Science

Newton’s Laws of Motion

Classical physics is defined as the system of theories about the physical world that emphasizes
cause and effect relationships, enabling predictions of future behavior based on present
conditions. It includes foundational laws of motion and gravitation established by Isaac Newton
from the theories of Aristotle and Galileo.

- Newton’s laws explain how forces affect the motion of objects, including the concepts of
inertia, acceleration, and action-reaction forces.

Aristotle
- Objects require a force for motion; objects with greater mass have greater acceleration
thus heavier objects fall faster
Galileo
- Objects will continue to move with a constant velocity if no external force
acts to affect its motion; all objects fall at the same rate regardless of mass

Terminologies
1. Mass (m)
− is the amount of matter present in an object. (Constant)
− The greater the mass of an object, the greater the inertia.
2. Acceleration (a)
− is the rate at which an object's velocity changes over time
3. Force (F)
− An interaction, experienced as a push or a pull, that can cause an object to
accelerate, deform, or change its state of motion (move or stop) or direction
− An object with no net force acting on it is said to be translational equilibrium.
4. Weight (W)
− is the gravitational attraction between a body such as the Earth and any object on
its surface.
− Changes depending on the celestial body and its mass (W=mg)

First Law: Law of Inertia

- States that an object remains at rest or in uniform straight-line motion unless acted
upon by an external force.

Inertia is the resistance an object has to change in its motion.

Types of Inertia
1. Inertia of Rest - objects stays still unless moved / resist motion
2. Inertia of Motion – objects in motion stays in motion / resist stopping
3. Inertia of Direction – objects keep moving in the same direction / resist change in direction

Uniform motion is a motion in a straight path when there is neither change in speed nor direction.
- Balanced forces result in no change in motion (object remains at rest or moves uniformly).
- Any object moving at constant velocity has no net external force acting upon it, which
means that the sum of the forces acting on the object must be zero.
- Rest is just one kind of Constant velocity

- Unbalanced forces cause change: acceleration, deceleration, or change of direction.

Examples of Inertia
• Passengers lurch forward when a car suddenly stops.
• Difficulty pushing a stationary (dead) car.
• A horse suddenly stopping causes the rider to fly forward.
 • A satellite orbits Earth maintaining motion due to inertia.

Newton’s Second Law: Law of Acceleration

- The unit of force is N (67N or 67 kg m/s 2)

For smaller objects dyne is the unit of measurement. 1dyne is 1g (grams)

accelerating at 1cm/s2
𝟏𝒅𝒚𝒏𝒆= 𝟏𝟎−𝟓𝒅𝒚𝒏𝒆s

- States that, “the acceleration of an object with constant mass is proportional to the net
force action on it and is in the same direction of the net force”.

- Basically, it means the harder you pull/push something that has a constant mass the faster
it accelerates in the same direction

The second law explains what the relationship between the net force (F) action on a
mass (m) and its acceleration (a)

Σ F = ma or F = ma

- Force is directly proportional to mass and is inversely proportional to acceleration

• More Mass = More Force to move it
• More Mass = Less Acceleration

- This law is vectorial: Force and Acceleration have both magnitude and direction
components. (They Have Direction because it's a Vector Relation)

Σ Fx = max OR Σ Fy = may

Newton’s Third Law: Law of Interaction

− For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Situation: Rocket Launching

Action Force: Rocket pushes gases downward
Reaction Force: Gases push rocket upward
Tip: Basta upward and action, downward ang reaction
“An equal and opposite reaction”

Friction
- is a resistive force that opposes relative motion between surfaces. It slows or prevents
motion between surfaces

Types of Friction
1. Static Friction
− Prevents motion between surfaces at rest
− need to overcome the reaction of the applied force to start movement (overcome
the friction that matches the applied force to move)
2. Sliding Friction (Kinetic Friction)
− Resists motion between sliding surfaces; acts opposite the direction of movement
3. Rolling Friction
− Opposes motion of rolling objects
− It is caused by the elastic deformation of the rolling object and the surface it
contacts
− Weaker than sliding friction
4. Fluid Friction (Viscosity
 − Resistance to motion between fluids or between fluid layers moving relative to each
other
− It's the force that opposes movement through a fluid or the internal shearing of the
fluid
− Liquid or Gas

Category of Forces
1. Contact Force
Result of 2 objects touching each other

• Applied Force
− a force exerted on an object by another object
• Friction
− a resistive force that opposes relative motion between surfaces
• Tension
− a pulling force transmitted axially through a flexible medium, such as a rope,
when its ends are pulled in opposite directions.

2. Non-Contact Force
forces act on an object without coming into contact with another object

• Gravitational Force
− an object attracts another object towards itself
• Magnetic Force
− a force that attracts or repels magnetic object
• Electrostatic Force
− a force that exists between electrically charged particles
• Nuclear Force
− a force that binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom,
overcoming electrostatic repulsion