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BER Notes

The document explains Bit Error Ratio (BER) as a measure of signal quality in digital communication systems, comparing input and output signals to determine the fraction of incorrectly received bits. It details two testing methods: In-service Testing, which monitors systems during operation, and Out-of-service Testing, which requires the system to be inactive. Additionally, it describes the components of a Bit Error Ratio Tester (BERT), used for assessing transmission quality by generating test patterns and detecting errors.

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6 views2 pages

BER Notes

The document explains Bit Error Ratio (BER) as a measure of signal quality in digital communication systems, comparing input and output signals to determine the fraction of incorrectly received bits. It details two testing methods: In-service Testing, which monitors systems during operation, and Out-of-service Testing, which requires the system to be inactive. Additionally, it describes the components of a Bit Error Ratio Tester (BERT), used for assessing transmission quality by generating test patterns and detecting errors.

Uploaded by

nemaan602
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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𝗕𝗘𝗥 (𝗕𝗜𝗧 𝗘𝗥𝗥𝗢𝗥 𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢) 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 (𝗕𝗜𝗧 𝗘𝗥𝗥𝗢𝗥 𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢 𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥)

Transmission quality of telecommunication systems can be assessed directly by


measuring how well the output signal reproduces the input. Bit Error Ratio (or Rate) is
the signal quality concept used for digital communication systems (Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SNR is used for analog communication systems instead).

BER measurements compare digital input and output signals to assess what fraction of
the bits are received incorrectly.

𝗛𝗢𝗪 𝗜𝗦 𝗕𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗗❓


A custom digital pattern is injected into the system. It is important to use a data pattern
that simulates data sequences most likely to cause system errors. A pseudo-random
binary sequence (PRBS) is often used to simulate a wide range of bit patterns.

The PRBS sequence is a “random” sequence of bits that repeats itself after a set
number of bits. A common pattern is 1023-1 bits in length.

The output of the link under test is compared to the known input with an error detector.
The error detector records the number of errors and then ratios this to the number of
bits transmitted.

There are two types of bit error ratio testing can be conducted: In-service Testing and
Out-of-service Testing.

🔸In-service Testing

In-service testing is performed on the system during actual operation to give early
warning of problems. In one approach, a single 64 kb/s line is taken out of service and a
known test pattern injected onto the line. The error performance of this line can be
considered representative of all other lines on the system.

Other approaches involve monitoring line-coding violations or trace signals. For


example, SONET/SDH standards include a parity byte in the overhead structure that
allows frame-based error detection without the need to remove revenue-producing lines
from service.

🔸 Out-of-service Testing

Out-of-service testing involves injecting a known test pattern onto the serial line. The
system cannot carry live traffic during the test, so it is best suited for research and
development or manufacturing test environments.

The equipment used for out-of-service testing is known as a bit-error-ratio tester, or


BERT.
𝗕𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗘𝗤𝗨𝗜𝗣𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 – 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 (𝗕𝗜𝗧 𝗘𝗥𝗥𝗢𝗥 𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢 𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥)

Bit Error Ratio Tester – BERT, is a electronic test equipment used to test the quality of
signal transmission of single components or complete systems. It is often used for out-
of-service testing as described above.

The main building blocks of a BERT are:

1. Pattern Generator, which transmits a defined test pattern to the system under test.
2. Error Detector connected to the Device Under Test (DUT) or system, to count the
errors generated by the system
3. Clock Source (Clock Signal Generator) to synchronize the pattern generator and the
error detector
4. Electrical-optical converter and an optical-electrical converter for testing optical
communication signals

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