that only
sometimes functions as an auxiliary verb and at other times functions as a main
verb, the question is formed with the auxiliary verb do at the beginning.
Because modal verbs deal largely with general situations or hypotheticals that
haven’t actually happened, all of the core ones can refer to present and future
time but only some of them can refer to past time, and most of the time they do
not change form to make different tenses. However, all of them can be used with
different conjugations of a sentence’s main verb to refer to present or future time
in different ways, so let’s talk a little about verb tenses and modal verbs.

Present tenses
We already covered the simple present above, but you can also use modal verbs
in the present continuous and present perfect continuous tenses.
Present continuous
After the modal verb, use the word be followed by the –ing form of the main
verb: [modal verb] + be + [verb in -ing form].
I should be going.
Present perfect continuous
You can add a modal verb before a main verb in the present perfect continuous
tense without changing much. However, note that the main verb always forms
the present perfect continuous using have been, when appearing with a modal
verb, never had been, even if the subject is third-person. The formula is [modal
verb] + have been + [main verb in -ing form].
She must have been sleeping.

Simple past and present perfect tenses

Using a modal verb in the simple past or the present perfect (which indicates an
action that happened in the past but is directly related to the present) is a little
trickier.
Only a few of the core modal verbs have the ability to refer to past
time: could, might, should, and would. They do this by functioning at times as the
past tense forms of their fellow modal verbs can, may, shall, and will. But keep in
mind that, as we saw above, could, might, should, and would also have different
senses in which they refer to the present and the future, indicating possibility,
permission, request, habit, or other conditions. None of the modal verbs can be
used in the past perfect, the past continuous, or the past perfect
continuous tense.
Simple past
Of the main modal verbs listed at the top, only can and will can be used in the
simple past. The expressions have to and need to can also be used in the simple
past, when conjugated as had to and needed to. Other modal verbs use the
present perfect to discuss events in the past.
Can and will use their past tense form plus the infinitive form of the main verb
without to, just like in the present: could/would + [main verb infinitive].
I could do a handstand when I was a kid.
During exam season in college, I would not sleep much.
Present perfect
To form the present perfect using the modal verb could, might, should, or would,
use the present perfect form of the main verb, which is have plus the past
participle. As with the present perfect continuous, you always use have, even if
the subject is third-person: could/might/should/would + have + [main verb past
participle].
I might have gone to the party, but I forgot.

Future tenses
Because the simple future, future continuous, future perfect, and future perfect
continuous tenses of main verbs are all already formed with the modal verb will,
when you want to indicate likelihood, permission, or any of the other conditions
discussed above in the future, it often makes sense to do it in some other way
than by adding a modal verb.
They will be more likely to come over tomorrow if you give them plenty of
warning.
However, there are also situations in which a modal verb other than willcan be
used to talk about something in the future. In these cases, the new modal verb
just replaces will in the sentence, and the main verb takes the same form it would
with will..
I can hang out tomorrow.
Could I be majoring in law next year?
They should have left by the time we get there.
By twenty years from now, I may have traveled to more conferences than I care to
recall.