MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITTUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Assignment – I

1.a.What are the major components of 4 wheeler automobiles. Briefly explain the functions
of the components.

Ans)

The major components of an automobile are :-

1. Basic Structure
2. Engine/Power Unit
3. Transmission
4. Controls
5. Auxiliaries
6. Super Structure

1) Basic Structure:-

Basic structure is the unit which are to be built the reminder of the units required to turn into
a power operated vehicle. It consists of the frame, the suspension system, axles, wheels and
tyres.

a) Frame:

Frames are of two types:

1. The conventional pressed steel frame to which all the mechanical units are attached and
on which the body is super imposed.

2. The integral or frameless construction, in which the body structure is designed as to

combine the functions of body and frame, the units normally aatached to the frame then
being attached directly to the body.

b) Suspension System:

The functions of the suspension system are:

1) They prevent shock from being transmitted to the vehicle components.

2) To pressure the stability of the vehicle in pitching or rolling or in motion.

c) Axles:

The weight-carrying portions of the axles, whether it maybe front or rear, maybe
considered as beams supported at the ends, loaded at two intermediate points(the spring
centres) and subjected to various loads.

d) Wheels:

A wheel of a motor vehicle that transmits force, transforming torque into tractive
force from the tires to the road, causing the vehicle to move. The powertrain delivers

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
enough torque to the wheel to overcome stationary forces, resulting in the vehicle moving
forwards or backwards.

2) Power Plant:

The power plant (engine) provides the motive power for all the various functions which the
vehicle or any part of it may be called upon to perform.

The power plant generally consist of an internal combustion engines which may either be
spark-ignition or of compression-ignition type.

3) Transmission System:

The transmission system consist of a clutch, a gear box giving four, five or six different ratio
of torque output to torque input, a propeller shaft to transmit the torque output from the gear
box to the rear axle and a differential gear to distribute the final torque equally between the
driving wheels.

4) The Auxiliaries:

The principal one out of these-in that it is common to almost all types of vehicles – is the
electrical system. This can be divided into 4 subsystems:-

1) Supply System - Battery and Generator

2) The Starter
3) The ignition system – Battery and magneto ignition
4) Auxiliary devices

5) The Controls:

The control consists of:-

1) Steering Mechanism : types :a)Ackerman’s Steering Mechanism

b)David’s Steering Mechanism

2) Braking System : types : Hydraulic, Shoe, Eddy

6) The Super Structure:

In these cases, where frameless construction is not adopted, these must be a separate
superstructure,i.e., the body attached to the frame while in case of frameless construction the
body performs the functions of both. The body contains the passenger and the luggage space,
besides the engine compartment.

b). Explain briefly the various types of chassis construction will help of suitable
diagram.

Ans)

CHASSIS:
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Chassis is a French term which is now denotes the whole vehicle except body in case of
heavy vehicles. In case of light vehicles of mono construction, it denotes the whole vehicle
except additional fittings in the body. “Chassis consists of engine, power train, brakes,
steering system and wheels mounted on a frame”.

The frame is the main part of the chassis on which remaining parts of chassis are mounted.
The frame should be extremely rigid and strong so that it can withstand shocks, twists,
stresses and vibrations to which it is subjected while vehicle is moving on road. It is also
called underbody. The frame is supported on the wheels and tyre assemblies. The frame is
narrow in the front for providing short turning radius to front wheels. It widens out at the rear
side to provide larger space in the body.

There are three types of frames :

(a) Conventional frame,

(b) Semi-integral frame,

and (c) Integral frame (or unit frame)

a) Conventional Frame

It is non-load carrying frame. The loads of the vehicle are transferred to the suspensions by
the frame. This suspension in the main skeleton of the vehicle which is supported on the axles
through springs. The body is made of flexible material like wood and isolated frame by
inserting rubber mountings in between. The frame is made of channel section or tubular
section of box section. Example : This type of frame is used for trucks.

b) Semi-integral Frame

In this case the rubber mountings used in conventional frame between frame and suspension
are replaced by more stiff mountings. Because of this some of the vehicle load is shared by

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
the frame also. This type of frame is heavier in construction. Example : Popular in European
and American car.

c) Integral Frame or Frame-less Construction

In this type of construction, there is no frame. It is also called unitized frame-body

construction. In this case, the body shell and underbody are welded into single unit. The
underbody is made of floor plates and channel and box sections welded into single unit. This
assembly replaces the frame. This decreases the overall weight compared to conventional
separate frame and body construction.

Three types of steel sections are most commonly used for making frames:

(a) Channel section,

(b) Tubular section,

and (c) Box section.

The cross-section of all the three types of section is shown;

The channel section is best suited for bending loads. Box section is good for both bending
and torsion and tubular section is good for torsion.

c) What are the different factors in classifying the engine?

Ans)

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Engines are classified based on:

1. Internal combustion (IC) and External Combustion (EC)

2. Type of fuel: Petrol, Diesel, Gas, Bio / Alternative Fuels
3. Number of strokes – Two stroke Petrol, Two-Stroke Diesel, Four Stroke Petrol / Four
Stroke Diesel
4. Type of ignition such as Spark Ignition, Compression Ignition
5. Number of Cylinders – From 1 to upto 18 cylinders (in a car)
6. Arrangement of cylinders which are Inline, V, W, Horizontal, Radial
7. Motion of Pistons which are Reciprocatory, Rotary
8. Size / Capacity
9. Bore-to-Stroke Ratio
10. Engine cooling methods such as Air-cooled, Liquid-cooled (Water based), Oil-
cooled (Oil is cooled separately)
11. Breathing such as Naturally Aspirated, Turbocharged / Supercharged
12. Applications such as Bikes, Passenger Cars, Racing cars, Commercial Vehicles,
Marine, Agricultural equipment and Earth-moving equipment etc.

2.a). What are the advantages and disadvantages of SI engine.

Ans)
ADVANTAGES:

 For a given output, it is lighter in weight and occupies less space.

 The initial cost is less
 Due to low compression, it is easy to start.
 Precise fuel distributor between engine cylinder even under full load with MPFI.
 The systems are adaptable and suitable for super charged engines.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Less dependable
 Suitable only for light-duty vehicles
 Requires costly fuels and maintenance cost is high
 Chances of Pre-ignition of charge were more.
 Thermal efficiency is as low as 25%.
 Petrol being volatile is dangerous.

b). What are the types and functions of diesel fuel injectors system.

ANS)

In usual Compression Ignition engines, the air is compressed in the cylinder during the
compression stroke, at the end of the compression stroke the fuel will be injected into the
cylinder with the help of fuel injection system.

To atomize the fuel or attain the required amount of the pressure inside the cylinder, we can
use the mechanical means or air itself. The following classification of Injection system is
based on this function.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
1. Air Injection System
2. Solid Injection System

1. Air Injection System

In this Injection system, the fuel will be injected into the cylinder by means of compressed
air. So it needs an additional compression system for the Injection System. Due to this
additional system, the weight of the engine will increase which will result in the reduced
brake power output.

This type of fuel injection system is used very less nowadays because of the bulky design of
the engine. Since it needs an additional mechanical compressor system.

The following are the advantages of the Air Injection system

High viscosity fuel can be used which are comparatively less expensive than the fuel used by
the Solid Injection System.

Can achieve higher Mean Effective Pressures (MEP) due to the good mixing of fuel with the
air.

2. Solid Injection System

In this Injection system, the fuel will be directly injected into the cylinder without the aid of
the compressed air as like in the Air Injection System.

This can be also called as the Airless Mechanical Injection System.

In this Solid Injection System, There are different types of Injection Systems are there.

1. Individual pump and Nozzle system

2. Unit Injector system
3. Common rail system
4. Distributor system

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Functions of a fuel injection system

For successful running and getting good performance from an internal combustion engine,
the following requirements must be met by a fuel injection system.

 Accurate metering of the fuel injected per cycle.

 Correct fuel injection timing.
 Full control over rate of fuel injection.
 Proper atomisation of the fuel.
 Proper spray pattern to ensure mixing of air and fuel.
 Uniform distribution of fuel in the combustion chamber.
 To supply equal quantity of the fuel in all the cylinders (in case of multi cylinder
engine).
 No lag between beginning and end of injection process.

C). Explain about MPFI and CRDI engines.

Ans)

MPFI (MULTI POINT FUEL INJECTION)

The MPFI is a system or method of injecting fuel into internal combustion engine through
multi ports situated on intake valve of each cylinder. It delivers an exact quantity of fuel in
each cylinder at the right time. There are three types of MPFI systems – Batched,
Simultaneous and Sequential.

In the batched MPFI system fuel is injected to the groups or batches of the cylinders without
bringing their intake stroke together. In the simultaneous system, fuel is inserted to all
cylinders at the same time, while the sequential system injection is timed to overlap with
intake stroke of each cylinder.

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MPFI includes a fuel pressure regulator, fuel injectors, cylinders, pressure spring and a
control diaphragm. It uses multiple individual injectors to insert fuel in each cylinder through
intake port situated upstream of cylinder’s intake value. The fuel pressure regulator,
connected to the fuel rail by means of an inlet and outlet, directs the flow of the fuel. While
the control diaphragm and pressure spring controls the outlet valve opening and the amount
of fuel that can return. The pressure in the intake manifold significantly changes with the
engine speed and load.

Advantages of multi point fuel injection (MPFI) system

 It increases fuel efficiency of the engine

 With MPFI system vehicle have less emissions
 Better atomization of fuel
 It encourages better utilization and distribution of fuel with in an engine
 Smooth operation of engine
 It reduces the difference in power, produced by each cylinder
 Better acceleration and deacceleration of engine
 In improves durability and functionality of engine
 It is reliable
 It improves cold start characteristics of the engine
 It reduces vibrations in the engine

Disadvantages of multi point fuel injection (MPFI) system

 There could be a case of misfiring sometimes
 Regular inspection of fuel injectors is required
 It is costly as compared to conventional systems

CRDI – COMMON RAIL DIRECT INJECTION

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CRDI or common rail direct injection system is a method of injection of fuel into the engine
cylinders of petrol and diesel engines.In the engines, a high pressure common rails used to
inject the fuel in individual valves.In the modern generation engines this fuel injection system
is used mostly because of technological advancement.In this method a common and single
line is used to inject the fuel. This common line is connected to all the fuel injectors in the
system, this common line is known as common rail.

The difference between conventional injection method and CRDI is that in the conventional
method the system needs to build the pressure again and again for every cycle of fuel
injection process and CRDI is able to maintain the required pressure constantly for every
cycle of injection i.e. CRDI will provide the same pressure in the common rail system.

The ECU (electronic control unit) control the pressure as per the requirement. ECU uses
sensors on the crankshaft and cam. The injection pressure is controlled or regulated on the
factors like engine speed and load.The whole process makes the injection to be happened as
per the requirement. It makes the system efficient, economical eco-friendly. Nowadays
piezoelectric injectors are being used to get the higher pressure precisely.

The working process of CRDI is given below-

 In the process of CRDI a pump is used to pressurize the fuel.
 After the compression of fuel in the high pressure pump, the fuel is supplied to the
common fuel rail.
 Then the fuel will be distributed to the different injectors.
 Injectors will finally inject the fuel in the engine cylinders.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Advantage Of CRDI System

The vehicle engines with CRDI technology offers following advantages-

 The engine with CRDI produces more power and torque then conventional direct
injection system
 It has the ability to increase the power and torque of engine by 25%.
 It increases the power and efficiency and reduces the emission.
 It decrease the noise and vibration and provides improved pick up.
Disadvantage Of Common Rail Direct Injection System
This technology also have some cons as other technologies.

 Its cost of vehicles with this technology is high.

 This technology cannot be implemented in all type of engines.
 The cost of maintenance is also high because its spare parts are expensive.

3(a). What are the functions of the simple carburettor? Explain about single jet
carburettor and various defects of carburettor.

Ans) The carburettor has several functions:

1) it combines gasoline and air creating a highly combustible mixture,

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2) it regulates the ratio of air and fuel, and

3) it controls the engine's speed.

Single Jet Carburettor

CONSTRUCTION OF SINGLE JET CARBURETOR:

Filter:

To clean the fuel from small particles.

Float:

This helps to supply and stops the fuel entering the chamber.

Float chamber:

This used to store the fuel in it and supplied when it is required.

Nozzle:

This helps the fuel to supply into the combustion chamber.

Throat:

This creates the pressure difference when the piston moves downwards and helps to flow the
fuel.

Throttle valve:

This used to control the supply of the air-fuel mixture.

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First, the fuel enters from the fuel tank to float chamber, there is a fuel filter to supply the
clean fuel to the float chamber, float chamber contains a float to maintain the required level
of fuel in it when the fuel if filled the float moves upward and stops the supply of fuel. there
is a nozzle which is provided above the float chamber tube, this used to spray the required
amount of oil and mix with air, this is function take places when the pressure difference
occurred at the throat by moving the piston downwards. and this mixture is supplied to the
combustion chamber for further process of combustion.

Limitations and their solutions:

01) At a very low speed, the mixture supplied by this Carburettor is so weak that it will not
ignite properly.
And for its enrichment, under such conditions, some arrangement in the carburettor is
required to be made.

02) The working of a simple carburettor is affected by changes in atmospheric pressure.

Carburettors used in aircraft are to be provided with altitude control. As the rich mixture is
unnecessarily available, due to less density of air.
03) The working of a simple carburettor is affected by changes in atmospheric temperature.
If the setting is done in the winter season, it will be found to give the too rich mixture in the
summer.

This is happened due to less density of air with the rise of temperature to a greater extent than
the density of the fuel.
04) It gives the proper mixture at only one engine speed and load, therefore, suitable only for
engines running at constant speed.

Increase or decrease, the quantity of fuel issuing out will change and not match the velocity
of air flowing through the venture and the proper mixture does not take place.
To overcome these various modifications have to be made in the simple carburettor.

05) In a simple carburettor, the mixture is weakened when the throttle is suddenly opened.
Because of Inertia effect of the fuel which prevents the proper quantity of fuel from flowing
immediately.

5. a) Briefly explain about the Electric Fuel Pump.

Ans: An electric fuel pump is used on engines with fuel injection to pump fuel from the gas
tank to the injectors. The pump must deliver the fuel under high pressure (typically 30 to 85
psi depending on the application) so the injectors can spray the fuel into the engine. Fuel
pressure must be within specifications for the engine to run correctly. Too little pressure can
starve the engine for fuel, causing it to run lean, misfire, hesitate or stall. Too much fuel
pressure can cause the engine to run rough, waste fuel and pollute. Electric fuel pumps are
usually mounted inside the fuel tank, though some may be mounted outside the tank. Some
vehicles may even have two fuel pumps (a transfer pump inside the tank, and a main fuel
pump outside).

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 MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITTUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Electric fuel pump are classified into two graphs: (a) Suction Type Electric Fuel Pump (b)
Pusher Type Electric Fuel Pump

(a) Suction Type Electric Fuel Pump: Suction type fuel pump electrically work functions upon
similar principle of pulling and pushing effect of a diaphragm. The only dissimilarity being
that in this kind pump, tip and down movement of the diaphragm affect electrically while a
mechanical fuel pump, this faction is through mechanical means. The major parts of suction
type electrical fuel pump as below: (i) Lower major body containing bellows or diaphragms
link contact breaker, solenoid and cover. (ii) Upper body contains inlet and outlet check
valves. (iii) Sediment howl and strainer. Metal bellows or diaphragm is function with a
solenoid. As ignition is switched on, current run as of the battery to windings of solenoid and
armature is pull down which results in extend of bellows or down movement of diaphragm.
This creates suction or vacuum in major chamber due to which fuel is drawn into main
chamber during inlet valve. As armature reach its lower limit of travel, contact points are
separated off which cut off electrical trip. The go back spring then pushes armature up and
the bellows are contracted or diaphragm moves up. These results in pumping of fuel pump
major chamber through outlet valve. As armatures reach upper limit of its move, it closes the
contact points with the solenoid is again energised to pull down armature over. This carry on
make and break moving the movement of bellows or diaphragm is constant as long as
ignition switch is on.

(b) Pusher Type Electric Fuel Pump:

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The working of a pusher type electrical fuel pump is as follows: While the ignition is
switched on the electric current flows in solenoid generate magnetic field. This magnetic field
pulls armature down along by diaphragm as it is attached by it, with this partial vacuum is
formed over the diaphragm, which opens the contact point therefore current supply is
interrupted, by this magnetic field diminish, armature along by diaphragm gets lifted up to
pressure of spring below diaphragm, put pressure on petrol in chamber over diaphragm,
which closes inlet valve and opens outlet valve during which petrol gets pumped to
carburettor. If petrol is not necessary with carburetor, in this case diaphragm remains pressed
down by contact point open not allow current to solenoid.

b) Briefly explain about the Electric Fuel Pump.

Ans: Mechanical fuel pump is function also directly or during a push rod, through an
eccentric on Camshaft. It consists of following major parts: (i) Rocker arm, return spring and
connecting link. (ii) Sediment bowl with retainer. (iii) Lower body contains diaphragm, link
and spring. ivi) Upper body contain inlet and outlet check valves.

While camshaft turns, rocker arm of fuel pump is motivated back and forth. The unusual on
camshaft pushes the rocker arm lacerate towards body of fuel pump. As the eccentric move
off, go back spring pushes rocker arm forward towards engine camshaft. As the rocker arm
is pressed back through the eccentric diaphragm in pump is pulled down, which make
suction in the major chamber. During this point, inlet valve opens due to suction cause and
fuel rush into the major chamber as of the inlet chamber. When eccentric pressure on rocker
arm is out, the diaphragm moves upwards due to tension of the spring placed under it. At
this time the outlet valve opens with the fuel is pump out of fuel pump.

Working of Mechanical Fuel Pump As eccentric pushes rocker arm: (i) Diaphragm is pulled
down during the connecting link. (ii) Suction or vacuum is formed in the major chamber. (iii)
Inlet valve opens. (iv) Fuel rushes into the major chamber. (v) Outlet valve remains closed.
Due to the up and clown movement of diaphragm suction and pumping cause is repeat
again and again. Fuel as of the tank is drawn and pumped to carburettor with this action of
pump.

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c) Explain about fuel injector with a neat sketch.

Fuel injectors are small electro-mechanical devices that are used to spray fuel into the intake
manifold directly in front of the intake valve. The injector has a final high micron filter in the
top inlet side and small hypodermic-sized holes on the bottom for the atomizing of fuel. The
fuel acts as a lubricating agent for the injector. Water in the fuel is extremely damaging to the
injectors due to the fact that it displaces the lubricating properties of the fuel.

The function of the fuel injection system is to provide the right amount of fuel at the right
moment and in a suitable condition for the combustion process. There must therefore be
some form of measured fuel supply, a means of timing the delivery and the atomisation of
the fuel.

The injection of the fuel is achieved by the location of cams on a camshaft. This camshaft
rotates at engine speed for a two-stroke engine and at half engine speed for a four-stroke.
There are two basic systems in use, each of which employs a combination of mechanical
and hydraulic operations. The most common system is the jerk pump; the other is the
common rail. A typical fuel injector is shown in Figure , It can be seen to be two basic parts,
the nozzle and the nozzle holder or body. The highpressure fuel enters and travels down a
passage in the body and then into a passage in the nozzle, ending finally in a chamber
surrounding the needle valve. The needle valve is held closed on a mitred seat by an
intermediate spindle and a spring in the injector body. The spring pressure, and hence the
injector opening pressure, can be set by a compression nut which acts on the spring. The
nozzle and injector body are manufactured as a matching pair and are accurately ground to
give a good oil seal. The two are joined by a nozzle nut. The needle valve will open when the
fuel pressure acting on the needle valve tapered face exerts a sufficient force to overcome
the spring compression. The fuel then flows into a lower chamber and is forced out through a
series of tiny holes. The small holes are sized and arranged to atomise, or break into tiny
drops, all of the fuel oil, which will then readily burn. Once the injector pump or timing valve
cuts off the high pressure fuel supply the needle valve will shut quickly under the spring
compression force. All slow-speed two-stroke engines and many medium-speed fourstroke
engines are now operated almost continuously on heavy fuel. A fuel circulating system is
therefore necessary and this is usually arranged within the fuel injector. During injection the

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highpressure fuel will open the circulation valve for injection to take place. When the engine
is stopped the fuel booster pump supplies fuel which the circulation valve directs around the
injector body.

d)What is meant by air fuel ratio, give the equation o

Thermal engines use fuel and oxygen (from air) to produce energy through combustion. To
guarantee the combustion process, certain quantities of fuel and air need to be supplied in
the combustion chamber. A complete combustion takes place when all the fuel is burned, in
the exhaust gas there will be no quantities of unburned fuel. Air-fuel ratio (AF or AFR) is the
ratio between the mass of air ma and mass fuel mf , used by the engine when running:

AFR = ma /mf (1)

The inverse ratio is called fuel-air ratio (FA or FAR) and it’s calculated as:

FAR = mf/ma =1/ AFR (1)

The ideal (theoretical) air-fuel ratio, for a complete combustion, is called stoichiometric air-
fuel ratio. For a gasoline (petrol) engine, the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio is around 14.7:1.
This means that, in order to burn completely 1 kg of fuel, we need 14.7 kg of air. The
combustion is possible even is the AFR is different than stoichiometric. For the combustion
process to take place in a gasoline engine, the minimum AFR is around 6:1 and the
maximum can go up to 20:1. When the air-fuel ratio is higher than the stoichiometric ratio,
the air-fuel mixture is called lean. When the air-fuel ratio is lower than the stoichiometric
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ratio, the air-fuel mixture is called rich. For example, for a gasoline engine, an AFR of 16.5:1
is lean and 13.7:1 is rich. In the table below we can see the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio for
several fossil fuels.

Fuel Chemical formula AFR

Methanol CH3OH 6.47:1

Ethanol C2H5OH 9:1

Butanol C4H9OH 11.2:1

Diesel C12H23 14.5:1

Gasoline C8H18 14.7:1

Propane C3H8 15.67:1

Methane CH4 17.19:1

Hydrogen H2 34.3:1
Spark ignition (SI) engines usually run on gasoline (petrol) fuel. The AFR of the SI engines
varies within the range 12:1 (rich) to 20:1 (lean), depending on the operating condition of the
engine (temperature, speed, load, etc.). Modern internal combustion engines operate as
much as possible around the stoichiometric AFR (mainly for gas after-treatment reasons). In
the table below you can see an example of a SI engine AFR, function of engine speed and
torque.

Compression ignition (CI) engines usually run on diesel fuel. Due to the nature of the
combustion process, CI engines always run on lean mixtures, with AFR between 18:1 and
70:1. The main difference, compared with SI engines, is that CI engines run
on stratified (non homogeneous) air-fuel mixtures, while SI run on homogeneous mixtures
(in case of port-injection engines).

6.a) What are the types of lubrication systems and explain about
pressure lubrication .
There are three types of lubrication system used in I.C. Engine:
(1) Wet sump
(2) Dry sump
(3) Mist lubrication.
(1) Wet Sump Lubrication System:
The wet sump lubrication system, the lubricating oil is drawn from the engine sump which
contains the oil. The oil is placed in the sump and it is drawn by pump through the strainer.
The sump contains the lubricating oil and supplies continuously to system. Fig. 13-72 shows
wet sump lubrication system.

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There are three types of wet sump lubrication systems used as below:
(i) Splash system
(ii) Semi-pressurised
(iii) Full pressurised.
(i) Splash System:
Fig. 13-73 shows the splash type lubrication system used for small and slow speed engines.
The system provides lubrication to caps, crank pin bearing and main pin bearings which are
placed in the lubricating oil of the engine sump. When the connecting rod is in the lowest
position, it dips in the oil troughs and thus directs the oil through the holes in the caps to the
big end bearings.

The splash of the oil by the cap of the big end bearing results into lubrication of the cylinder
walls, crank shaft and piston rings etc. The surplus oil splashed eventually flows back to the
oil sump. The constant level of oil is maintained in the sump.
This system is suitable for low and medium speed engine having low CR engines.
(ii) Semi-Pressurised System:
This is combination of splash and pressure lubrication systems. In this case the pressurized
oil is supplied to the engine crank shaft, cam shaft etc. The oil is drawn from the oil sump by
use of oil pump and filter. The big end bearings and main pin bearings are lubricated by

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
pressurized oil. The small end bearings, piston pin and piston rings are lubricated by the
splash of the oil. An oil pressure gauge is used to know the pressure of the oil in the line.
This system can be used for the high speed and high CR engines.
(iii) Pressurised Lubrication System:
Fig. 13-74 shows the pressurized lubrication system. In this system, the oil is drawn from the
sump by gear type of oil pump. The oil from the oil pump at very high pressure is supplied to
the main pin bearings and from the main pin bearing of the crank shaft. It is supplied to the
crank pin bearing by the groove cut in the crank shaft.
The oil is at high pressure which is supplied to bearings which results into hydro-dynamic
lubrication of the bearings, which supports the higher loads. The oil from the big end of the
connecting rod flows at high pressure to the small end of connecting rod through the groove
cut in the connecting rod.
Then the oil at high pressure flows through the surface of the piston pin towards the cylinder
walls resulting into splash of oil on the walls which lubricated the piston rings. Therefore, the
complete lubrication system is controlled by high pressure oil.

This system can be used for high speed and load engine developing very high power.
Dry Sump Lubrication System:
In this system, the engine sump remains dry and the oil is placed in the tank near to the
sump. The oil is drawn from the tank and supplied by pump to the lubrication system. Fig.
13-75 shows the dry sump lubrication system.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Mist Lubrication System:

This system is used in the two stroke engine for lubrication. In this lubrication system, the oil
in certain proportion of fuel is pre-mixed in the fuel tank and lubricating oil is supplied along
with the fuel to the crank case of the engine. The lubricating oil gets deposited on the
surfaces of the main pin, crank pin and piston pin bearing and piston rings.
This provides lubrication to rubbing parts of the engine and the fuel enters in the engine
cylinder from the crank case. The disadvantage of this is that the lubricating oil along with
the fuel may enter the engine cylinder. Fig. 13-76 shows the dry sump lubrication system.

b) What are the types of air filters used in engine .Describe them.
The combustion of fuel in internal combustion engine requires a proper pre-defined mixture
of air and fuel, and the air used is taken from the outer atmosphere which is contaminated
with lots of foreign materials like dust ,solid particles etc. that can harm the engine by
causing wear and tear and by contaminating the engine oil which in turn decreases the overall
life of an engine, so an intake system of a car is fitted with an air filter known as intake air
filter.

An intake air filter is a rectangular filter consisting of a filtering material like paper placed
inside a housing and is fitted inside the air box of an intake system of an automobile vehicle
that can filter the air entering the engine’s cylinder during suction stroke of an engine cycle,
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
which in turn prevent the engine from wear and tear and also helps in maintaining the quality
of engine in order to increase the engine life and performance.

This filter also provides a high quality air-fuel mixture which is essential for proper and
complete combustion of the fuel. Intake air filter also decreases the engine exhaust emissions
by filtering the intake air which in turn causes complete combustion of fuel.

Various types of intake engine air filter used in an automobile are-

1. Paper – Unlike normal paper used for writing, a special filter with small pores that looks
like paper is used as an air filter which provide filtering of air by restricted the flow of solid
contaminants and dust particles.

2. Foam – A normal sponge like filter is used in an automobile that absorbs the contaminants
inside the air flowing through this filter.

3. Cotton filter- Oiled cotton gauze is used as a filter in an automobile vehicle that is the
modified version of paper and foam filters as it provide adsorption and absorption of solid
particles and other harmful contaminants respectively.

7.a) Discuss the functions of transmission system in automobile.

The main functions of the power transmission system are:

 To transmit power from the engine to the rear wheels of the automobile.

 To make reduced speed available, to rear wheels of the automobile.

 To alter the ratio of wheel speed and engine speed in order to suit the field

conditions.

 To transmit power through right angle drive, because the crankshaft and rear

axle are normally at right angles to each other.

 The power transmission system consists of clutch, transmission gears,

differential, final drive, rear axle and rear wheels. Combination of all these

components are responsible for transmission of power from crankshaft to the rear

wheels.

 Vehicle speed can be changed keeping engine speed same with certain limit.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 The transmission also provides a neutral position so that the engine and the road

wheels are disconnected even with the clutch in the engaged position.

 It permits engine crankshaft to revolve at high speed, while the wheels turn at slower

speeds.

b) Explain the working of an 4 stoke engine.

In an Internal Combustion Engine the piston completes 4 strokes while turning
the crankshaft twice. A stroke refers to the piston travelling full in either of the
direction. A cycle gets completed when all the 4 strokes get completed. The four
stroke engine was first demonstrated by Nikolaus Otto in 1876, hence it is also
known as the Otto cycle.

The various parts in 4 stroke engine are:

Piston – In an engine, piston is used to transfer the expanding force of gases to

mechanical rotation of crankshaft via a connecting rod. The piston is able to do
this because it is secured tightly within cylinder using piston rings to minimize
the clearance between cylinder and piston.
Crankshaft – A crankshaft is a part which is able to convert the reciprocating
motion to rotational motion.
Connecting rod – A connecting rod transfers motion from a piston to crankshaft
which acts as a lever arm.
Flywheel – Flywheel is a rotating mechanical device which is used to store
energy.
Inlet & Outlet valves – It allows to enter fresh air with fuel & to exit the spent air-
fuel mixture from the cylinder.
Spark Plug – A spark plug delivers electric current to the combustion chamber
which ignites the air-fuel mixture leading to abrupt expansion of gas.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
The 4 strokes of a 4-stroke engine are:

1. Suction/Intake Stroke :-

In this stroke, the piston moves from TDC to BDC [( T op D ead C entre – the
farthest position of piston to the crankshaft) to (B ottom D ead C entre – the
nearest position of piston to the crankshaft)].
The piston moves downward sucking the air-fuel mixture from the intake valve.
Key points :-
Intake valve – OPEN
Exhaust valve – CLOSED
Crankshaft rotation – 180°

2. Compression Stroke :-

Here, the piston moves from BDC to TDC compressing the air-fuel mixture. The
momentum of flywheel helps the piston to move upwards.
Key points :-
Intake valve – CLOSED
Exhaust valve – CLOSED
Crankshaft rotation – 180° (total = 360°)

3. Power Stroke :-

The second rotation of crankshaft has begun as it completes one full rotation
during compression stroke. Power stroke begins with the expansion of air-fuel
mixture ignited with the help of spark plug. Here, the piston moves from TDC to
BDC. This stroke produces mechanical work to rotate the crankshaft.
Key points :-
Intake valve – CLOSED
Exhaust valve – CLOSED
Crankshaft rotation – 180° (total = 540°)

4. Exhaust Stroke :-

Again the momentum of flywheel moves the piston up from BDC to TDC thereby
driving the exhaust gases outside through the exhaust valve.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Key points :-
Intake valve – CLOSED
Exhaust valve – OPEN
Crankshaft rotation – 180°(total = 720°)

D. KAMESWARA RAO , Assistant Professor , MGIT, GANDIPET , HYDERABAD Page 24