The TCP/IP Protocol Suite/Layers (layer-by-layer)

1. Application Layer
a. Name System
i. Domain Name System (DNS) - it's a system that translates
human-readable domain names into machine-readable IP
addresses.
b. Host Config
i. BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol) - it helps a device obtain an IP
address and other essential configuration details when it starts
up, usually without needing any pre-configured settings.
ii. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - is a network
protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses and other
network configuration parameters to devices on a network.
c. Email
i. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - is the standard
protocol used for sending email over the internet.
ii. POP (Post Office Protocol) - is a protocol used by email clients
to retrieve emails from a mail server.
iii. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) - is a protocol used
by email clients to retrieve and manage emails stored on a
mail server.
d. File Transfer
i. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - is a standard network protocol
used to transfer files between computers over a TCP/IP
network, such as the internet or an intranet.
ii. TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) - It's designed to be a
smaller, simpler alternative to FTP, focusing on basic file
transfers without the complex features or security mechanisms
that FTP provides.
e. Web
i. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) - is the foundational
protocol used for transferring web pages and other resources
over the internet. It's a request-response protocol that allows
 a client to request resources from a server, and the server
responds by sending the requested resources back to the
client.
2. Transport Layer
a. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) - is a communication protocol that
operates at the transport layer of the Internet Protocol Suite
(TCP/IP). It is one of the core protocols used for sending data over a
network and is often used when speed is more important than
reliability.
b. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) - is one of the core protocols of
the Internet Protocol Suite, alongside IP (Internet Protocol). It is a
connection-oriented protocol used to ensure reliable and orderly
communication between devices on a network.
3. Internet Layer
a. IP (Internet Protocol) - is a fundamental networking protocol used
for addressing and routing data packets across the internet and other
networks.
b. NAT (Network Address Translation) - is a technique used in
computer networks to modify the source or destination IP address in
the IP packet headers as they pass through a router or firewall.
c. IP Support
i. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) - is a network
protocol used by network devices, like routers and computers,
to send control messages and error reports about the network
conditions.
d. Routing Protocols
i. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) – is a link-state routing
protocol used to determine the best path for data to travel
across an IP network.
ii. EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) - It is
used to dynamically route traffic within an autonomous system
(AS), which is a network or collection of networks under a
single administration.
4. Network Access Layer
a. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) - is a network protocol used to
map an IP address (Layer 3) to a MAC address (Layer 2) in a local
network. ARP operates within a local area network (LAN) to help
devices find each other and communicate at the data link layer.
b. PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) - is a data link layer protocol used to
establish a direct connection between two networking devices over a
point-to-point link.
c. Ethernet - is one of the most widely used LAN (Local Area Network)
technologies for connecting devices in a network. It defines the
standards for the physical and data link layers of the OSI (Open
Systems Interconnection) model, providing the framework for how
devices communicate over a wired network.
d. Interface Drivers - are software components that allow the operating
system (OS) to interact with and manage network interfaces, such as
Ethernet adapters, Wi-Fi cards, or other types of network devices.
These drivers enable devices to send and receive data over a network
using standardized protocols like TCP/IP.