CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
As per the Anna University Curriculum, we have completed the CE8513-Survey
Camp which spanned for Nine days. Its main aim is to gain the field experience and thereby
to promote the knowledge of the students to a higher level in the field of surveying. Our
survey camp was conducted at GOPALASAMY HILLS (IN&AROUND) between
Virudunagar and Alagapuri from 17.06.2018 to 25.06.2018. The survey works done in the
field were.

1. Closed Traverse - using Total station

2. Radial tachometric contouring

3. Block level contouring

4. L.S & C.S

5. Offset of Buildings and Plotting the Location

6. Sun observation to determine azimuth

7. Latitude and longitude and locate the survey camp location using by GPS

8. Traversing using GPS

9. Curve setting by deflection angle

SURVEYING:-

OBJECTIVE:-

1 | Page
 Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of points on, above or
beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements of distances.

PRINCIPLES OF SURVEY:-
1) Location of a point by measurements from two points of reference.

2) Working from whole to part.

CONCEPTS USED:-
Some of the concepts that were used in our survey were:

1) Levelling.

2) Contouring.

3) Tacheometric Traversing.

Levelling:-

It is a process of determining the difference of elevation of the stations observed.

Contouring:-

It is an imaginary line on the ground joining points of equal elevation.

Instruments used:-

Some of the instruments and accessories that we have used in our survey are:

1) Theodolite.

2) Total station.

3) Prismatic compass.

2 | Page
 4) Dumpy level.

5) Signal drums.

6) Hand held GPS

ACCESSORIES:-
1) Levelling staff.

2) Ranging rods.

3) Tapes.

4) Pegs and Arrows.

5) Writing pads.

6) Hand shovels.

7) Hammers.

8) Tripods.

CHAPTER -2
FLY LEVELLING
DEFINITION:-
A fly levelling is the one in which a topography of the ground along the longitudinal
section and the cross section is obtained. It is also otherwise known as longitudinal

3 | Page
sectioning. This type of profile levelling is carried out for engineering profile projects such as
road, railways, canals…etc.

POINTS TO BE REMEMBER:-

➢ The drainage of staff points should be continuous from the beginning to the end of
the section line.

➢ The distance of backsight and foresight should be approximately equal.

➢ While taking the back sight and foresight reading the bubble should lie in the centre
of its run.

Equipment:-
The level, its tripod, the staff and the staff bubble are all precision items of equipment
upon which the accuracy of the work is highly dependent. They shall be kept correctly
calibrated, and be used and stored with care. Levels shall be carried in vehicles in a padded
box, case or shelf in addition to the normal case, and staves shall be kept in a canvas or
plastic sleeve to prevent damage to the face and entry of dirt.

Levels

A level is basically a telescope attached to an accurate levelling device, set upon a

tripod so that it can rotate horizontally through 360°. Normally the levelling device is a
bubble, but modern ones incorporate a pendulum. There are three basic types of level.

(a) Dumpy levels

4 | Page
 These are more basic levels often used in construction work. The telescope is rigidly
attached to a single bubble and the assembly is adjusted either by means of a screwed ball-
joint or by foot screws which are adjusted first in one direction, then at 90°.

(b) Tilting levels

This type of level is fitted with a circular bubble for preliminary approximate
levelling and the main bubble which is attached to the telescope. For each observation (not
setup) the main bubble is viewed through an eyepiece and the telescope tilted by a fine screw
to bring the two ends of the bubble into coincidence.

(c) Automatic levels

This more modern type of level is now in general use. It has a compensator which
consists of an arrangement of three prisms. The two outer ones are attached to the barrel of
the telescope. The middle prism is suspended by fine wiring and reacts to gravity. The
instrument is first levelled approximately with a circular bubble; the compensator will then
deviate the line of sight by the amount that the telescope is out of level.

Staves

The levelling staff is a box section of aluminium or wood, which will extend to 3 or 5 m in
height by telescoping, hinging or addition of sections. One face has a graduated scale
attached for reading with the cross-hairs of the level telescope. These faces can vary in
pattern and graduation; 5mm graduations should be the maximum for accurate levelling of
gauging stations. Many staves used these days are of aluminium because of its durability.
However, Aluminium has a Co-efficient of thermal expansion of: 0.000023 m/meter of
length/°C. And this can cause some potential inaccuracies.
5 | Page
Staff bubbles

These are generally a small circular bubble on an angle plate which is held against one corner
of the staff to ensure that the staff is held in a vertical position. If the staff is not held vertical,
the reading will be too large and may be significantly in error. A staff bubble shall be used at
all times.

LEVELLING PROCEDURE:
(a) Setting up

➢ Back sight and foresight distances should be approximately equal to avoid any
errors due to collimation, refraction or earth curvature.

➢ Distances must not be so great as to not be able to read the graduations accurately.

➢ The points to be observed must be below the level of the instrument, but not lower
than the height of the staff.

(b) Elimination of parallax

➢ Parallax is the apparent movement of the image produced by the movement of the
observer's eye at the eyepiece.

6 | Page
 ➢ It is eliminated by focusing the telescope on infinity and then adjusting the eyepiece
until the cross-hairs appear in sharp focus.

➢ The setting will remain constant for a particular observer’s eye.

(c) Booking

➢ Level books or loose-leaf of levelling sheets shall be numbered and indexed in a

register.

➢ Details of the site, work, date, observer, chainmen, booker, weather, wind,
instrument and any other relevant items shall be entered.

➢ Enter the first observation (which is on a known point) in the backsight column, and
sufficient detail in the Remarks column to identify it. Enter the point’s R.L. Zero
from the site register or plate on the BM, etc.

➢ Enter all other points on subsequent lines as intermediates except the point chosen
as the foresight

➢ Identify them in the Remarks column as above. Enter the foresight on a further line
in the foresight column.

➢ Change the instrument to the next setup. Enter the following back sight on the same
line as the previous foresight but in the back sight column.

Reducing the levels

7 | Page
Two methods are in general use; the “Rise and Fall” method and the “Height of collimation”
method.

➢ The latter reduces levels relative to the instrument height. As it has inferior in-built
checks.

➢ It should not be used and will not be covered here.

➢ The “Rise and Fall” method shall be used for reduction of all site levelling. The
reduction shall be carried out on site before packing up to ensure that the levelling
has been done correctly.

➢ Calculate the rises and fall between successive points and book them in the
appropriate column ( one can determine whether each shot is a rise or fall by the
following rule of thumb: a higher value on top denotes a rise; a higher value on the
bottom denotes a fall)

➢ Add up the back sight and foresight columns for the entire traverse and note the
difference between them.

➢ Add up the rises and falls for the entire traverse, and compare the difference
between the back sights and foresight; they should be the same.

➢ Carry the reduced levels in the R.L. column down the page by adding or subtracting
the appropriate rise and fall values to the successive values of R.L. The final value
of the original starting point will differ from the original value by the amount of the
close.

8 | Page
 FLY LEVELLING

AIM:-

To determine the level difference of the two stations and the level of the Gopalsamy
hill road.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

➢ Dumpy level.

➢ Levelling staff.

➢ Signal drums.

PROCEDURE:-

➢ The dumpy level is placed at a suitable position so that the benchmark and the
points are visible to the maximum extent.

➢ The instrument is levelled and temporary adjustments are made.

➢ The levelling staff is placed at the benchmark and level is noted down.

9 | Page
 ➢ The levelling staff is also placed at various places along the road to the benchmark
and the levels are noted.

➢ From the reading, the reduced level of all the observed points is calculated. From
the R.L value, the level difference of the two stations is found.

OBSERVATION:

S.NO B.S I.S F.S H.C R.L REMARKS

0.81 100.81 100 BM
1
1.75 99.06
2
1.87 98.94
3
4 1.91 98.90

2.35 98.46
5
2.31 98.50

10 | Page
 6
2.63 98.18
7
2.91 97.90
8
9 2.18 98.63
3.08 97.73
10
3.28 97.53
11
0.19 3.31 97.69 97.50 CP1
11
0.34 97.35
12
0.39 97.30
13
0.84 97.115
14
15 0.6 97.09

S.NO B.S I.S F.S H.C R.L REMARKS

0.6 97.15 97.09
16
0.74 96.95
17

11 | Page
 0.8 96.89
18
0.93 96.76
19
20 0.98 96.71
1.09 96.60
21
1.2 96.49
22
1.29 96.40
23
1.32 96.37
24
1.4 96.29
25
1.74 95.95
26
27 1.83 95.86

29 1.92 95.77

30 1.99 95.70

31 2.16 95.53
32 2.14 95.55

12 | Page
S.NO B.S I.S F.S H.C R.L REMARKS
2.14 97.69 95.55
33
2.30 95.39
34
2.24 95.45
35
36 2.38 95.31
2.35 95.34
37
2.54 95.15
38
2.51 95.18
39
2.63 95.06
40
41 2.66 95.03

2.84 94.85
42
2.77 94.92
43
0.73 2.94 95.48 94.75 CP 2
44
0.64 94.84
45
0.83 94.65
46
0.7 94.78
47

13 | Page
48 0.92 94.56

14 | Page
S.NO B.S I.S F.S H.C R.L REMARKS
0.92 95.48 94.56
49
0.84 94.64
50
1.17 94.31
51
52 1.14 94.34
1.3 94.18
53
1.17 94.31
54
1.54 93.94
55
1.38 94.1
56
57 1.94 93.54

1.51 93.97
58
1.92 93.56
59
1.83 93.65
60
2.2 93.28
61
2.05 93.43
62
2.26 93.22
63
64 2.13 93.35

15 | Page
16 | Page
S.NO B.S I.S F.S H.C R.L REMARKS
2.13 95.48 93.35
65
2.40 93.08
66
2.41 93.07
67
68 2.59 92.89
2.67 92.81
69
2.77 92.71
70
2.80 92.68
71
2.88 92.6
72
73 2.95 92.53
3.05 92.43
74
3.20 92.28
75
3.25 92.23
76
3.40 92.08
77
3.46 92.02
78
3.51 91.97
79
80 3.57 91.91

17 | Page
Σ B.S Σ F.S

4.64 12.73 2.4 10.38

18 | Page
ARITHMETIC CHECK:-

Σ B.S - Σ F.S =FIRST RL – LAST RL

8.09 = 8.09

Hence the check is ok.

19 | Page
 CHECK LEVELLING
AIM
To determine the reduced levels of the given points and check them by check
leveling.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED
 Theodolite

 Tripod

 Leveling staff

PROCEDURE
Let A& B be the two points whose difference of level is required. It is determined by
observing that from A to a convenient points C and then proceeding similarly from C to D
and from B to D.
20 | Page
 Let the level be set up and leveled at O 1, the telescope is directed towards A and the
staff reading taken on a vertically held staff at a point A of known elevation. Thus the
backside A is taken. The staff held vertically at point A whose elevation is to determined.
Telescope is directed on the staff focused the staff reading taken is the intermediate site.

OBSERVATION:-

S.NO B.S I.S F.S H.C R.L REMARKS

1.99 101.99 100 B.M
1
1.350 100.640 Ist step of watchman shed
2
1.710 100.280 Ist step of a guest house
3
0.965 101.025 The II nd step of a canteen
4
0.950 101.040 workshop ramp at the top
5
0.97 1.69 101.27 100.300 Changepoint 1
6
2.180 103.450 The sunshade of EEE block
7
0.335 100.94 The II nd step of EEE block
8
0.650 100.620 Ist step of new block
9
0.465 100.805 The II nd step of the main
10 block ( east )
11 103.535 The sunshade of the main
2.265 block
1.355 1.280 101.345 99.990 Changepoint 2
12
21 | Page
 0.970 100.375 The II nd step of the main
13 block
1.240 100.105 The floor level of bike stand
14
0.400 100.945 Main block ramp top
15
1.790 0.735 102.400 100.610 Changepoint 3
16
1.990 104.390 The sunshade of B.Ed block
17
0.830 103.230 Ist of B.Ed block
18
1.540 0.815 103.125 101.585 change point 4
19
0.405 102.720 The II nd step of the school
20 building
0.880 1.735 102.270 101.390 change point 5
21
22 1.600 100.670 Ist of B.Ed block
23 103.990 The sunshade of B.Ed block
1.720
1.190 1.710 101.750 100.560 Changepoint 6
24
1.305 100.445 Main block ramp top
25
2.145 99.605 The floor level of bike stand
26
27 1.605 100.145 IIlnd step of the main block
( east )
1.610 2.200 101.160 99.550 Changepoint 7
28
1.125 100.035 and the step of the main
29 block
2.145 103.305 The sunshade of the main
22 | Page
 30 block
0.770 100.390 Ist step of new block
31
2.140 103.300 The sunshade of EEE block
32
0.140 101.020 The II nd step of EEE block
33
1.580 1.200 101.540 99.960 change point 8
34
0.545 100.995 workshop ramp at the top
35
1.115 100.425 The II nd step of the canteen
36
0.945 100.595 Ist step of a guest house
37
1.560 99.98 Ist step of watchman shed
38

ARITHMETIC CH

23 | Page
 CHAPTER – 3
TACHAEOMETRIC TRAVERSING

DEFINITION:-

TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF A TRANSIT THEODOLITE:-

There are two types of Theodolite adjustment viz,

1) Temporary adjustment

2) Permanent adjustment

Temporary Adjustments

Temporary adjustments are done at each setup of the instrument before starting to take
observations with the instrument. Stages of temporary adjustments of Theodolites are:

24 | Page
 (i) Centring

(ii) Levelling

(iii) Focusing.

(i) Centring

The centring means bringing the vertical axis of the Theodolite exactly over a station
mark. The station mark should be represented by a well-defined point such as a nail driven on
the top of a peg or the intersection points of the cross marked the surface below the
instrument etc., to do this.

1) Attach the string of the plumb-bob to the hook under the vertical axis of the
instrument.

2) Place the instrument over the station by spreading the legs well apart so that the
telescope is at a convenient height, the plumb-bob is approximately over the station
mark, and the levelling head is approximately levelled.

3) Lift the instrument bodily without disturbing the relative positions of the legs and
move it until the plumb-bob hangs within 1 cm horizontally of the station mark.

4) Unclamp the centre – shifting arrangement and move the instrument until the
plumb-bob is exactly over the station mark. The pointer end of the plumb-bob
should hang within 3 mm vertically above the station mark. Then clamp the shifting
head.

(ii) Levelling

25 | Page
 1) Loosen the clamps and turn the instrument of its vertical axis until the horizontal
bubble tube is parallel to any pair of foot screws.

2) Bring the bubble to the centre of its run by turning both screws equally, either both
inwards and both outwards.

3) Rotate the plate bubble perpendicular to those foot screws which is over the third foot
screw.

4) Repeat this until both the bubbles (plate bubble and altitude bubble) are exactly
centered

(iii) Focusing

1) Focusing the Eyepiece:Point the telescope to the sky or hold a piece of white paper in
front of the telescope and focus the eyepiece in and out until a distinct and sharp black
image of the cross-hairs is seen.

2) Focusing the Object-glass: Direct the telescope towards the object and turn the
focusing screw until a clear and sharp image of the objects is obtained. It may be
noted that parallax is completely eliminated if there is no movement of the image of
the object when the eye is moved up and down.

26 | Page
Reading the horizontal angles

A horizontal angle is an angular measurement between two lines. The angles are
measured in the horizontal plane. It can be expressed in this way also. A horizontal angle is
an angle formed by two intersecting vertical planes at their point of intersection.

1) The main scale reading is taken to the zero of the vernier scale.

2) Vernier scale readings are taken by this method.

a. Determine the least count of the vernier. (20 seconds)

b. Note the main scale graduation beyond which the index lies (inVernier A&B).

c. Observe which division of the vernier coincides exactly with any divisions on the
main scale.

d. Multiply the number of coinciding vernier divisions by the least count. This is the
value of the fractional part. Add this to the approximate reading taken to get an
exact reading on the main scale.

To measure horizontal angles the following methods are used

1) General method 2) Repetition method and 3) Reiteration method.

27 | Page
 TACHAEOMETRIC TRAVERSING
AIM:-

To plot the traverse ABCDE by using Tachaeometric Traversing and then the error of
closure is balanced by the Graphical method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

➢ Theodolite

➢ Levelling staff

➢ Ranging rod

➢ Chain

➢ Tape

➢ Arrows and Pegs.

PROCEDURE:-
28 | Page
 ➢ Setup the Theodolite over the starting station L1 and do the temporary
adjustments.

➢ Keeping the line of sight horizontal measure the height of the instrument with a
tape or levelling staff.

➢ Orient the instrument to magnetic meridian correctly at L1 with horizontal circle

reading set to zero.

➢ Locate all the representative points around the station by taking the observations
to these points.

➢ Take a foresight on the second station “L2” of the traverse and determine
tachaeometric observations.

➢ Now shift the instrument to the second station L2 of the traverse, centre and level
it.

Balancing the traverse by a Graphical method

➢ Plot the traverse L1,L2,T1,T2,I,C.

➢ Now stations L1,L2,T1,T2,I,C.ARE DRAWNIN AUTO CADD.

OBSERVATION:-
Inst Sight Face Left Face Right Average
To Mean
At A B Mean A B Mean

° ’ ’’ ’ ’’ ° ’ ’’ ° ’ ’’ ’ ’’ ° ’ ’’ ° ’ ’’
29 | Page
 T1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A
C 33 2 0 0 0 33 2 0 33 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

B C 68 4 0 2 0 68 2 0 68 4 0 2 0 68 2 0 68 2 0

I 25 2 0 2 0 25 2 0 25 2 0 2 0 25 2 0 25 0 0

T2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C
C 125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 0 0 0 0 125 0 0 125 0 0

T1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

D C 22 2 0 4 0 22 2 0 22 2 0 4 0 22 2 0 22 0 0

I 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 18 0 0

L1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L2 19 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 19 0 0

E I 118 0 0 0 0 118 0 0 118 0 0 0 0 118 0 0 118 0 0

T2 37 0 0 0 0 37 0 0 37 0 0 0 0 37 0 0 37 0 0

T1 82 0 0 0 0 82 0 0 82 0 0 0 0 82 0 0 82 0 0

OBSERVATION:-

30 | Page
 Vertical Angle
InstAt Face Sight To C ‘ Mean
° ‘ “ ‘ “ ° ‘ “
C L L1 1 2 0 2 0 1 2 0
C L L2 2 2 0 2 0 2 2 0
C L I 1 4 0 4 0 1 4 0
C L T2 1 6 0 4 0 1 4 0
C L T1 1 2 0 2 0 1 2 0

31 | Page
CALCULATION:-
TO FIND THE UNKNOWN LENGTH.

FOR TRIANGLE L2 C L1

L2 L1=150 m
32 | Page
 150 = L1 C = L2 C .

Sin 1900’0” Sin 6800’0” Sin 9400’0’

L1 C=434 m

L1 C= 468 m

FOR TRIANGLE L1 C T1

33 | Page
L1 C=434 m

434= C T1 = L1 T1 .

Sin 4300’0” Sin 3300’0” Sin 10500’0’

C T1=347 m

L1 T1= 620 m

34 | Page
FOR TRIANGLE C T2 T1

C T1=347 m

347= T1 T2 = C T2 .

35 | Page
 Sin 2200’0” Sin 8200’0” Sin 7600’0’

T1 T2 = 905 m

C T2 = 886 m

FOR TRIANGLE I T2 C

36 | Page
 C T2=886 m

886= C I = T2 I .

Sin 12500’0” Sin 1800’0” Sin 3700’0’

C I= 338 m

T2 I = 647 m

37 | Page
FOR TRIANGLE L2 I C

C L2=886 m

CI = 338 m

38 | Page
 468 = 338 = L2 I .

Sin 3600’0” Sin 2500’0” Sin 11800’0’

CI = 338 m

T2 I = 647 m

Using the length and the angles the traverse is drawn in the AUTO CADD software package
& the area is also calculated.

AREA OF THE TRAVERSE=69677+89235+32506+72851+152105

TOTAL AREA=4, 16, 375 SQ.M

39 | Page
40 | Page
41 | Page
42 | Page
43 | Page
 CHAPTER – 4
CONTOURING

GENERAL
The value of a plan or map is highly enhanced if the relative position of the points is
represented both horizontally as well as vertically; such maps are known as topographic
maps. Thus, in a topographic survey, both the horizontal as well as vertical control is
required. On a plan, the relative altitudes of the points can be represented by shading, hachure
and form lines of contour lines. Out of these, contour lines are most widely used because they
indicate elevation directly.

CONTOUR:-
A contour is an imaginary line on the ground joining the points of equal elevation. It
is a line which the surface of the ground is intersected by a level surface. A contour line is a
line on the map representing a contour.

A topographic map represents a clear picture of the surface of the ground. If a map is
top a big scale, It shows where the ground is nearly level, where it is sloping where the slopes
are steep and where they are gradual, if a map is to a small scale, it shows the flat country, the
hills and the valleys, the lakes and watercourses and other topographic features.

CONTOUR INTERVAL:-
44 | Page
 The vertical distance between any two consecutive contours is called the contour
interval. The contour interval is kept constant for contour plans: otherwise, the general
appearance of the map will be misleading. The horizontal distance between two points on two
consecutive contours is known as the horizontal equivalent and depends upon the steepness
of the ground. The choice of a proper contour interval depends up to the following
considerations:

1) Nature of the ground

2) A scale of the map

3) Purpose of the map

4) Purpose and extent of the survey

5) Time and expense of field and survey work.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOUR:-
The following characteristics feature may be used while plotting or reading a contour plan

1) Two contour lines of different elevation cannot cross each other.

2) Contour line of different elevation can unite to form one line only in the case of
vertical staff.

3) Contour lines close together indicate steep slopes. They indicate a gentle slope if
they are equally spaced, a uniform slope is indicated. A series of straight, parallel
and equally spaced contours represents a plane surface.

4) A closed contour line with one or more higher ones inside represents a hill.
Similarly, a closed v line with one or more lower ones inside it indicates a
depression without an outlet.

45 | Page
 5) A contour line must close itself, though not necessarily within the limits of the
map.

6) Contour lines cross the watershed at right angles. They form sharp curves of v
shapes across it with the convex side of the curve towards the higher ground.

7) The same contour line appears on either side of the ridge and the valley, for the
highest horizontal plane that intersects the ridge must cut it in both sides: the same
is true of the lower horizontal plane that cuts a valley.

METHODS OF LOCATING CONTOUR:-

The location of a point is topographic survey involves both horizontal as well as a
vertical control. The methods of location contours, therefore, depend upon the instruments
used. In general, however, the field method may be divided into two classes

1) Direct method

2) Indirect method

DIRECT METHOD:-
The contour to be plotted is actually traced on the ground. Only those points are
surveyed which happen to be plotted. The field work is two fold

1) Vertical control: Location of points on the contour

2) Horizontal control: Survey of those points

INDIRECT METHOD:-

46 | Page
 In this method, some suitable guide points are selected and surveyed. The guide
points need not necessarily be on the contours. These guide points have been plotted, serve as
a basis for the interpolation of contours. This is the method most commonly used in
engineering surveys.

INDIRECT METHOD OF LOCATION GROUND POINTS BY

SQUARES:-
The method is used when the area to be surveyed is small and the ground is not very
much undulating. The area to be surveyed is divided into the number of squares. The size of
the squares may vary from 5 to 20 depending upon the nature of the contour and a contour
interval. The elevation of the corners of the square is then determined by means of a level and
staff. The contour lines are then drawn by interpolation. It is not necessary that the squares
may be of the same size. Sometimes, the rectangles are also used in the place of squares.
When there are appreciable breaks in the surface between corners, guide points in addition to
those at corners may also be used. The square should be as long as practicable, yet small
enough to confirm the inequalities of the ground and to the accuracy required. The methods
are also known a sot levelling.

INTERPOLATION OF THE CONTOUR:-

Interpolation of the contour is the process of spacing the contours proportionately
between the plotted ground points establish by indirect methods. The methods of
interpolation are based on the assumption that the slope of the ground between the two points
is uniform

The chief methods of Interpolation are

1) By estimation
47 | Page
 2) By arithmetic calculations

3) By graphical estimations

USES OF CONTOUR MAPS:-

1) Drawing of sections

2) Determination of indivisibility between two points

3) Tracing of contour gradients and location of the route

4) Measurement of drainage areas

5) Calculation of reservoir capacity

6) An intersection of surface and measurement of earthwork.

48 | Page
 GRID CONTOURING

AIM:-

To find the reduced level of the given area and to create the contour map of the area
by grid contouring.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

 Theodolite

 Cross staff

 Levelling chain

 Chain

PROCEDURE:-

49 | Page
 1) The given area is formed into the square grids of size 3m.

2) The instrument is set up at suitable positions and the various points are viewed.

3) The staff readings corresponding to every grid points are noted.

4) The R.L of the grid points is then calculated from the formula.

5) These points are plotted and the contour lines of R.L are drawn by interpolation.

OBSERVATION:-

B.S I.S F.S H.L R.L REMARKS

1.59 101.59 100.00 BM (AO)

50 | Page
1.595 99.995 A1

1.66 99.93 A2

1.79 99.800 A3

1.88 99.71 A4

1.84 99.75 A5

1.88 99.71 A6

1.94 99.65 A7

1.98 99.61 A8

2.04 99.55 A19

2.11 99.48 A10

1.50 100.09 B0

1.47 100.12 B1

1.54 100.05 B2

1.55 100.04 B3

1.52 100.07 B4

1.54 100.05 B5

1.50 100.09 B6

1.57 100.01 B7

51 | Page
1.70 99.89 B8

1.68 99.91 B9

1.58 100.01 B10

1.48 100.11 C0

1.48 100.11 C1

1.46 100.13 C2

1.48 100.11 C3

1.485 100.105 C4

1.480 100.11 C5

1.50 100.09 C6

1.49 100.1 C7

1.52 100.07 C8

1.57 100.02 C9

1.58 100.01 C10

1.47 100.12 D0

1.45 100.14 D1

1.44 100.15 D2

1.42 100.17 D3

52 | Page
1.45 100.14 D4

1.46 100.13 D5

1.44 100.15 D6

1.43 100.16 D7

1.44 100.15 D8

1.55 100.04 D9

1.54 100.05 D10

1.45 100.14 E0

1.42 100.17 E1

1.42 100.17 E2

1.46 100.13 E3

1.42 100.17 E4

1.43 100.16 E5

1.46 100.13 E6

1.48 100.11 E7

1.50 100.09 E8

1.45 100.14 E9

1.46 100.13 E10

53 | Page
1.44 100.15 F0

1.44 100.15 F1

1.50 100.09 F2

1.43 100.16 F3

1.44 100.15 F4

1.42 100.17 F5

1.44 100.15 F6

1.48 100.11 F7

1.47 100.12 F8

1.47 100.12 F9

1.41 100.18 F10

1.43 100.16 G0

1.42 100.17 G1

1.44 100.15 G2

1.48 100.11 G3

1.47 100.12 G4

1.48 100.11 G5

1.46 100.13 G6

54 | Page
1.44 100.15 G7

1.43 100.16 G8

1.41 100.18 G9

1.43 100.16 G10

1.44 100.15 H0

1.46 100.13 H1

1.47 100.12 H2

1.48 100.11 H3

1.50 100.09 H4

1.45 100.14 H5

1.43 100.16 H6

1.44 100.15 H7

1.42 100.17 H8

1.43 100.16 H9

1.45 100.14 H10

55 | Page
1.480 100.110 Io

1.450 100.140 I1

1.460 100.130 I2

1.420 100.170 I3

1.420 100.170 I4

1.430 100.160 I5

1.460 100.130 I6

1.450 100.140 I7

1.440 100.150 I8

1.420 100.170 I9

1.440 100.150 I10

1.450 100.140 Jo

1.480 100.110 J1

1.460 100.130 J2

1.420 100.170 J3

1.430 100.160 J4

1.450 100.140 J5

1.480 100.110 J6

56 | Page
1.460 100.130 J7

1.430 100.160 J8

1.410 100.180 J9

1.450 100.140 J10

1.430 100.160 Ko

1.460 100.130 K1

1.480 100.110 K2

1.470 100.120 K3

1.430 100.160 K4

1.420 100.170 K5

1.430 100.160 K6

1.410 100.180 K7

0.440 100.150 K8

1.415 100.175 K9

1.410 100.180 K10

57 | Page
ARITHMETIC CHECK:-

Σ B.S - Σ F.S = Last R.L - First R.L

6.06 – 5.880 = 100.180 - 100.00

0.180 = 0.180 (Rise)

RADIAL CONTOURING
AIM

To find the reduced level of the given area and to create the contour map of the area
by grid contouring.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

 Sodalite

 Cross staff

58 | Page
  Levelling chain

 Chain

PROCEDURE:-

1. Fix the point at the center.

2. Do all the initial adjustments in the theodolite.
3. Set the horizontal at 0 degrees.
4. Using tap or chain plot 3m,6m,9m.and also note staff reading from the point 3m to
9m.
5. This procedure is repeated for every angle of every 30 degree that is the readings
are taken as
0,20,40,60,80,100,120,140,160,180,200,220,240,260,280,300,320,340,360.
6. Thus the R.L is calculated.

7. And the contour map is plotted on A2 size graph.

59 | Page
 OBSERVATION:-

STAFF ANGLE INST AXIAL H.C REDUCED

INST STATION HIGHT HAIR LEVEL
STATION READING REMARKS
O A1 0˚0′0″ 2.61m 1.74 102.610 100.87
4m
A2 1.92 100.67
8m
A3 2.01 100.60
12m
B1 30˚0′0″ 2.61m 1.59 101.02
4m
B2 1.63 100.98
8m
B3 1.77 100.84
12m
C1 60˚0′0″ 1.55 101.06
4m
C2 1.54 101.07
8m
C3 1.65 100.96
12m
D1 90˚0′0″ 1.51 101.10
4m
D2 1.53 101.08
8m

60 | Page
D3 1.60 101.01
12m
E1 120˚0′0″ 1.48 101.13
4m
E2 1.44 101.17
8m
E3 1.48 101.13
12m
F1 150˚0′0″ 1.45 101.16
4m
F2 1.38 101.23
8m
F3 1.29 101.32
12m
G1 180˚0′0″ 1.47 101.14
4m
G2 1.41 101.20
8m
G3 1.35 101.26
12m
H1 210˚0′0″ 1.52 101.09
4m
H2 1.48 101.13
8m
H3 1.44 101.17
12m
I1 240˚0′0″ 1.56 101.05
4m
I2 1.56 101.05
8m
I3 1.55 101.06
12m
J1 270˚0′0″ 1.63 100.98
4m
61 | Page
J2 1.73 100.88
8m
J3 1.84 100.77
12m
K1 300˚0′0″ 1.65 100.96
4m
K2 1.83 100.78
8m
K3 1.98 100.63
12m
L1 330˚0′0″ 1.70 100.91
4m
L2 1.81 100.80
8m
L3 2.15 100.46
12m

62 | Page
63 | Page
64 | Page
65 | Page
66 | Page
 CHAPTER -5
PROFILE LEVELLING
67 | Page
 (LS & CS)

INTRODUCTION

Levelling is a method of surveying used for the determination of relative elevation

positions of points above or below the surface of the earth. The elevation of a point is the
vertical distance above or below a reference surface called datum. The datum commonly used
is the mean sea level (M.S.L). Thus levelling deals with the measurements in a vertical plane.

DEFINITION OF BASIC TERMS IN LEVELLING:-

Mean sea level (M.S.L)

➢ It is a level surface which represents the average sea water level.

➢ The mean sea level at a place is obtained by making an hourly observation of the
tides over a long period of 19 years and taking an average of those observations.

➢ The M.S.L adopted by the survey department of India as a datum to determine the
elevation of different points in India is the mean sea level at Bombay port.

Reduced Level (R.L)

➢ It is the height or depth of a point above or below the assumed datum. It is also
known as the “Elevation of the point”.

Benchmarks (B.M)
68 | Page
 ➢ Benchmark is a fixed reference point of known elevation above or below the datum.
Any permanent point whose elevation is known can be used as B.M.

➢ Eg., Large rock, Kilometer stone, Road kerb, Top of culvert or parapet, Plinth level
of building etc.,

Types of Bench Marks

➢ G.T.S Bench Marks

➢ Permanent Bench Marks

➢ Temporary Bench Marks

➢ Arbitrary Bench Marks.

Types of Levelling instruments

➢ Dumpy level

➢ Reversible level

➢ Tilting level

➢ Automatic level.

69 | Page
LONGITUDINAL SECTION AND CROSS - SECTION

AIM:-

To conduct the survey, longitudinal section and Cross section for a canal/road
alignment and plotting the profile.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

 Levelling instrument

 Levelling staff

 Chain and Tape

70 | Page
  Ranging rod

 Arrows

PROCEDURE:-

LONGITUDINAL SECTION:-

1) Establish the benchmark near the starting and ending points of the profiled by
running check levels from a benchmark of known point.

2) Fix the profile line AB and BC on the ground by fixing ranging rods at A, B, and
C.

3) Measure and record magnetic bearings of lines AB and BC using a compass.

4) Align the line and mark number of points at equal intervals on the proposed
alignment. Let A, 1, 2, 3… B, 9, 10…C is the marked points on alignment.

5) Setup the levelling instrument on the side of the alignment on firm ground at some
suitable place P1 so as to cover a large number of points on the lines.

6) Take B.S on B.M 1 to determine the height of the instrument.

7) Hold the levelling staff at successive stations A, 1, 2, 3, 4… and take IS to

determine the levels of these points.

8) Select a change point C.P-I if the IS distance exceeds 100 m. In the figure, it is
after taking IS on point S. Take the F.S reading on the C.P –I.

9) Shift the instrument and setup at P2.So that it covers a large number of forwarding
points.

71 | Page
 10) Take the B.S reading on the C.P – I to determine the new height of instrument.

11) Hold the levelling staff on 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and take IS.

12) Select a second C.P -2 after taking IS reading on point 12, when the sight distance
exceeds 100 m. Take F.S on C.P -2.

13) Shift the instrument to P3 and proceed as in step 8, 9, and 10 till the last point ‘C’
is covered.

14) Finally, close the work by taking the F.S reading on B.M -2 from last instrument
setup.

CROSS – SECTIONING:-

1) Mark the cross – section points and number them continuously on the proposed
centre line alignment.

2) Set out perpendicular at those points on both sides on centre line using a cross-
staff or optical square.

3) Mark representative points along these perpendicular lines depending upon the
nature of the ground and the type of project.

4) Take staff readings on each cross – section on marked points, from the same
instrument station as a setup for longitudinal sectioning.

5) Enter the staff reading accordingly.

6) Reduce the levels and apply the usual check.

72 | Page
S.NO B.S I.S F.S H.C R.L REMARKS
1.2 101.20 100 Benchmark
1.455 99.745 0m
1.470 99.730 Ls1
1.500 99.700 Cs1
1.485 99.715 Cs2
1.515 99.685 Cs3
1.425 99.775 Cs4
1.445 99.755 Ls2 10M
1.485 99.715 Cs1
1.470 99.730 Cs2
1.500 99.700 Cs3
1.390 99.810 Cs4
1.405 99.795 Ls3 20M
1.470 99.730 Cs1
1.410 99.790 Cs2
1.455 99.745 Cs3
1.350 99.850 Cs4
1.370 99.830 Ls4 30M
1.415 99.785 Cs1
1.365 99.835 Cs2
1.400 99.800 Cs3
1.315 99.885 Cs4
1.350 99.850 Ls5 40M
1.395 99.805 Cs1
1.355 99.845 Cs2

73 | Page
 1.385 99.815 Cs3
1.285 99.915 Cs4
1.315 99.885 Ls6 50M
1.365 99.835 Cs1
1.320 99.880 Cs2
1.51 1.360 99.840 Cs3 CP 1
1.390 99.960 Cs4
1.425 99.925 Ls7 60M
1.465 99.885 Cs1
1.430 99.920 Cs2
1.485 99.865 Cs3
1.360 99.990 Cs4

1.360 99.990 Ls8 70M

1.380 99.970 Cs1
1.430 99.920 Cs2
1.400 99.950 Cs3
1.435 99.915 Cs4
1.330 100.020 Ls9 80M
1.355 99.995 Cs1
1.400 99.950 Cs2
1.350 100.00 Cs3
1.390 99.960 Cs4
1.285 100.065 Ls10 90M
1.315 100.035 Cs1
1.375 99.975 Cs2
1.325 100.025 Cs3
1.365 99.985 Cs4
1.250 100.100 Ls11 100M
1.260 100.090 Cs1

74 | Page
 1.300 100.050 Cs2
1.265 100.085 Cs3
1.310 100.040 Cs4
1.220 100.130 Ls12 110M
1.240 100.110 Cs1
1.270 100.080 Cs2
1.235 100.115 Cs3
1.280 100.070 Cs4
1.180 100.170 Ls13 120M
1.220 100.`130 Cs1
1.270 100.080 Cs2
1.230 100.120 Cs3
1.44 1.260 100.090 Cs4 CP 2
1.330 100.200 Ls14 130M
1.340 100.190 Cs1
1.360 100.170 Cs2
1.340 100.190 Cs3
1.350 100.180 CS4
1.290 100.240 Ls15 140M
1.300 100.230 Cs1
1.320 100.210 Cs2
1.310 100.220 Cs3
1.320 100.210 Cs4
1.320 100.210 Ls16 150M
1.245 100.285 CS1
1.265 100.265 Cs2
1.310 100.220 Cs3
1.260 100.270 Cs4
1.285 100.245 Ls17 160M
1.210 100.320 Cs1

75 | Page
 1.240 100.290 Cs2
1.280 100.250 Cs3
1.240 100.290 Cs4
1.160 100.260 Ls18 170M
1.190 100.370 Cs1
1.220 100.340 Cs2
1.190 100.310 Cs3
1.230 100.340 Cs4
1.135 100.300 Ls19 180M
1.135 100.395 Cs1
1.185 100.395 Cs2
1.175 100.345 Cs3
1.215 100.355 Cs4
1.115 100.315 Ls20 190M
1.125 100.415 Cs1
1.155 100.405 Cs2
1.135 100.375 Cs3
1.165 100.395 Cs4
1.080 100.365 Ls21 200M
1.090 100.450 Cs1
1.110 100.440 Cs2
1.090 100.420 Cs3
1.120 100.410 Cs4

8.210 7.880

76 | Page
ARITHMETIC CHECK:-

Σ F.S - Σ B.S = First R.L - Last R.L

8.210 -7..880 = 100.410-100.000

0.410 = 0.410

Hence the check is ok.

77 | Page
78 | Page
79 | Page
80 | Page
81 | Page
82 | Page
 CHAPTER - 6
CONCLUSION

As recommended by the Anna University, CE-6512 Survey camp was completed within a
period from 17.06.2018 TO 25.06.2018. Various topics such as fly levelling, Tacheometric
traversing, Contouring with Theodolite, Longitudinal section and Cross – section were
practically done on the field. The Survey camp helped us to gain knowledge about the field
works carried out in the Civil Engineering field.

The Survey camp calculation was very helpful in learning the practical details of
Surveying. It also enhanced our interest in surveying. We gained a lot of practical knowledge
and also developed team spirit and co-operation among us. We thank the college and
department staff for helping us in various ways.

We gained experience in handling the surveying instruments, we also encountered the

possible problems during the field work which we could experience during our job and
determined solution for these problems.
83 | Page