Digital Principles Semester Exam Notes
UNIT I: Digital Principles and Number Systems
1. Digital Concepts:
- Digital Signals: Discrete signals used in digital electronics.
- Digital Logic: Logic operations on binary values (0 and 1).
- Digital Computers: Systems that process data in binary format.
- Von Neumann Architecture: Computer architecture with a shared bus for data and instructions.
2. Boolean Laws and Theorems:
- Basic Laws: Commutative, Associative, Distributive.
- Theorems: De Morgan's Theorems, Duality Principle, Consensus Theorem.
3. Karnaugh Map (K-Map):
- Truth Tables to K-Map representation.
- 2-variable, 3-variable, and 4-variable K-Maps.
- Simplification using grouping (1s for SOP, 0s for POS).
- SOP (Sum of Products) and POS (Product of Sums) forms.
4. Number Systems:
- Types: Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal.
- Conversions: Between all types.
- Binary Arithmetic: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
- BCD (Binary Coded Decimal): Addition and subtraction.
- Octal and Hexadecimal Arithmetic: Standard operations.
- Binary Codes: Weighted and non-weighted codes.
- Decimal Codes, ASCII, EBCDIC, Excess-3, Gray Code.
- Error Detecting and Correcting Codes: Parity bits, Hamming Code.
UNIT II: Combinational and Sequential Circuits
1. Combinational Circuits:
- Adders: Half Adder, Full Adder (with truth tables and logic circuits).
- Subtractors: Half and Full Subtractors.
- Decoders and Encoders: Function and logic diagrams.
- Multiplexers and Demultiplexers: Working and truth tables.
2. Sequential Circuits:
- Flip-Flops:
- SR Flip-Flop
- D Flip-Flop
- JK Flip-Flop
- T Flip-Flop
- Registers:
- 4-bit Parallel Load Register
- Shift Registers (including Bidirectional with parallel load)
- Counters:
- 4-bit Synchronous Counter
- 4-bit Asynchronous Counter
UNIT III: Computer Organization and Design
1. Basic Computer Organization:
- Instruction Codes and Formats
- Computer Registers: MAR, MDR, AC, PC, etc.
- Instruction Cycle: Fetch, Decode, Execute.
- Memory-Reference Instructions
- I/O Interrupts: Mechanism and uses.
- Accumulator Logic Design
2. CPU Organization:
- General Register Organization
- Stack Organization
- Instruction Formats: Zero, One, Two, and Three Address formats.
- Addressing Modes: Immediate, Direct, Indirect, Register, etc.
- Data Transfer & Manipulation Instructions
- Program Control: Conditional/Unconditional jumps, subroutines.
3. Pipeline and Vector Processing:
- Parallel Processing Concepts
- Pipelining: Arithmetic and Instruction pipelines.
4. Input-Output Organization:
- Peripheral Devices & Interfaces
- Asynchronous Data Transfer
- Modes of Transfer: Programmed, Interrupt-Driven, DMA.
- Priority Interrupt Handling
- Input-Output Processor (IOP)
5. Memory Organization:
- Hierarchy: Registers, Cache, Main Memory, Secondary Storage.
- Types: Associative, Cache, Virtual Memory.
- Memory Management Hardware: Mapping, Paging, Segmentation.
