XII PHYSICS SMART REVISION MODULE(2024)

08.01.24 TO 09.01.24
CH:09 RAY OPTICS
1. Define critical angle and explain total internal reflection with neat labeled diagram, write
conditions for TIR

ANS:
2. Write applications of TIR and explain briefly
ANS: Total internal reflection and its applications. Diamond
1.Diamond is popular because of its amazing shine and its glamorous look. The shine of
the diamond is due to the phenomenon of total internal reflection. The reason is due to the
lower diamond and air interface. Because of the lower diamond and air interface, the beam
of lights entering into the diamond remains inside the diamond and suffers multiple internal
reflections. The cut of the diamond is made in such a way that the light that once entered
the diamond remains in it and comes out from the top after suffering multiple reflections.
2. Mirage
i. Mirage is an optical illusion .
ii. During the hot summer days when total internal reflection occurs. According to this
phenomenon, the air that is present near the ground gets hotter as compared to the other
place above it.
iii.Hot air has a small refractive index and is less dense. Alternatively, the cold air has a large
refractive index and is denser.
 iv. Thus, with the increase in height, the optical density also increases and vice versa. When
a beam of light passes through a longer object, the light bends away from the normal and
undergoes total internal reflection.
v. When we walk or drive on hot sunny days, we will find the light coming to our eyes is
coming from below the ground. This results in the inverted image of tall objects in the water,
and the phenomenon is known as Mirage.
3. Optical fibre
i. During such a phenomenon, when a beam of light strikes the cladding,total internal
reflection takes place.
ii. The formed angle is always greater than the critical angle. The refractive index of the
material of cladding is lower than the refractive index of the material of the core.
iii. When the beam of light moves from one end of optical fibre to another fibre at a certain
angle, it undergoes recurrent total internal reflections.
iv.This reflection takes place in the whole fibre and then the light comes out from the other
end.
v.This is used to transmit and receive electrical signals. with the help of a transducer, these
signals are then converted to light. In addition to that, these optical fibres are used in the
light pipe. This helps doctors and other healthcare professionals use this phenomenon to
examine internal organs of the human body.
3. Derive expression for Lens makers formula with neat labeled diagram
ANS:
4. Derive expression for refractive index of glass prism using minimum deviation condition and
write expression for minimum deviation

ANS:
5. Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by a compound microscope when the final
image is formed at the near point. and write expression for magnification
 6. Draw a labeled ray diagram of a refracting telescope. Define its magnifying power and write
the expression for it. Write two important limitations of a refracting telescope over a
reflecting type telescope.
When final image is formed at infinity:

When the final image is formed at least distance of distinct vision:

10.01.24 TO 11.01.24
CH:10WAVE OPTICS :
1. Using Huygens’s principle draw a diagram showing how a plane wave gets refracted when it is
incident on the surface separating a rarer medium from a denser medium. Hence verify Snell’s
law of refraction.
ANS:
2. (a) State the importance of coherent sources in the phenomenon of interference.
ANS:

(b) In Young’s double slit experiment to produce interference pattern, obtain the conditions
for constructive and destructive interference. Hence deduce the expression for the fringe
width.
ANS:
 (c) How does the fringe width get affected, if the entire experimental apparatus of Young’s
immersed in water?
ANS:

3. (a) Define a wave front. How is it different from a ray?

(b) Depict the shape of a wave front in each of the following cases.
(i) Light diverging from point source,
(ii) Light emerging out of a convex lens when a point source is placed at its focus.
(iii) Using Huygens’s construction of secondary wavelets, draw a diagram showing the
passage of a plane wave front from a denser into a rarer medium
Answer:
(a) A wave front is defined as the locus of all the particles vibrating in same phase at any
instant. A line perpendicular to the wave front in the direction of propagation of light wave
is called a ray.

(b)
12.01.24 CHAPTER:11 DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION:
1. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation. State clearly the three salient features observed in
photoelectric effect, which can be explained on the basis of the above equation.
2. A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has greater de-Broglie
wavelength and why?
3. Describe briefly three experimentally observed features in the phenomenon of photoelectric
effect.
ANSWER:
On the basis of experiments on photoelectric effect, three observed features are:
(i) Emission of photoelectrons start as soon as light falls on metal surface i.e., there is no time
lag between incidence of light and emission of photoelectrons.
(ii) The emission of photoelectrons takes places only when the frequency of the incident
radiations is above a certain critical value called threshold frequency 0, which is
characteristic of that metal emitting electrons. Above threshold frequency 0, maximum
kinetic energy with which photoelectrons are emitted is directly proportional to frequency 
of incident radiation. So the graph plotted between (1/2)mv2max or eV0 with frequency  is a
straight line for frequencies above threshold frequency 0.

(iii) The maximum kinetic energy with which a photoelectron is emitted from a metallic surface is
independent of the intensity of light and depends only upon its frequency.
4. Explain giving reasons for the following:
(a) Photoelectric current in a photocell increase with the increase in the intensity of the incident
radiation.
(b) The stopping potential (V0) varies linearly with the frequency () of the incident radiation for a
given photosensitive surface with the slope remaining the same for different surface
ANS:

13.01.24 to 14.01.24
CHAPTER:12 ATOMS:
1. State and explain Bohrs postulates and derive expression for
a. Velocity b. Radius c. Energy of electron in nth orbit
ANS: a)& b)
2. Explain about spectral series with neat labeled diagram
ANS:
3. Explain the concept of De-Broglie explanation to bohrs second postulate.
ANS:
 15 .01.24 to 16.01.24
CHAPTER: 13 NUCLEI:
1. How the size or a nucleus is experimentally determined? Write the relation between the radius
and mass number of the nucleus. Show that the density of nucleus is independent of its mass
number.
ANS:

2. Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1: 8 what is the ratio of their nuclear radii?
ANS:

3. (a) Write three characteristic properties of nuclear force.

(b) Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. Write
two important conclusions that can be drawn from the graph
 ANS:

4. Write the relation for binding energy (BE) (in MeV) of a nucleus of AZ N , atomic number (Z) and
mass number (A) in terms of the masses of its constituents - neutrons and protons.
ANS:

(b) Draw a plot of BE/A versus mass number A for 2 A 170 . Use this graph to explain the
release of energy in the process of nuclear fusion of two light nuclei.
 ANS:

5. Define isotopes, isobars and isotones and give examples to each.

ANS: ISOTOPES
ISOBARS:

ISOTONES

17 .01.24 to 18.01.24
CHAPTER: 14SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS:
1. Draw the circuit diagrams of a p-n junction diode in (i) forward bias, (ii) reverse bias. How are
these circuits used to study the V-I characteristics of a silicon diode? Draw the typical V-I
characteristics
ANS:
 From
the V-I characteristics of a junction diode it is clear that it allows current to pass only when it is
biased. So if an alternating voltage is applied across a diode the current flows only in part of the
cycle when the diode is forward biased. This property is used to rectify alternating voltages.

(i) Minority Carrier Injection : Due to the applied voltage , electrons from n-side cross the
depletion region and reach p-side (where they are minority carriers) . Similarly , holes from p-
side cross this junction and reach the n-side *where they are minority carriers). This process
under forward bias is known as minority carrier injection.

(ii) Breakdown voltage : It is a critical reverse bias voltage at which current is independent of
applied voltage.
2. What is a light emitting diode (LED)? Mention two important advantages of LEDs over
conventional lamps.
ANS:

3. Draw the circuit diagram of a full wave rectifier using p-n junction diode. Explain its working and
show the output, input waveforms.
ANS:

Working:- The AC input voltage across secondary s1 and s2 changes polarity after each half cycle.
Suppose during the first half cycle of input AC signal, the terminal s1 is positive relative to centre tap O
and s2 is negative relative to O. then diode D1 is forward bias and diode D2 is reverse biased. Therefore
diode D1 conduct while diode D2 does not.

In next half cycle, the terminal s1 is negative relative to centre tap O and s2 is positive relative to O.
then diode D2 is forward bias and diode D1 is reverse biased. Therefore diode D2 conduct while
diode D1 does not.

The direction of current in resistance RL is same from A to B for both half cycles. hence for input AC
signal the output current is a continuous series of unidirectional pulses.

4. Draw the circuit diagram of a p-n diode used as a half-wave rectifier. Explain its working.
ANS:

A p-n junction diode conducts current in forward bias and blocks current in reverse bias. p-
n junction diode is forward biased in positive cycle. In forward bias, resistance of diode, RD=0 or it acts
as a short circuit and output voltage equals the input voltage.

p-n junction diode is reverse biased in negative cycle. In reverse bias, resistance of diode, RD=∞ or it
acts as an open circuit and output voltage is zero.

Hence, the p-n junction allows only positive cycles to pass through them.
 19 .01.24 to 20.01.24
CHAPTER: MAGNETISM AND MATTER
1. a) Explain Gauss's law of magnetism. Describe its significance.

b) Write down the four most important properties of magnetic field lines caused by a bar
magnet.

Ans- a) According to Gauss's Law of Magnetism, the total flux of the magnetic field through any
closed surface is always zero.

This law implies the absence of magnetic monopoles or magnetic field lines forms closed loops.

b) The following are the four properties of magnetic field lines:

1. Magnetic field lines always form closed loops that are continuous.
2. The direction of the net magnetic field at a given position is represented by the tangent to
the magnetic field line at that point.
3. The magnitude of the magnetic field increases as the number of field lines crossing per unit
area increases.
4. Magnetic field lines do not cross.

2. (i) Make a list of two properties of a material used to make permanent magnets.(ii) Why
are ferromagnetic materials used in the core of an electromagnet?

Ans- (i) The following are two features of a material used to make permanent magnets:

a. High retentivity, resulting in a powerful magnetic field.

b. High coercivity, so that high magnetic fields, temperature changes, or small mechanical
damage do not remove its magnetism.

(ii) Ferromagnetic materials are used in the core of electromagnets because they have a high initial
permeability, which allows for substantial magnetisation even with a tiny magnetising field, and a
low resistivity, which reduces eddy current losses.

4. What is meant by “magnetic susceptibility” and how does it relate to “relative

magnetic permeability”?

Ans. It describes how easily a substance might become magnetized. It is described as the
proportion of the magnetization’s intensity to the magnetic field. The necessary relationship is
µr = 1 + χm.

5. (a) Why does a paramagnetic sample display greater magnetisation (for the same
magnetising field) when cooled?
Solution: The dipole alignment gets interrupted at elevated temperatures because of the
random motion of the molecules. On cooling, this disruption is reduced. Hence, a paramagnetic
sample displays greater magnetisation when cooled.
(b) Why is diamagnetism, in contrast, almost independent of temperature? Solution: In
diamagnetic substances, resultant magnetic moment in an atom is zero. Hence, the internal
motion of the atoms does not affect the diamagnetism of a material. Thus, diamagnetism is
almost independent of temperature.

CHAPTER: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

1. Whenever a magnet is moved either towards or away from a conducting coil an e.m.f. is
induced, the magnitude of which is independent of
 a. the speed with which the magnet is moved
b. the strength of the magnetic field
c. the resistance of the coil
d. the number of turns in the coil

Ans. The correct answer is c. the resistance of the coil.

Explanation: The magnitude of emf induced whenever a magnet is moved either toward or away
from a conducting coil is given by

ε = -N dΦ/dt = -N d(BA)/dt

From the above expression, it is clear that induced emf depends on the number of turns of the coil
(N), the strength of the magnetic field (B), the area of the cross-section of the coil (A), and the time
interval (dt) which depends on the velocity (v) with which the magnet is moved. It is independent of
the resistance of the coil.

2. What are the methods of generating induced emf?

Ans:

 Induced emf by changing the magnetic field B

 Induced emf by changing the area of coil
 Induced emf by changing the relative orientation of the coil and the magnetic field

3.a) What is Faraday's first law of electromagnetic induction?

Ans. Faraday’s first law of electromagnetic induction states that when there is a relative motion
between coil and magnet an e.m.f. is induced across the coil. This induced e.m.f. lasts as long as
the change in magnetic flux continues in the coil.

b) State the second law of electromagnetic induction.

Ans: The magnitude of induced e.m.f is directly proportional to rate of change in magnetic flux

e ∝ dϕ/dt

E = -dϕ/dt

The SI unit of magnetic flux is weber/ tesla-metre

4. (a) Lenz’s law obeys the law of conservation of energy. Explain.

(b) Describe construction & working of a.c. generator.

Ans ⇒ (a) Lenz’s law : According to this law in the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction the
direction of induced current is such that it opposes the cause by which it is produced. We see that
in electromagnetic induction there is flow of current even in the abxence of cell or battery. Now
question arises from where energy comes. There is transformation of other form of energy into
electrical energy.

By experiment it is found that the direction of current always opposes the moving magnet or
primary coil. When magnet is brought near the coil, current produced in coil always opposes the
motion of magnet. So work is to be done against this opposition. This workdone for opposition is
stored in coil in form of electromagnetic potential energy.
On the other hand, when magnet is taken away the attraction is experienced because
current is reversed. Again work is to be done. This work is transformed in electrical energy. hence
we find that Lenz’s law is in accordance with law of conservation of energy.

(b) a.c. generator or dynamo : It is an electric instrument which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. It is mainly based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
The transformation of mechanical energy to electrical energy takes place in the form of a.c.

Construction : The apparatus has been shown in fig. It has following main parts :
(i) Field magnet : There are two pole piece of a strong magnet face to face. An uniform magnetic
force field is produced between poles.

(ii) Armature : It is made by winding a copper coil (ABCD) on a cylindrical core of soft iron. It is
fitted iwth insulated axle which is rotated between N & S by an instrument.

(iii) Slipy rings : There are two rings R, & R, on axle to which two ends of ermature are joint
separately. When axle rotates then rings move with armature.

(iv) Brush : Two brushes B, and B, of carbon touch the two rings R, & R..

Theory & working : When axle is rotated by a device, rectangular coil rotates in magnetic field.
these is change in magnetic flux associated with it due to which an ac emfis generated in coil by
electromagnetic induction. So, alternating current flow. If number of turns in coil in n, area of coil is
A & magnetic field is

current will be alternating.

If initially coil is I to the plane of paper & AB is up with CD down and coil is rotating in anticlockwise
direction then in first half revolution current in AB will from B to A & in CD from D to C, (according
to Fleming’s right hand screw rule).
After half angle AB & CD positions are interchanged. So current will be from C to Din CD & A to B
in AB but in R it will be from B2 to B1.
5. (a) What is electromagnetic induction ? State Faraday’s law of Electro magnetic
induction.
(b) What do you mean by self induction & mutual induction ?

Ans ⇒ (a) Electromagnetic Induction : When magnetic flux linked with a loop charges, an emf is
induced in the loop. This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction. In microscopic form,
the production of induced electric field at a point due to the changing magnetic field at the same
point, is the essence of electromagnetic induction.

Faraday’ Laws of EMI : The rate of decrement of magnetic flux is equal to the emf induced in a
loop.

Let φ be the flux linked with the loop. Then – = εind

Where, εind is the emf ‘induced’.
If Ē be the induced electric field intensity and be the magnetic induction

(b) Self induction : When there is change in current flowing throught a closed coil, there is
induction of an e.m.f. & electric current in circuit. These are called induced e.m.f. & induced current
& the phenomenon is called self induction.

If no. of turns in coil are N & flux linked with each turn is φ, then total flux linked = Nφ

If current flowing through the coil is I then Nφ,

Here, ∠is a constant called coefficient of self induction or self inductance.
If I = 1 amp. then ∠Nφ

i.e., self inductance is total flux produced by flow of unit current. Now
Mutual induction : It is phenomenon of induction of an e.m.f. in second coil due to change in
current through first coil situated near it.

The flux linked with secondary coil is directly proportional to flowing current.

Here M is a constant called ‘coefficient of mutual induction or mutual inductance. Its SI unit is
Henry.