CLSS 10
SUB: AI
TYPES OF APPROCHES IN AI
Modelling:
AI Modelling refers to
developing algorithms,
also called models which
can be trained to get
intelligent outputs. That
is, writing codes to make
a machine artificially
intelligent.
In general, there are two
approaches taken by
researchers when
building AI models.
They either take a rule-
based approach or
learning approach.
1) Rule based approach
2) learning approach
1) Rule based approach : It is generally based on the data and rules
fed to the machine, where the machine reacts accordingly to deliver
the desired output.
2) These systems operate on a set of predefined rules and logic to make
decisions, perform tasks, or derive conclusions.
3) Rules: The core of the system, these are conditional statements that
define the system's behavior. A rule generally follows the format "IF
condition THEN action." For example, in an expert system for
medical diagnosis, a rule might be "IF patient has fever AND cough
THEN consider flu."
Example: A clothing website has a Chabot to answer questions
about order tracking.
1. Data: The Chabot doesn't require a massive dataset for
training. It relies on a predefined set of questions and
corresponding answers.
2. Rules: The Chabot uses a decision tree approach with clearly
defined rules to understand user queries and provide responses.
Here's a simplified example: Rule 1:
If the user's message contains keywords like "track order,"
"shipment status," or "delivery," proceed to order tracking
options.
Rule 2: Under order tracking options:
If the user asks for their order number, prompt them to enter it.
▪ If the user enters a valid order number, retrieve the tracking
information from the database and display it.
▪ If the user enters an invalid order number, provide an error
message and ask them to re-enter it.
Rule 3: If the user's message doesn't match any defined rules, offer a
message like "Sorry, I can't help you with that. Perhaps you can try
searching our FAQs or contact customer support."
3. Interaction: When a user chats with the bot, their message is
analyzed based on the defined rules. The Chabot responds with a pre-
written answer or prompts the user for additional information
depending on the scenario.
A drawback/feature for this approach is that the learning is
static. The machine once trained, does not take into
consideration any changes made in the original training dataset.
learning approach:
A learning-based approach is a
method where a computer learns
how to do something by looking at
examples or getting feedback,
similar to how we learn from
experience
We can say that it refers to the AI modelling where the
machine learns by itself. Under the Learning Based approach,
the AI model gets trained on the data fed to it and then is able
to design a model which is adaptive to the change in data.
Example:A learning-based spam email filter is a computer
program that automatically identifies whether an incoming
email is spam or not. Instead of being explicitly programmed
with rules for identifying spam, the filter learns from
examples of labeled emails during a training phase.
During training, the filter is provided with a large
dataset of emails, each labeled as either spam or
legitimate (non-spam). The filter analyzes the content
and characteristics of these emails, such as words
used, sender information, and presence of
attachments. Using machine learning algorithms, the
filter learns to recognize patterns that distinguish
spam from legitimate emails.
Once trained, the filter can classify new
incoming emails as spam or not spam based on
the patterns it learned. It continuously adapts
and improves its accuracy over time asit
encounters new example
Categories of Machine learning based models:
Supervised learning:
In a supervised learning model, the dataset which is fed to the
machine is labelled. In other words, we can say that the dataset is
known to the person who is training the machine only then
he/she is able to label the data.
There are two types of Supervised Learning models:
1.Classification
2. Regression:
1.Classification: it is model in w
Where the data is classified
according to the labels. For
example, in the grading system,
students are classified on the basis
of the grades they obtain with
respect to their marks in the
examination. This model works on
discrete dataset which means the
data need not be continuous. It
works on discrete data
Discrete data
This data type can only take on specific, separated values and is typically counted rather than
measured. Each discrete data point is distinct and separate from the next, with no possible
data points in between.
The number of children in a classroom
The number of pages in a book
The number of cars in a parking lot
The number of siblings you have
The number of slices in a pizza
Regression: Such models
work on continuous data.
For example: if you wish to
predict your next salary, then
you would put in the data of
your previous salary, any
increments, etc., and would
train the model. Here, the
data which has been fed to the
machine is continuous.
Examples of continuous data: it can be taken on any value within a defined range or interval.This
data type can include fractions or decimals, which allows for a nearly infinite number of potential
values within a given range
Examples
The temperature on a given day.
The height of individuals in a group
The time it takes to run a race
Discrete data
This data type can only take on specific, separated values and is typically counted rather than
measured. Each discrete data point is distinct and separate from the next, with no possible
data points in between.
The number of children in a classroom
The number of pages in a book
The number of cars in a parking lot
The number of siblings you have
The number of slices in a pizza
An unsupervised learning model:
It works on unlabelled dataset. This
means that the data which is fed to
the machine is random and there is a
possibility that the person who is
training the model does not
have any information regarding it.
The unsupervised learning models
are used to identify relationships,
patterns and trends out of the data
which is fed into it.
It helps the user in understanding what the data is about
and what are the major features identified by the machine in
it.
Reinforcement Learning
This learning approach enables the
computer to make a series of decisions that
maximize a reward metric for the task
without human intervention and without
being explicitly programmed to achieve the
task.
Reinforcement Learning – Example
.
▪ Reinforcement learning is a type of learning in which a machine learns to perform
a task through a repeated trial-and-error method.
Let’s say you provide an image of an apple to the machine and ask the machine to
predict it-
▪ The machine first predicts it as ‘cherry’ and you give negative feedback that it’s
incorrect.
▪ Now, the machine learns that it’s not a cherry.
Then again, you ask the machine to predict the fruit by giving an image of an
apple as input;
▪ Now, it knows it is not a cherry.
▪ It predicts it as an apple and you give positive
feedback that it’s correct.
▪ So, now the machine learns that this is an apple.
Unsupervised learning model:
can be further divided into two categories: Clustering model and Association
model.
Clustering:
Clustering is a process of dividing the datapoints
into different groups on similarity between them
Association :
Association Rule is an unsupervised learning method that is used to find interesting
relationships between variables from the database.
Based on the purchase pattern of other customers, we
can predict that there is high probability
that any customer x who buys bread will most
probably buy butter.
Therefore, such meaningful associations can be useful
to recommend items to customers. This is
called Association Rule.
Frameworks :
We know that ethics are a set of values or morals
which help us separate right from wrong.
Frameworks are step-by-step guidance on solving
problems. Ethical frameworks are frameworks which
help us ensure that the choices we make do not cause
unintended harm.
By utilizing ethical frameworks, individuals and organizations
can make well- informed decisions that align with their values
and promote positive outcomes for all stakeholders involved.
AI is essentially being used as a decision-making/ influencing
tool. As such we need to ensure that AI makes morally acceptable
recommendations. Ethical frameworks ensure that AI makes
morally acceptable choices
Sector-based Frameworks:
1. These are frameworks tailored to specific sectors or
industries. In the context of AI, one common sector-based
framework is Bioethics, which focuses on ethical
considerations in healthcare. It addresses issues such as
patient privacy, data security, and the ethical use of AI in
medical decision-making.
Sector-based ethical frameworks may also apply to domains such
as finance, education, transportation, agriculture, governance,
and law enforcement.
Bioethics :
Bioethics is an ethical framework used in healthcare and life
sciences. It deals with ethical
issues related to health, medicine, and biological sciences,
ensuring that AI applications in healthcare adhere to ethical
standards and considerations.
2. Value-based Frameworks:
Value-based frameworks focus on fundamental ethical principles
and values guiding decision- making. It reflects the different
moral philosophies that inform ethical reasoning. Value-based
frameworks are concerned with assessing the moral worth of
actions and guiding ethical behavior. They can be further
classified into three categories:
i. Rights-based:
Prioritizes the protection of human rights and dignity, valuing
human life over other considerations. It emphasizes the
importance of respecting individual autonomy, dignity,
and freedoms. In the context of AI, this could involve ensuring
that AI systems do not violate human rights or discriminate
against certain groups.
ii. Utility-based: Evaluates actions based on the principle of
maximizing utility or overall good, aiming to achieve outcomes
that offer the greatest benefit and minimize harm. It seeks to
maximize overall utility or benefit for the greatest number of
people. In AI, this might involve weighing the potential benefits
of AI applications against the risks they pose to society, such as
job displacement or privacy concerns.
ii. Utility-based: Evaluates actions based on the principle of
maximizing utility or overall good, aiming to achieve outcomes
that offer the greatest benefit and minimize harm. It seeks to
maximize overall utility or benefit for the greatest number of
people. In AI, this might involve weighing the potential benefits
of AI applications against the risks they pose to society, such as
job displacement or privacy concerns.
iii. Virtue-based:
This framework focuses on the character and intentions of the
individuals involved in decision-making. It asks whether the
actions of individuals or organizations align with virtuous
principles such as honesty, compassion, and integrity. In the
context of AI, virtue ethics could involve considering whether
developers, users, and regulators uphold ethical values
throughout the AI lifecycle.
