SQL
SQL stands for Structured Query Language.
It is a standard language used for manipulating, storing, and retrieving data in database.
It is a standard language for Relational Database System.
SQL can be used for the following:
- It can execute queries against a database.
- It can be used to retrieve data from a database.
- It can also insert, delete, update records in a database.
- Using SQL one can create new databases as well as create new tables in a database.
- It can create views in a database.
- It can also set permissions on tables, procedures, and views.
Commands:
Create, Update, Delete, Drop, Insert, Select.
The above and many more commands can be classified into the following groups based on their nature:
Sr. No. Language Command Usage of the command Syntax
Database Creation: Create Database
Database_name;
Example: Create Database College;
Table Creation: Create Table
This command is used to create table_name (column1 datatype, column2
the database or its objects (like datatype….);
Create table, views etc.) Example: Create Table students (id
number, name varchar (50), Roll_no
number, marks number);
ALTER TABLE – ADD: ALTER
TABLE table_name ADD
(Columnname_1 datatype,
Columnname_2 datatype….);
ALTER TABLE – DROP: ALTER
TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN
column_name;
Using Alter command one can
Alter ALTER TABLE-MODIFY: ALTER
1. Modify an existing database
DDL (Data TABLE table_name MODIFY
object, such as a table.
Definition column_name column_type;
Language) ALTER TABLE – RENAME: ALTER
TABLE table_name RENAME TO
new_table_name;
ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME
COLUMN old_name TO new_name
Dropping Database: Drop Database
Drop command is used to Delete Database_name;
Drop an entire table, a view of a table Example: Drop Database College;
or other objects in the database. Dropping Table: Drop Table table_name;
Example: Drop table students;
Truncate command is used to
remove all records from a table, Truncate table table_name; Example:
Truncate
including all spaces allocated for Truncate table students
the records are removed
Only Values: INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2, value3…);
Example: INSERT INTO Student
VALUES (5,’HARSH’,’WEST
BENGAL’,19);
Column names and values both:
Insert command is used to insert INSERT INTO table_name (column1,
Insert data into a table column2, column3...) VALUES (value1,
value2, value3,..);
Example: INSERT INTO Student
(ROLL_NO, NAME, Age) VALUES
(‘5′,’PRATIK’,’19’);
This command is used to update UPDATE table_name SET column1 =
DML (Data existing data within a table. value1 WHERE condition;
2. Manipulation Update Example: UPDATE Student SET NAME
Language) = 'PRATIK' WHERE Age = 20;
Delete command is used to DELETE FROM table_name WHERE
delete records from a database condition;
Delete table. Example: DELETE FROM Student
WHERE NAME = 'Ram’;
This command gives users
-
Grant access privileges to the database.
DCL (Data
3. Control
Language) This command withdraws user’s
Revoke access privileges given by using -
the GRANT command.
Commit command is used to
Commit save all the transactions to the -
TCL database.
(Transaction
4. Control
Language) Rollback command is used to
undo transactions that have not
Roll back -
already been saved to the
database.
It is used to roll the transaction
back to a certain point without
Save Point -
rolling back the entire
transaction.
Query to fetch selected fields:
SELECT column1, column2 FROM
This command is used to retrieve table_name; Example: SELECT
DQL (Data data from the database. ROLL_NO, NAME, AGE FROM
Select
5. Query students;
Language) Query to fetch all fields:
SELECT * FROM table_name; Example:
Select * from student
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