Applied science focuses on solving real-world

problems.

It combines principles from physics,

Defining Applied Science biology, and engineering.
chemistry,

It creates solutions for industries like

healthcare, energy, manufacturing,
environmental
and sustainability.
Introduction to Applied Science
Problem-solving approach: Addresses specific
challenges such as energy shortages, pollu-
or disease.
tion,

Interdisciplinary Nature: Integrates knowl-

Key Characteristics of Applied Science from
edge multiple scientific fields.

Real-world Impact: Directly influences

industries, economies, and societies by
developing new technologies and improv-
existing
ing ones.

Materials science studies the proper-

structures,
ties, and applications of materi-
als.
Recent advancements have led to the
development of new materials with
extraordinary properties.

Properties: High electrical and thermal

conductivity, exceptional strength, and
flexibility.
Graphene: A single layer of carbon atoms
arranged in a hexagonal lattice.
Applications: Transistors, sensors, batteries,
composites.
and

Key Areas of Recent Developments Materials Science Properties: High strength, lightweight,
Advanced Materials excellent
and conductivity.
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs): Cylindrical
nanostructures made of carbon
Applications: Electronics, aerospace, and
atoms. energy storage.

Metamaterials: Engineered materials Applications: Invisibility cloaks, super-

properties
with not found in nature. and antennas.
lenses,

Shape-Memory Alloys: Materials that return to

their original shape after deformation when Applications: Medical stents, actuators, and
exposed to heat. robotics.

Piezoelectric Materials: Materials that gener-

an Applications: Sensors, energy harvesters,
Smart Materials ateelectric charge in response to mechanical ultrasound devices.
stress. and

Bioplastics: Plastics derived from renewable Applications: Packaging, disposable cutlery,

sources like corn starch or sugarcane. and 3D printing.
Biodegradable Materials:
Biodegradable Polymers: Polymers that Applications: Medical implants, drug deliv-
down
break naturally in the environment. systems,
ery and agriculture.

Nanotechnology involves manipulating mat-

at
terthe nanoscale (<100 nanometers) to create
new materials and devices.

Nanoparticles deliver drugs directly to cancer

Targeted Drug Delivery cells, minimizing side effects.

Tiny robots that perform surgeries or clean

Nanorobotics arteries.

Applications of Nanotechnology
Nanoschips: Smaller and faster processors
computers
for and smartphones.
Electronics
Quantum Dots: Nanocrystals used in dis-
and
playssolar cells.

Nanomaterials for Solar Cells: Im-

Nanotechnology efficiency
prove and reduce costs.
Energy
Nanobatteries: Higher energy density and
charging.
faster

Nanosensors: Detect pollutants, pathogens,

chemicals
or in real-time.
Recent Developments in Nanotech…
Water Purification: Nanomaterials like
remove contaminants from water.
graphene

Biotechnology uses living organisms or

components
their in developing products and
technologies.

A gene-editing tool that allows precise Applications: Treating genetic disorders;

CRISPR-Cas9 modification of DNA. creating disease-resistant crops.
Genetic Engineering
Applications: Agriculture (pest-resistant crops);
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) Organisms with altered DNA for improved… medicine (insulin production).

Biotechnology Designing and constructing new biologi- Applications: Biofuels, biodegradable plastics,
Synthetic Biology systems. and artificial organs.
cal

Examples: Monoclonal antibodies, vaccines,

Biopharmaceuticals Drugs produced using biological… recombinant proteins.
and

Renewable energy focuses on sustain-

sources
able to replace fossil fuels.

A new generation of solar cells with high

Solar Energy Perovskite Solar Cells efficiency and low production costs.

Solar panels installed on water bodies to save

Floating Solar Farms land and reduce evaporation.

Offshore Wind Turbines: Turbines installed in

oceans to harness stronger and more consis-
winds.
tent
Wind Energy
Vertical-Axis Turbines: Compact wind turbines
suitable for urban areas.
Renewable Energy
Solid-State Batteries: Safer and more efficient
than traditional lithium-ion batteries.
Energy Storage
Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Generate electricity by
combining hydrogen and oxygen, with water
the
as only byproduct.
Recent Developments
in Applied Science AI in Energy Grids: Optimizes energy
distribution and reduces waste.
Recent Developments in Renewable En…
Bioenergy from Algae: Algae are cultivated to
produce biofuels.

AI and ML involve creating systems that can

learn and make decisions.

AI predicts equipment failures before they

AI in Engineering Predictive Maintenance occur, reducing downtime.

Self-driving cars uses data for navigation and

Autonomous Vehicles decision-making.

Natural Language Processing (NLP): Enables

machines to understand and respond to hu-
language
man (e.g., ChatGPT).
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and ML Applications
Machine Learning (ML) Image Recognition: Used in healthcare for
diagnosing diseases and in security for facial
recognition.

Generative AI: Creates content like text, im-

and
ages,music.
Recent Developments in AI
AI-Driven Drug Discovery: Accelerates the
development of new medicines.

Robotics involves designing and operat-

robots,
ing while automation focuses on us-
technology
ing to perform tasks with minimal
human intervention.
Industrial Robotics
Automation in manufacturing: Robots assem-
Collaborative Robots (Cobots) Robots that work alongside humans in facto… products, weld, and paint with high precision.
ble

Surgical Robots: Perform minimally inva-

surgeries
sive with high precision.
Robotics and Automation Medical Robotics
Rehabilitation Robots: Assist patients
recovering
in mobility after injuries.

Swarm Robotics: Multiple robots work togeth-

to
er complete tasks (e.g., search and rescue).
Recent Developments in Robotics
Soft Robotics: Robots made of flexible
materials for delicate operations.

IoT refers to a network of interconnected

devices that communicate and exchange
data.
Devices like thermostats, lights, and secu-
Applications of IoT Smart Homes systems are controlled remotely.
rity

Sensors and machines in factories communi-

Industrial IoT… to optimize production.
Internet of Things (IoT) cate

5G-Enabled IoT: Faster and more reliable

connectivity for IoT devices.
Recent Developments in…
Edge Computing: Data is processed closer to
the source, reducing latency.

Quantum computing uses quantum-mechani-

phenomena
cal to perform computations.

Quantum computers can break tradition-

Applications of Quantum Computing Cryptography encryption methods.
al

Solving complex problems in logistics, finance,

Optimization Problems and drug discovery.
Quantum Computing
Quantum Supremacy: Google demon-
that a quantum computer could solve a
strated
problem faster than a classical computer.
Recent Developments in Quantum Com…
Quantum Algorithms: Algorithms de-
specifically
signed for quantum computers.

New industries and job opportunities

created.
are
Economic Impact
Increased productivity and efficiency reduce
costs.

Renewable energy and biodegradable materi-

Impact of Recent Developments Environmental Im… reduce pollution.
als

Improved healthcare and quality of life.

Social Impact
Enhanced communication and connectiv…

Genetic engineering and AI raise ques-

Ethical Concerns about
tions privacy and morality.

High costs and scalability issues hinder

Challenges in Applied Science Technological Limitations adoption.

E-waste and the impact of large-scale

Environmental Concerns renewable energy projects.

AI + IoT (AIoT) for smarter sys…

Integration of Technologies
Biotechnology + nanotechnology for
personalized medicine.
Future Trends
Sustainable Development Circular economy and zero-waste technologies.

Space Technology Space exploration and satellite-based in…