Digital Image Processing-An Introduction: Lecture - 40

Digital Image Processing An Introduction

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Digital Image Processing-An Introduction: Lecture - 40

Digital Image Processing An Introduction

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Lecture- 40

Digital Image Processing- An Introduction

Prof. P. K. Garg
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

1
What is an Image

• It is a visual representation of something.

• It is a 2D or 3D light intensity function f(x,y), where (x,y)
denote spatial coordinates

Above figure shows the formation of image of object (i.e. Tree) through eye.
What is a Digital Image?
Images are typically generated by illuminating the area and
recording the energy reflected by the objects in that scene
Digital Image
• Any image from a scanner, a digital camera, or satellite sensor, or in
a computer, is a digital image.
• Hardcopy images are "digitized", and converted into digital images.

(a) Google Earth Image (b) MRI Image (c) Artificial Image
Digital Images
Common image formats include:
– 1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
– 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
– More samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and ………)
Digital/Analog Data
• The more samples we take, the more information we have to
work with.
• More information = greater resolution.
• In imaging, a single sample is called a pixel.
• Pixel = picture element
Digital Image
• A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional image
as a finite set of digital values, called picture elements or pixels

1 pixel
Pixel
• Each pixel is a digital sample of
the image.
• A pixel is a sample of a
continuous function

• Each pixel represents one value

or measurement (color, brightness,
etc.)
Analog data

Light wave
Kinetic energy

Varying voltage Electrical energy

Digital data

Light wave (Kinetic energy)

Sampling
1001 1000
1001 1101
Digital information 1100 1111
(Combination of bit 0001 0110
and bytes) 1001 0101
0101 1111
1110 010 Reconstructed wave
Grey Level Resolution
Grey level resolution refers to the number of grey levels used to represent
the image
– The more intensity levels means, finer level of detail identifiable in an image
– Intensity level resolution is usually given in terms of the number of bits used to
store each intensity level

Number of Bits Number of Intensity Examples

Levels
1 2 0, 1
2 4 00, 01, 10, 11
4 16 0000, 0101, 1111
8 256 00110011, 01010101
16 65,536 1010101010101010
Signal/Image Processing
• Signal processing is a discipline in Electrical Engineering,
and in mathematics it deals with the analysis and
processing of analog and digital signals.
• Digital image processing deals with the signals where the
input is a digital image and output is also a digital image.
• Digital image processing has dominated over analog
image processing over a period of time due to its wider
applications

12
Grey Level Resolution

Low Detail Medium Detail High Detail

Resolution: How Much is Enough?

The picture on the right is fine for counting the number of

cars, but not for reading the number plate
Pixel size determines the resolution
Resolution determines the amount of information to be extracted

82,000 Tiny Pixels 88 Giant Pixels

Digital Image Representation
1. Pictorial
2. Numerical
3. Graphical
Digital image processing
• Process of enhancing an image or
extracting information or features from
an image
• Computerized methods for information
extraction (e.g., pattern recognition,
classification) from digital remote sensing
images to obtain information about
specific features
History of Digital Image Processing
Early 1920s: One of the first applications of digital imaging was in
the news-paper industry
– The Bartlane cable picture
transmission service
– Images were transferred by submarine
Early digital image
cable between London and New York
– Pictures were coded for cable transfer and reconstructed at
the receiving end on a telegraph printer
History of DIP (cont…)
Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the Bartlane system resulted in
higher quality images
– New reproduction
processes based
on photographic
techniques
– Increased number Improved digital
image
of tones in Early 15 tone digital
image
reproduced images
History of DIP (cont…)
1960s: Improvements in computing technology and the onset of the
space race led to a surge of work in digital image processing
1964: Computers used to improve the
quality of images of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
– Such techniques were used
in other space missions
including the Apollo landings
A picture of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
minutes before landing
History of DIP (Contd…)
•1970s: Digital image processing begins to be used in medical
applications
•1979: Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M.
Cormack share the Nobel Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography, the technology behind
Computerised Axial Tomography (CAT) scans

Typical head slice CAT

image
History of DIP (Contd…)

22
Main Steps in Digital Images Processing
Image Processing/
Manipulation

Digital Image
Processing

Image Analysis/ Image Coding/

Interpretation Communication
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement