Digital Signal Processing Lab Report
Signal Generation and Basic Operations
Tanjim Jahan Joy
August 2, 2025
Objective
The objective of this lab is to:
• Generate discrete sinusoidal and cosine signals.
• Perform basic operations on discrete-time signals including time-shifting, folding
(time reversal), and time scaling.
Task 1: Generate a discrete sinusoidal signal and per-
form the following operations.
Signal Definition:
x(n) = A · sin(ωn + ϕ)
Where:
• A = 1 (Amplitude)
• ω= π
4
(Frequency)
• ϕ = 0 (Phase)
• n = −10 to 10
MATLAB Code:
t = -2* pi : 0.5 : 2* pi ;
x = sin ( t ) ;
subplot (2 ,2 ,1) ;
stem (t ,x , ’b ’ , ’ filled ’) ;
xlabel ( ’t ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ sin ( t ) ’) ;
title ( ’ Discrete sine wave ’) ;
1
(a) Time Shifting: sin(n − 3)
t = -2* pi : 0.5 : 2* pi ;
tShifted = t + pi *2;
subplot (2 ,2 ,2) ;
stem ( tShifted , x , ’b ’ , ’ filled ’) ;
xlabel ( ’t ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ sin (t -3) ’) ;
title ( ’ Time Shifted ’)
(b) Folding: sin(−n)
t = -2* pi : 0.5 : 2* pi ;
xFolded = sin ( - t ) ;
subplot (2 ,2 ,3) ;
stem (t , xFolded , ’b ’ , ’ filled ’) ;
xlabel ( ’t ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ sin ( - t ) ’) ;
title ( ’ Folded ’) ;
(c) Time Scaling: sin(3n)
t = -2* pi : 0.5 : 2* pi ;
xScaled = 3* x ;
subplot (2 ,2 ,4) ;
stem (t , xScaled , ’b ’ , ’ filled ’) ;
xlabel ( ’t ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ sin (3 t ) ’) ;
title ( ’ Scaled Signal ’) ;
Figure 1
2
Task 2: Generate a discrete cosine signal and perform
the following operations.
Signal Definition:
x(n) = A · cos(ωn + ϕ)
Where:
• A = 1 (Amplitude)
• ω= π
4
(Frequency)
• ϕ = 0 (Phase)
• n = −10 to 10
MATLAB Code:
t = -2* pi : 0.5 : 2* pi ;
y = cos ( t ) ;
subplot (2 ,2 ,1) ;
stem (t ,y , ’b ’ , ’ filled ’) ;
xlabel ( ’t ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ cos ( t ) ’) ;
title ( ’ Discrete cosine wave ’) ;
(a) Time Shifting: cos(n − 3)
t = -2* pi : 0.5 : 2* pi ;
tShifted = t + pi *2;
subplot (2 ,2 ,2) ;
stem ( tShifted , x , ’b ’ , ’ filled ’) ;
xlabel ( ’t ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ cos (t -3) ’) ;
title ( ’ Time Shifted ’)
(b) Folding: cos(−n)
t = -2* pi : 0.5 : 2* pi ;
yFolded = cos ( - t ) ;
subplot (2 ,2 ,3) ;
stem (t , yFolded , ’b ’ , ’ filled ’) ;
xlabel ( ’t ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ cos ( - t ) ’) ;
title ( ’ Folded ’) ;
3
(c) Time Scaling: cos(3n)
t = -2* pi : 0.5 : 2* pi ;
yScaled = 3* y ;
subplot (2 ,2 ,4) ;
stem (t , yScaled , ’b ’ , ’ filled ’) ;
xlabel ( ’t ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ cos (3 t ) ’) ;
title ( ’ Scaled Signal ’) ;
Figure 2
Task 3: Generate a signal z(n) and perform the fol-
lowing operations, where the value of 0 indicates the
starting position.
z = [1, −3, 4, −5, 0, 2, 3, 5, −7];
Index n = 0 corresponds to the 5th element (value = 0). Thus:
n = −4 to 4
MATLAB Code:
z = [1 , -3 , 4 , -5 , 0 , 2 , 3 , 5 , -7];
n = -4:1:4;
subplot (2 ,2 ,1) ;
stem (n ,z , ’b ’ , ’ filled ’) ;
xlabel ( ’n ’) ;
ylabel ( ’z ’) ;
title ( ’ Discrete Value ’) ;
(a) Time Shifting: z(n − 3)
z = [1 , -3 , 4 , -5 , 0 , 2 , 3 , 5 , -7];
n = -4:1:4;
nShifted = n -3;
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subplot (2 ,2 ,2) ;
stem ( nShifted ,z , ’b ’ , ’ filled ’) ;
xlabel ( ’n -3 ’) ;
ylabel ( ’z ’) ;
title ( ’ Shifted Value ’) ;
(b) Folding: z(−n)
z = [1 , -3 , 4 , -5 , 0 , 2 , 3 , 5 , -7];
zFolded = -z ;
n = -4:1:4;
subplot (2 ,2 ,3) ;
stem (n , zFolded , ’b ’ , ’ filled ’) ;
xlabel ( ’n ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ -z ’) ;
title ( ’ Folded Value ’) ;
(c) Time Scaling: z(3n)
z = [1 , -3 , 4 , -5 , 0 , 2 , 3 , 5 , -7];
zScaled = 3* z ;
n = -4:1:4;
subplot (2 ,2 ,4) ;
stem (n , zScaled , ’b ’ , ’ filled ’) ;
xlabel ( ’n ’) ;
ylabel ( ’ 3* z ’) ;
title ( ’ Scaled Value ’) ;
Figure 3
Results and Discussion
• Discrete sinusoidal and cosine signals were generated successfully.
• Time shifting (x(n − 3)) moved the signal to the right by 3 samples.
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• Folding (x(−n)) reversed the time axis of the signal.
• Time scaling (x(3n)) resulted in compression, retaining every third sample.
Conclusion
This lab demonstrated the generation and manipulation of discrete-time signals. These
fundamental signal operations—shifting, folding, and scaling—are essential in digital sig-
nal processing and serve as the basis for more advanced techniques such as filtering and
transformation.
References
1. MATLAB Documentation - https://www.mathworks.com/help/
