MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE GWALIOR
Deemed to be University
NAAC Accredited with A++
Grade
PRESENTATION ON :COURSE OUTCOMES OF DAA
Submitted To: Submitted by:
Prof. UTKARSH SHARMA YASH SHIVHARE (0901MC231077)
Design and Analysis of
Algorithms
This presentation covers the fundamental techniques in algorithm design
and analysis. We explore key methods such as Brute-Force, Greedy, Dynamic
Programming, Divide and Conquer, and Backtracking. Understanding these
techniques is essential for developing efficient, correct, and clear algorithms
that perform well in real-world applications.
We will also discuss time and space complexity, helping you choose the
right approach for different problem types and constraints.
Introduction to Algorithm
Design
What is an Algorithm? Importance of
A step-by-step procedure to Algorithm Design
solve a problem or perform a Ensures efficiency,
task. correctness, and clarity in
problem-solving.
Key Goals
Focus on optimizing time and space complexity, often measured by
Big O notation.
Brute-Force and Greedy
Techniques
Brute-Force Greedy
• Tries all possible solutions • Makes locally optimal choices
• Simple but inefficient • Fast and simple
• Examples: Linear search, Bubble sort • Examples: Activity selection, Huffman coding
• Time Complexity: Often exponential or polynomial • Time Complexity: Usually O(n log n)
Dynamic Programming
Key Concepts Optimal Substructure
Solves overlapping Solutions build upon optimal
subproblems using solutions of subproblems.
memoization and breaks
problems into stages.
Examples &
Complexity
Fibonacci, Knapsack, Matrix Chain Multiplication with time
complexities often O(n²) or O(n³).
Divide and Conquer
Approach Examples Time Complexity
Breaks problem into smaller Merge Sort, Quick Sort, Binary Search. Typically O(n log n) for many
subproblems, solves each recursively, problems.
then combines results.
Backtracking
Technique
Method
Tries all possibilities but abandons paths if invalid.
Use Cases
Effective for constraint satisfaction problems like puzzles.
Examples &
Complexity
N-Queens, Sudoku Solver, Permutations with exponential worst-
case time complexity.
Comparison of Algorithm
Techniques
Technique Use Case Time Complexity Examples
Brute Force Small input size High Bubble sort
Greedy Optimization Medium Huffman coding
problems
Dynamic Optimal Medium-High Knapsack
Programming substructure
problems
Divide & Conquer Sorted or Logarithmic Merge Sort
recursive
problems
Backtracking Combinatorial High N-Queens
search
Real-World Applications &
Summary
Applications Summary
• Greedy: Network routing, compression Choose techniques based on problem structure, balancing time
• Dynamic Programming: Bioinformatics sequence alignment and space trade-offs.
Mastering these patterns is key for competitive programming
• Divide and Conquer: Sorting, image processing
and technical interviews.
• Backtracking: Puzzle solvers, AI pathfinding
