CHAPTER 01:

3. Interpersonal
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF motivators – pertain
TOURISM to the desire to meet
● Motivation For other people, visit
Travel friends or relatives,
● Travel as a means to escape from routine,
satisfy a need and from family, and
wants neighbors;
● Relationship of
Needs, wants, and 4. Status and Prestige
motives Motivators – Concern
ego needs and
personal
development. Included
4 CLASSES OF TRAVEL in this group are trips
MOTIVATORS related to business,
conventions, study,
1. Physical motivators and pursuit of hobbies
– include those related and education. Travel
to physical rest, sports would enhance one’s
participation, beach recognition and good
recreation, relaxing reputation.
entertainment, and
other motivations
directly connected MASLOW’S THEORY OF
with health MOTIVATION AND
TRAVEL MOTIVATIONS
2. Cultural motivators –
include the desire to 1. Physiological Needs –
know about other hunger, thirst, rest, activity
countries-their music, 2. Safety Needs – safety
art, folklore, dances, and security, freedom from
paintings, and religion fear and anxiety
3. Social Needs – Love, EFFECT OF
affection, giving and CONSISTENCY AND
receiving COMPLEXITY ON
4. Self-esteem – Self- LEISURE TRAVEL
respect and esteem from ● Individuals differ in
others; and the amount of
5. Self-actualization – psychological tension
Personal self-fulfillment. they can handle. Too
6. To know and much repetition or
understand – Acquiring consistency results in
knowledge; and boredom and a
7. Aesthetics – corresponding amount
Appreciation of beauty. of psychological
tension greater than a
person could handle.
PEOPLE TRAVEL FOR
VARIOUS REASONS: CLASSIFICATION OF
TRAVELERS BASED ON
● The Need Escape or PURPOSE OF TRAVEL
change
● Travel for Health Business Travelers
● Sports ● Majority of travelers in
● Social contact most developed
● Status & Prestige countries such as the
● Travel for Education United States,
● Personal Values Canada, and the
● Cultural Experience United Kingdom are
● Shopping and Bargain business travelers.
Hunting They are divided into
● Professional and three categories,
Business namely:
● Search for Natural 1. regular business
Beauty travelers;
2. business travelers on the ages of the
attending meetings, husband and wife and
conventions, and the educational stages
congresses of their children.
3. incentive travelers. The Elderly
● In developed
Pleasure/Personal countries, especially in
Travelers North America, the
● Travel for vacation or aging population has
pleasure, spend created a lucrative
differently from tourism market for
business travelers. those aged 50 and
Their demand for above, known as
travel services is active affluents.
price-sensitive Singles and Couples
because they ● Singles and couples
personally pay for the travel to meet
trip and choose the psychological,
destination. intellectual, and
Resort Travelers physical needs, such
● Generally better as rest, relaxation,
educated, earn higher escaping daily
household incomes, pressures, enjoying
and often hold nature, and
professional or experiencing freedom.
managerial positions.
Most of them have TRAVEL CONSTRAINTS
families with children.
Family Pleasure The main constraints to
Travelers travel are:
● Classified into three 1. lack of money;
groups junior families, 5. Family commitments;
midrange families, and 2. lack of time;
mature families based 6. Lack of interest in travel;
3. lack of safety and Traveler Types by
security; 7. Fears of Personality –
travel. Psychocentrics: non-
4. physical disability; adventurous, inhibited;
Allocentrics: adventurous,
Basic Travel Motivators – curious, seeking new
Four main classes: experiences.
physical, cultural,
interpersonal, and CHAPTER 02: THE
status/prestige. SOCIOLOGY OF
Push/Pull Model – Travel TOURISM
motivations are either
“push” (personal needs) or THE SOCIAL NATURE OF
“pull” (attractions), related TRAVEL
to Maslow’s hierarchy of ● Travel is brought
needs. about by the social
Common Motivations – nature of man. Human
Include escape/change, beings, as social
health, sports, social animals, feel
contact, status/prestige, comfortable in a tour
education, values, culture, group. They feel that
shopping, business, and their trip is more
natural beauty, all aligning enjoyable and free
with Maslow’s theory. from anxiety if they
Marketing Role – Create join a group tour.
awareness of needs and
present travel as a way to SOCIOECONOMIC
meet them. VARIABLES AND THEIR
Decision Process – EFFECT ON TRAVEL
People learn alternatives
from experience and Age – Younger people tend
environment, then choose to select more active
based on personal decision recreational activities than
criteria. older people.
Income & Social Status – ● A very good example
Income and social status of these is the Club
have a great influence on Mediterranee which
travel. Rich persons, well started in Western
as persons with higher Europe and then
social status, travel more spread to North
than those with lower America and other
income and social class areas of the world. In
status. this group travel plan,
Education – There is a a club member enjoys
strong correlation between travel opportunities
education and travel. and vacation
Generally speaking, the destination facilities at
better educated members a much cheaper price
of the population have a than that paid by a
greater desire to travel. nonmember.

Life stages of the Family Airline Group and

– The presence of children Arrangements
in the family limits travel. ● Public charter in which
More leisure time is spent an entire airplane is
at home. As the children made available to a
grow up and leave home, group of persons who
the married couples renew travel to the same
interest in travel. Couples destination.
in this life stage usually
have more discretionary Special Interest Tours
income and are more ● These are tours
financially capable to travel. arranged for those
who are interested in
NEW TRAVEL PATTERNS a particular activity
such as bird watching,
Travel Clubs festivals, fishing,
hunting, scuba diving,
 photography, flower rather than a new
arrangement, golf, environment.
skiing, mountain Individual Mass Tourist
climbing, and the like. – Similar to
organized mass
RELAXATION VS. tourist but with
ACTIVITY more control over
FAMILIARITY VS. time and
NOVELTY itinerary. Still
DEPENDENCE VS. uses travel
AUTONOMY agency for major
ORDER VS. DISORDER arrangements.
The Explorer
– Plans trip
TYPES OF TOURIST independently;
ROLES seeks comfort
and reliable
Organized Mass Tourist transportation.
– The least Interacts with
adventurous. He locals and learns
buys a package their language.
tour in which the Ventures abroad
itinerary of his more but returns
trip is fixed in if conditions get
advance and his too rough.
stops are well- Embraces
prepared and novelty while
guided. He keeping some
seldom makes home-country
decisions for habits.
himself. He The Drifter
prefers a familiar
environment Immerses fully in host
culture, adopting local
lifestyle. Lives like locals in than others, they tend
terms of shelter, food, and to be opinion leaders
habits. No fixed itinerary or and to be highly
tour agency; seeks sought-after by
maximum novelty, minimal marketing people.
familiarity.
Culture patterns are
changed by external
CHAPTER 03: forces
● Contact with other
The Effects of Culture On environments may
Travel change previous
● Culture can be defined attitudes and
as a “set of beliefs, behavior. A visit to a
values, attitudes, foreign country may
habits, and form of result in a change in
behavior that are attitude toward the
shared by a society people of that country.
and are transmitted Travel may also
from generation to stimulate the sale of
generation.” products in the
destination visited.
Culture patterns are
changed by internal Importance of cultural
forces Tourism
● Within a group, there ● Cultural tourism
are people who are includes all aspects of
more willing than travel in which people
others to try new learn about each
things. Since these other’s way of life.
innovators are better Thus, tourism is an
educated, have high important means of
income, and more promoting cultural
achievement-oriented relations and
 international ● Industry and
cooperation. business – About the
country’s industry,
Cultural Factors with commerce,
Tourist Appeal manufactured
● Art – the arts include products, and its most
performing arts and travelers, particularly
fine arts. The former international travelers,
refers t`o live theater, are usually curious
music, and dance, and economic situation.
the latter includes ● Agriculture – The
painting sculpture, inhabitants of one
graphic arts, and country are usually
architecture. anxious to know the
● Music and dance – educational system of
music is a major another country.
source of enjoyment ● Education – The
and satisfaction to inhabitants of one
tourists. Evening country are usually
entertainment anxious to know the
programs, concerts, educational system of
recordings, and sound another country.
reproduction systems ● Literature and
are greatly language – Tourists
appreciated by are interested in a
tourists. country’s books,
● Handicraft – To poetry, and libraries
satisfy tourists, gifts because they reflect
and souvenirs for sale its culture. At the
should be same time, learning or
manufactured practicing a language
in the country where motivates people to
the purchase is made. travel.
● Science – Tourists Food and drink are
are interested to know central to culture and
the scientific activities greatly influence
of a country, tourism.
especially those in ● History – The history
technical industries, resources of a country
education, or scientific reveal its cultural
research. heritage. The
● Government – preservation of history
Countries differ in their and the quality and
system of management of
government. Visits to museums are very
center of government, important for the
such as capitals are success of the
very motivating to tourism. History
individuals interested preserves a country’s
in political science and cultural heritage and
government. makes it attractive for
● Religion – Many tourists
people go to the
different headquarters CHAPTER 04: TOURISM
of their church SECTOR
organizations and to
places that are well- TRANSPORT AND
known in their TRAVEL EVOLUTION
religious literature.
● Food and drink – Pre-industrial travel era
Food and Drinks is an ● This was the period
important part of the before the widespread
culture of a country. industrialization in
Tourist usually enjoy Europe and North
native food especially America
those which are local
or ethnic in nature.
 ● There were almost no ● This era was
regularly scheduled characterized by
transportation services railway by which
● There was little travel expanded their
● Only few people had operations by running
the money and the hotels and providing
reason to travel other travel-related
services
Early-industrial travel ● Travel agencies and
system era tour companies were
● Road improvements formed
such as railways, ● Thomas Cook, an
canals and innovator in this field
steamships services during this era, began
were brought about his company’s
due to rapid activities in the UK in
industrialization and 1840.
advances in the ● More people traveled.
transportation
technology Express-travel system
● Common carriers era
came to existence and ● Express services
began to offer increased
regularly-scheduled ● Trains and other forms
transportation of transportation did
services. not stop at every
● Travel increased station or terminal but
because more people only at the major
who had money ones.
traveled. ● This increased the
speed of travel and
Mature-railway System encouraged more
Era travel than before
Automobile-based travel marketing approaches
system era were prevalent during
● Car ownership the 1950s and 1960s.
boomed in north
america Post-Mobility Adjustment
● Motorways, interstate Era
highways, and other (1973–1974)
trunk highways were ● Result of the oil
developed in the late embargo generated by
half of this era which OPEC.
was from 1920-1974 ● Increase in fuel
● The automobile was prices.
predominant over ● Energy crisis
other travel modes changed travel
from 1920-1945 patterns throughout
the world.
Modern-Tourism Travel ● Present era: travelers
System Era continue to look to
(1945–1974) alternative, group-
● Car ownership oriented modes of
continued to grow at a transportation.
fast rate.
● Mainly at the expense Historical Development
of long-distance rail of the Transport system
travel. ● Before World War I –
● Mass air travel was travel from coast to
another post-World coast took seven days
War II occurrence. by steam locomotive.
● Introduction of wide- ● By 1950 – journey
bodied jets in 1970 could be completed in
greatly increased air two and a half days by
travel. train.
● “Mass tourism” ● 1938 – airplane with
philosophy and speed of 400 miles an
 hour made nonstop Theory identifying
coast-to-coast flights transportation variables
of less than eight and the value of
hours. travelers;
● 1950 – travel time
from coast to coast Functional
lessened to four ● Utility of a mode is its
hours. expected performance
● At present – Concorde for a specific purpose.
can make the flight in Examples are
two and a half hours. departure and arrival
times, safety record,
Selection of the directness of the
Transportation Mode trip, and the number of
● There are many stops or transfers.
reasons why people
select one Aesthetic/emotional
transportation mode ● Related to such
over another for their aspects as fear, social
business and pleasure concerns, style,
trips. The most luxury, comfort, and
common reasons are other personal
cost, traveling time, feelings that the form
safety, convenience, of transportation might
comfort, availability, evoke.
frequency of trips,
ground services, Social/organizational
terminal facilities ● Shows that the
and locations, status frequent users of
and prestige, and certain kinds of
departure and arrival transportation are
times. stereotyped according
to sex, racial origin,
 income, price/cost,
and education.
History of the
Situational Accommodations
● Refers to how Or Lodging Industry
conveniently located ● The lodging industry
the particular mode of developed because of
transportation and its the need to provide
terminal facilities are accommodations for
for the traveler. travelers. Early
roadside inns were
Curiosity mentioned in several
● Utility refers to the instances in both the
traveler’s perceived Old and New
need to do something Testaments. The early
new and different. reference to the inn is
Flying transatlantic on found in the Bible,
Concorde may have a when Joseph, Christ’s
high curiosity value for foster father, was told.
many business “There is no mom at
travelers. the inn.” Excavations
in pompeii reveal that
TRANSPORTATION the Romans had
MODE developed the concept
● Travel By Train of inns into a trade.
● Travel By Cruise Ship
● Travel By Automobile Ellsworth Statler – Was
● Travel By Bus/ the First hotel chain
Motorcoach pioneer in the United
● Travel By Air States.

TYPES OF
CHAPTER 05: ACCOMODATIONS
ACCOMODATIONS ● Hotels
 ● Motels or Motor Hotel statements, payroll,
● Resort Hotels and compiling monthly
● Pensions income statements.
● Paradors ● Security – provides
● Condominium hotels protection for both
● Campgrounds employees and
● Bed & Breakfast guests.
● Tourist Inns ● Food and Beverage
● Apartment Hotels – responsible for the
● Health Spas food and beverages
● Private Home that are served.
● Time Sharing ● Marketing and sales
● Hostels – responsible for
selling the rooms and
Organization of the food service it is
Lodging Industry involved in
● Personnel – recruits advertising,
new employees and development of
administers policies promotional materials,
and employee benefits and making direct
for the company. contacts with
● Engineering and prospective clients.
maintenance – ● Room division –
makes the necessary responsible for the
repairs and frontdesk, telephone,
Implements the hotel’s reservations, and
energy management housekeeping
program. department
● Accounting –
handles the financial
activities of the
operation which
Include payment of
bills, sending out