Environmental Studies_Module-5

Environmental Legislation: Key Acts and Rules

Environmental legislation in India plays a crucial role in regulating the use of natural
resources, protecting ecosystems, and ensuring a balance between development and
conservation. Below are detailed notes on key environmental legislations:

1. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

The Water Act, 1974 was enacted by the Government of India to address water pollution and
to maintain and restore the wholesomeness of water bodies. This Act empowers the central
and state pollution control boards to manage and control water pollution in India.

Key Features:

 Objectives: The Act aims to prevent and control water pollution by regulating the
discharge of pollutants into water bodies.
 Pollution Control Boards:
o The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is the central authority for
water pollution management.
o State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) are the respective regional bodies
responsible for implementation at the state level.
 Consent Mechanism: Industries are required to obtain a consent from the concerned
SPCB before discharging any effluents into water bodies.
 Effluent Standards: The Act lays down permissible limits for discharge of pollutants
and effluents into water.
 Penalties: Violation of the provisions of the Act can lead to penalties, fines, and even
imprisonment.

Amendments:

 The Act has been amended several times, including in 1988, to strengthen its
provisions and introduce more stringent measures for controlling water pollution.

2. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

The Air Act, 1981 was established to prevent, control, and reduce air pollution in India. It is
one of the major environmental legislations aimed at ensuring cleaner air by regulating
emissions from industrial and vehicular sources.

Key Features:

 Control of Air Pollution: The Act empowers the Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) to set air quality standards
and monitor air pollution.

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

 Industrial Emissions: Industrial units are required to obtain consent for the
establishment and operation of their facilities, and to ensure that their emissions do
not exceed prescribed limits.
 Ambient Air Quality Standards: The Act sets standards for ambient air quality for
various pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and
particulate matter (PM).
 Penalties for Violation: Similar to the Water Act, the Air Act imposes penalties and
allows for the closure of industries or units that do not comply with the prescribed
standards.

Amendments:

 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Amendment) Act, 1987 enhanced
the scope of the Act, introducing measures to address the growing concern over
vehicular pollution.

3. Environmental Protection Act, 1986

The Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1986 is a comprehensive legislation that

provides the framework for environmental protection in India. It was enacted after the Bhopal
gas tragedy in 1984, to address the need for a more effective approach to environmental
regulation.

Key Features:

 Central Authority: The Act empowers the Central Government to take all
necessary actions for protecting and improving the environment.
 Control of Hazardous Substances: The Act allows the central government to
regulate and manage hazardous substances, including their manufacturing, handling,
storage, and disposal.
 Environmental Standards: The Act gives the power to set environmental standards
for various activities, such as industrial operations, the disposal of wastes, and the
emission of pollutants.
 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): The EPA provides for the establishment
of procedures for conducting Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for industrial
projects that may have a significant effect on the environment.
 Penalties: The Act provides for penalties in case of non-compliance with
environmental norms, including imprisonment and fines.

Key Role in Pollution Control:

 The Act serves as the foundation for several other environmental laws, such as the
Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling, and Transboundary Movement)
Rules and the Bio-medical Waste Management Rules.

4. Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

The Solid Waste Management (SWM) Rules, 2016 were notified by the Ministry of
Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC) to manage and regulate the collection,
segregation, transportation, and disposal of solid waste in India. These rules aim to minimize
the environmental and health impacts of waste.

Key Features:

 Segregation at Source: The rules mandate segregation of waste into at least two
categories — wet waste and dry waste — at the source of generation (households,
commercial establishments, etc.).
 Door-to-Door Collection: Municipalities are required to implement door-to-door
waste collection services to ensure proper waste disposal.
 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Producers, importers, and brand owners
are made responsible for the collection and recycling of products such as plastic
packaging after use.
 Plastic Waste Management: The rules also address plastic waste by setting
guidelines for the reduction of single-use plastic products.
 Construction and Demolition Waste: The rules provide guidelines for the
management of construction and demolition debris, which can have a significant
impact on the environment if not disposed of properly.
 Waste Processing: Municipalities and other stakeholders are encouraged to set up
facilities for waste processing, such as composting, biogas production, and waste-to-
energy plants.

Implementation:

 The rules emphasize the need for proper implementation at the local level and the
responsibility of municipal authorities to ensure compliance.

5. E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022

The E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022 regulate the handling, recycling, and disposal of
electronic waste (e-waste), which has become a significant environmental and health concern
due to the rapid growth in electronic consumption and its associated waste generation.

Key Features:

 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Producers of electrical and electronic

equipment are responsible for the collection, recycling, and disposal of their products
once they reach the end of their life cycle.
 Collection and Recycling: The rules require the establishment of authorized
collection centers, recycling facilities, and e-waste collection points for consumers to
drop off their old or unwanted electronic devices.
 Public Awareness: The rules stress the importance of creating public awareness
about the environmental hazards of improper e-waste disposal.
 Green Dot Label: E-waste producers must label their products with a "Green Dot" to
indicate that they are following the rules for collection and recycling.

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

 Recycling Standards: The rules set technical guidelines for safe recycling and
disposal of e-waste to ensure that hazardous materials (like lead, mercury, and
cadmium) are managed properly.

Penalties:

 Producers, collection centers, or recyclers who fail to comply with the provisions of
the rules can face penalties, including fines and suspension of their registration.

6. Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2016

The Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016 are designed to regulate the collection,
storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal of bio-medical waste (BMW) generated by
healthcare facilities in India.

Key Features:

 Segregation and Categorization: Healthcare facilities are required to segregate bio-

medical waste into specific categories (e.g., infectious, sharps, pathological,
pharmaceutical) as per prescribed guidelines.
 Treatment and Disposal: The rules mandate the use of appropriate technologies for
the treatment of BMW, such as autoclaving, incineration, and shredding. It also
provides for the safe disposal of hazardous medical waste in landfills.
 Handling of Sharps: Sharps (e.g., needles, syringes) must be disposed of in
puncture-proof containers to avoid injuries and transmission of infections.
 Training and Awareness: Healthcare facilities must train staff in proper waste
management practices to ensure compliance with the rules.
 Authorization: Healthcare establishments are required to obtain authorization from
the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) for the handling and disposal of bio-
medical waste.
 Penalties: Failure to comply with the guidelines can lead to penalties, including
suspension of the establishment's operating license.

Key Objective:

 The main objective of these rules is to minimize the adverse effects of bio-medical
waste on public health and the environment.

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

MCQs of Module – 5

Water Act 1974

1. Who administers the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974?
o a) Ministry of Water Resources
o b) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
o c) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
o d) National Green Tribunal
o Answer: c) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
2. Under the Water Act, which of the following is required before an industry
discharges any effluent?
o a) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
o b) Consent from State Pollution Control Board (SPCB)
o c) Pollution Tax
o d) Environmental Clearance
o Answer: b) Consent from State Pollution Control Board (SPCB)
3. Which year was the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act amended?
o a) 1975
o b) 1988
o c) 1992
o d) 2000
o Answer: b) 1988
4. Which pollutant is primarily regulated under the Water Act?
o a) Heavy Metals
o b) Nitrogen Oxides
o c) Industrial Effluents
o d) Ozone
o Answer: c) Industrial Effluents
5. Which authority is responsible for monitoring water quality standards in India
under the Water Act?
o a) Ministry of Water Resources
o b) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
o c) State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
o d) National Green Tribunal
o Answer: b) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

Air Act 1981

6. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was passed in which year?
o a) 1975
o b) 1981
o c) 1990
o d) 2000
o Answer: b) 1981
7. Which of the following is the main objective of the Air Act, 1981?
o a) Reduce water pollution

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

o b) Reduce air pollution

o c) Control noise pollution
o d) Control environmental hazards
o Answer: b) Reduce air pollution
8. The Air Act provides the power to set standards for air quality. Which body is
responsible for this?
o a) State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
o b) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
o c) Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change
o d) National Green Tribunal
o Answer: b) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
9. Industries must obtain permission to emit air pollutants under the Air Act from
which authority?
o a) Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change
o b) State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
o c) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
o d) National Green Tribunal
o Answer: b) State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
10. What is the penalty for violating the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act?
o a) Imprisonment and fine
o b) Only a fine
o c) Only suspension of operations
o d) Warnings
o Answer: a) Imprisonment and fine

Environmental Protection Act 1986

11. Which Act is regarded as the primary legislation for environmental protection in
India?
o a) Water Act 1974
o b) Air Act 1981
o c) Environmental Protection Act 1986
o d) Solid Waste Management Act 2016
o Answer: c) Environmental Protection Act 1986
12. The Environmental Protection Act, 1986 was enacted in response to which major
environmental disaster?
o a) Bhopal Gas Tragedy
o b) Chernobyl Disaster
o c) Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
o d) Fukushima Disaster
o Answer: a) Bhopal Gas Tragedy
13. Which body is responsible for implementing the provisions of the Environmental
Protection Act?
o a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
o b) State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
o c) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
o d) National Green Tribunal

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

o Answer: a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

14. The Environmental Protection Act enables the central government to issue
orders for the prevention of pollution. Which of the following is a key feature?
o a) Formulation of the National Environmental Policy
o b) Establishment of Pollution Control Boards
o c) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
o d) Taxation on industries
o Answer: c) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
15. Under the Environmental Protection Act, 1986, the government is empowered to
set environmental standards for which of the following?
o a) Water quality
o b) Air quality
o c) Industrial emissions
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d) All of the above

Solid Waste Management Rules 2016

16. The Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, require waste segregation at the
source. How many categories must waste be segregated into?
o a) One
o b) Two
o c) Three
o d) Four
o Answer: b) Two
17. Under the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, which of the following is
responsible for ensuring waste management at the local level?
o a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
o b) Municipalities
o c) Central Pollution Control Board
o d) State Pollution Control Boards
o Answer: b) Municipalities
18. Which of the following is NOT included in the Solid Waste Management Rules,
2016?
o a) E-waste management
o b) Plastic waste management
o c) Organic waste composting
o d) Animal waste management
o Answer: d) Animal waste management
19. What is the primary goal of the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016?
o a) To prevent waste generation
o b) To promote waste segregation and recycling
o c) To create landfills
o d) To reduce air pollution
o Answer: b) To promote waste segregation and recycling
20. Under the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, who is responsible for
implementing the rules in a municipality?
o a) Local body authorities

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

o b) State Pollution Control Boards

o c) Central Pollution Control Board
o d) Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change
o Answer: a) Local body authorities

E-Waste Management Rules 2022

21. Which of the following is the main objective of the E-Waste (Management)
Rules, 2022?
o a) Regulate electronic waste disposal
o b) Promote manufacturing of e-waste
o c) Develop new e-waste products
o d) Decrease the consumption of electronic products
o Answer: a) Regulate electronic waste disposal
22. Under the E-Waste Management Rules, 2022, who is responsible for ensuring the
recycling of e-waste?
o a) Government
o b) E-waste producers
o c) Municipalities
o d) Individuals
o Answer: b) E-waste producers
23. Which of the following must be labeled with a "Green Dot" under the E-Waste
Management Rules, 2022?
o a) Imported plastic goods
o b) All electronic products
o c) E-waste producers
o d) Non-recyclable products
o Answer: b) All electronic products
24. The E-Waste Management Rules 2022 promote Extended Producer
Responsibility (EPR). What does this responsibility entail?
o a) Producers must collect and recycle their products
o b) Producers must set up e-waste recycling plants
o c) Consumers must dispose of their e-waste properly
o d) Government must fund recycling programs
o Answer: a) Producers must collect and recycle their products
25. Which of the following hazardous substances are commonly found in e-waste?
o a) Lead
o b) Mercury
o c) Cadmium
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d) All of the above

Biomedical Waste Management Rules 2016

26. What is the primary objective of the Biomedical Waste Management Rules,
2016?

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

o a) To promote recycling of medical equipment

o b) To manage the disposal of bio-medical waste
o c) To control medical emergencies
o d) To create awareness about health and hygiene
o Answer: b) To manage the disposal of bio-medical waste
27. Under the Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016, healthcare facilities must
segregate waste into how many categories?
o a) Two
o b) Three
o c) Four
o d) Five
o Answer: c) Four
28. Which type of waste must be disposed of in puncture-proof containers under the
Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016?
o a) Chemical waste
o b) Sharps (needles, syringes)
o c) Pharmaceutical waste
o d) Radioactive waste
o Answer: b) Sharps (needles, syringes)
29. Which body is responsible for monitoring and enforcing the Biomedical Waste
Management Rules?
o a) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
o b) State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
o c) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
o d) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
o Answer: b) State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
30. What is the penalty for healthcare facilities violating the Biomedical Waste
Management Rules, 2016?
o a) Warning
o b) Fines and penalties
o c) Suspension of operation licenses
o d) Both b and c
o Answer: d) Both b and c

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

Additional MCQs of Module – 5

Water Act 1974

1. Who administers the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974?
o a) Ministry of Water Resources
o b) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
o c) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
o d) National Green Tribunal
o Answer: c) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
2. Which of the following is required before an industry discharges any effluent
under the Water Act?
o a) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
o b) Consent from State Pollution Control Board (SPCB)
o c) Pollution Tax
o d) Environmental Clearance
o Answer: b) Consent from State Pollution Control Board (SPCB)
3. Which pollutant is primarily regulated under the Water Act?
o a) Heavy Metals
o b) Nitrogen Oxides
o c) Industrial Effluents
o d) Ozone
o Answer: c) Industrial Effluents
4. Which authority is responsible for monitoring water quality standards in India
under the Water Act?
o a) Ministry of Water Resources
o b) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
o c) State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
o d) National Green Tribunal
o Answer: b) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
5. What does the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 specifically
deal with?
o a) Preventing soil erosion
o b) Preventing water pollution and preserving water quality
o c) Control of air pollutants
o d) Hazardous waste management
o Answer: b) Preventing water pollution and preserving water quality
6. Which of the following is empowered by the Water Act to grant consent for the
establishment of new industries?
o a) National Green Tribunal
o b) State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
o c) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
o d) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
o Answer: b) State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
7. What is the maximum penalty for discharging untreated effluents into water
bodies under the Water Act?
o a) Fine only
o b) Imprisonment only
o c) Fine and imprisonment
o d) Warnings

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

o Answer: c) Fine and imprisonment

8. Which of the following activities is regulated under the Water Act, 1974?
o a) Industrial effluent disposal
o b) Wastewater treatment plants
o c) Groundwater extraction
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d) All of the above
9. In the Water Act, what is the role of the Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB)?
o a) Set standards for water quality
o b) Provide funding for water treatment facilities
o c) Issue licenses for water pollution control devices
o d) Monitor groundwater levels
o Answer: a) Set standards for water quality
10. What action can the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) take against
industries violating water pollution standards?
o a) Close the industry
o b) Issue a show-cause notice
o c) Levy fines
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d) All of the above

Air Act 1981

11. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was passed in which year?
o a) 1975
o b) 1981
o c) 1990
o d) 2000
o Answer: b) 1981
12. Which of the following is the main objective of the Air Act, 1981?
o a) Reduce water pollution
o b) Reduce air pollution
o c) Control noise pollution
o d) Control environmental hazards
o Answer: b) Reduce air pollution
13. Under the Air Act, who is responsible for enforcing air quality standards in
India?
o a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
o b) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
o c) State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
o d) National Green Tribunal
o Answer: b) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
14. What is the primary focus of the Air Act?
o a) Air pollution caused by vehicular emissions
o b) Regulation of indoor air quality
o c) Industrial emissions
o d) Management of forest fires

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

o Answer: c) Industrial emissions

15. What does the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 provide
authority for?
o a) Regulating water usage
o b) Setting standards for air quality
o c) Providing pollution control equipment to industries
o d) Regulating deforestation
o Answer: b) Setting standards for air quality
16. Which of the following pollutants are monitored under the Air Act, 1981?
o a) Particulate matter
o b) Carbon monoxide
o c) Nitrogen oxides
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d) All of the above
17. Industries must obtain permission from the State Pollution Control Board
(SPCB) to emit pollutants under the Air Act. What is this process called?
o a) Pollution Tax
o b) Consent to Establish
o c) Environmental Clearance
o d) Registration
o Answer: b) Consent to Establish
18. What are the penalties for non-compliance with air quality standards under the
Air Act?
o a) Only a fine
o b) Suspension of operations
o c) Fine and imprisonment
o d) Warnings
o Answer: c) Fine and imprisonment
19. What is the maximum permissible limit for air pollutants set under the Air Act?
o a) Varies depending on the pollutant
o b) 50 micrograms per cubic meter
o c) 100 micrograms per cubic meter
o d) No limit specified
o Answer: a) Varies depending on the pollutant
20. Under the Air Act, who is responsible for monitoring air quality at the national
level?
o a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
o b) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
o c) State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
o d) National Green Tribunal
o Answer: b) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

Environmental Protection Act 1986

21. Which Act is regarded as the primary legislation for environmental protection in
India?
o a) Water Act 1974
o b) Air Act 1981

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

o c) Environmental Protection Act 1986

o d) Solid Waste Management Act 2016
o Answer: c) Environmental Protection Act 1986
22. The Environmental Protection Act, 1986 was enacted in response to which major
environmental disaster?
o a) Bhopal Gas Tragedy
o b) Chernobyl Disaster
o c) Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
o d) Fukushima Disaster
o Answer: a) Bhopal Gas Tragedy
23. Which body is responsible for implementing the provisions of the Environmental
Protection Act?
o a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
o b) State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
o c) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
o d) National Green Tribunal
o Answer: a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
24. The Environmental Protection Act enables the central government to issue
orders for the prevention of pollution. Which of the following is a key feature?
o a) Formulation of the National Environmental Policy
o b) Establishment of Pollution Control Boards
o c) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
o d) Taxation on industries
o Answer: c) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
25. Under the Environmental Protection Act, 1986, the government is empowered to
set environmental standards for which of the following?
o a) Water quality
o b) Air quality
o c) Industrial emissions
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d) All of the above
26. What is the major focus of the Environmental Protection Act of 1986?
o a) Reducing the carbon footprint
o b) Implementing pollution control technologies
o c) Protection of the environment and public health
o d) Conservation of forests and wildlife
o Answer: c) Protection of the environment and public health
27. Which of the following is a function of the Environmental Protection Act, 1986?
o a) Ensuring environmental impact assessments for major projects
o b) Monitoring environmental pollution
o c) Promoting sustainable agriculture
o d) Both a and b
o Answer: d) Both a and b
28. Under the Environmental Protection Act, who can issue orders to prevent
pollution?
o a) Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change
o b) National Green Tribunal
o c) State Pollution Control Boards
o d) Central Government
o Answer: d) Central Government

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

29. Which of the following environmental factors is NOT directly regulated by the
Environmental Protection Act?
o a) Water quality
o b) Industrial emissions
o c) Hazardous chemicals
o d) Wildlife conservation
o Answer: d) Wildlife conservation
30. Under the Environmental Protection Act, the government can ban industries
that fail to comply with environmental regulations. Which authority can enforce
this?
o a) Central Pollution Control Board
o b) State Pollution Control Boards
o c) National Green Tribunal
o d) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
o Answer: c) National Green Tribunal

Solid Waste Management Rules 2016

31. The Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, require waste segregation at the
source. How many categories must waste be segregated into?
o a) One
o b) Two
o c) Three
o d) Four
o Answer: b) Two
32. Under the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, which of the following is
responsible for ensuring waste management at the local level?
o a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
o b) Municipalities
o c) Central Pollution Control Board
o d) State Pollution Control Boards
o Answer: b) Municipalities
33. Which of the following is NOT included in the Solid Waste Management Rules,
2016?
o a) E-waste management
o b) Plastic waste management
o c) Organic waste composting
o d) Animal waste management
o Answer: d) Animal waste management
34. What is the primary goal of the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016?
o a) To prevent waste generation
o b) To promote waste segregation and recycling
o c) To create landfills
o d) To reduce air pollution
o Answer: b) To promote waste segregation and recycling
35. Under the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, who is responsible for
implementing the rules in a municipality?
o a) Local body authorities

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

o b) State Pollution Control Boards

o c) Central Pollution Control Board
o d) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
o Answer: a) Local body authorities
36. Under the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, how often should local
authorities conduct waste audits?
o a) Every 6 months
o b) Annually
o c) Every 2 years
o d) As required
o Answer: b) Annually
37. Which type of waste can be composted according to the Solid Waste
Management Rules, 2016?
o a) Paper
o b) Organic waste
o c) Plastics
o d) Glass
o Answer: b) Organic waste
38. What does the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 encourage municipalities to
establish?
o a) Incinerators for waste disposal
o b) Recycling facilities
o c) Waste-to-energy plants
o d) Waste segregation systems
o Answer: d) Waste segregation systems
39. Who is responsible for disposing of the segregated waste under the Solid Waste
Management Rules?
o a) Municipalities
o b) Government
o c) Industries
o d) Individuals
o Answer: a) Municipalities
40. What is the penalty for non-compliance with the Solid Waste Management
Rules, 2016?
o a) Warnings only
o b) Fines
o c) Imprisonment
o d) Both b and c
o Answer: d) Both b and c

E-Waste Management Rules 2022

41. Which of the following is the main objective of the E-Waste (Management)
Rules, 2022?
o a) Regulate electronic waste disposal
o b) Promote manufacturing of e-waste
o c) Develop new e-waste products
o d) Decrease the consumption of electronic products

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

o Answer: a) Regulate electronic waste disposal

42. Under the E-Waste Management Rules, 2022, who is responsible for ensuring the
recycling of e-waste?
o a) Government
o b) E-waste producers
o c) Municipalities
o d) Individuals
o Answer: b) E-waste producers
43. Which of the following must be labeled with a "Green Dot" under the E-Waste
Management Rules, 2022?
o a) Imported plastic goods
o b) All electronic products
o c) E-waste producers
o d) Non-recyclable products
o Answer: b) All electronic products
44. The E-Waste Management Rules 2022 promote Extended Producer
Responsibility (EPR). What does this responsibility entail?
o a) Producers must collect and recycle their products
o b) Producers must set up e-waste recycling plants
o c) Consumers must dispose of their e-waste properly
o d) Government must fund recycling programs
o Answer: a) Producers must collect and recycle their products
45. Which of the following hazardous substances are commonly found in e-waste?
o a) Lead
o b) Mercury
o c) Cadmium
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d) All of the above
46. Which agency monitors the implementation of the E-Waste Management Rules,
2022 in India?
o a) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
o b) Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
o c) State Pollution Control Boards
o d) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
o Answer: a) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
47. Under the E-Waste Management Rules, 2022, what must producers provide to
consumers regarding e-waste disposal?
o a) Collection points
o b) Free disposal services
o c) A recycling certificate
o d) All of the above
o Answer: a) Collection points
48. Which of the following is a critical aspect of the E-Waste Management Rules,
2022?
o a) Reducing the use of electronic goods
o b) Ensuring manufacturers take responsibility for disposal
o c) Taxation of electronic products
o d) Banning specific types of electronic waste
o Answer: b) Ensuring manufacturers take responsibility for disposal
49. The term "WEEE" stands for which of the following in the context of e-waste?

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o a) Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

o b) Wireless Electrical and Electronic Equipment
o c) Waste Efficient Electrical Equipment
o d) None of the above
o Answer: a) Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
50. What should happen to hazardous e-waste like lead or mercury-containing
equipment under the E-Waste Management Rules, 2022?
o a) Recycled or disposed of in an environmentally safe manner
o b) Collected and stored without further action
o c) Incinerated
o d) Mixed with general waste
o Answer: a) Recycled or disposed of in an environmentally safe manner

Biomedical Waste Management Rules 2016

51. What is the primary objective of the Biomedical Waste Management Rules,
2016?
o a) To promote recycling of medical equipment
o b) To manage the disposal of biomedical waste
o c) To control medical emergencies
o d) To create awareness about health and hygiene
o Answer: b) To manage the disposal of biomedical waste
52. Under the Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016, healthcare facilities must
segregate waste into how many categories?
o a) Two
o b) Three
o c) Four
o d) Five
o Answer: c) Four
53. Which type of waste must be disposed of in puncture-proof containers under the
Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016?
o a) Chemical waste
o b) Sharps (needles, syringes)
o c) Pharmaceutical waste
o d) Radioactive waste
o Answer: b) Sharps (needles, syringes)
54. Which body is responsible for monitoring and enforcing the Biomedical Waste
Management Rules?
o a) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
o b) State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
o c) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
o d) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
o Answer: b) State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
55. What must hospitals and clinics provide regarding the management of
biomedical waste under the rules?
o a) Special training programs for staff
o b) Treatment facilities on-site
o c) Safe collection, segregation, and storage systems

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

o d) None of the above

o Answer: c) Safe collection, segregation, and storage systems
56. Which type of waste is classified as "infectious" under the Biomedical Waste
Management Rules, 2016?
o a) Sharps
o b) Pharmaceutical waste
o c) Pathological waste (e.g., blood-soaked bandages)
o d) Both a and c
o Answer: d) Both a and c
57. Who is responsible for the safe disposal of biomedical waste in India?
o a) Healthcare facilities
o b) Local Municipalities
o c) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
o d) Government contractors
o Answer: a) Healthcare facilities
58. What is the penalty for non-compliance with the Biomedical Waste Management
Rules, 2016?
o a) Only fines
o b) Warnings and fines
o c) Suspension of operations
o d) Both b and c
o Answer: d) Both b and c
59. Which of the following is NOT a category of biomedical waste?
o a) Human tissues
o b) Animal carcasses
o c) Radioactive waste
o d) Metal scrap
o Answer: d) Metal scrap
60. How long should biomedical waste be stored at healthcare facilities before it is
treated or disposed of?
o a) 2 days
o b) 7 days
o c) 10 days
o d) As long as necessary
o Answer: b) 7 days

Water Act 1974 (Continued)

61. Which of the following is a major objective of the Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974?
o a) To control and prevent soil pollution
o b) To control and prevent water pollution
o c) To regulate deforestation
o d) To prevent global warming
o Answer: b) To control and prevent water pollution
62. Under the Water Act, 1974, industries are required to obtain a 'Consent to
Establish' from which authority?
o a) State Pollution Control Board

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

o b) Ministry of Environment
o c) National Green Tribunal
o d) Central Pollution Control Board
o Answer: a) State Pollution Control Board
63. What is the role of the National Water Quality Monitoring Program under the
Water Act, 1974?
o a) To regulate industrial discharge of pollutants
o b) To monitor and maintain the quality of water in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs
o c) To monitor air pollution
o d) To promote water conservation
o Answer: b) To monitor and maintain the quality of water in rivers, lakes,
and reservoirs
64. Under the Water Act, the control of water pollution is achieved through a system
of which of the following?
o a) Discharge fees
o b) Permits for the disposal of effluents
o c) Public awareness campaigns
o d) Government regulations on water usage
o Answer: b) Permits for the disposal of effluents
65. Which of the following can be penalized under the Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974?
o a) Individuals who misuse water
o b) Industries discharging untreated effluents into water bodies
o c) Individuals who use water inefficiently
o d) Municipal bodies managing water resources
o Answer: b) Industries discharging untreated effluents into water bodies

Air Act 1981 (Continued)

66. Which of the following does the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981 NOT regulate?
o a) Industrial emissions
o b) Vehicular emissions
o c) Air quality standards
o d) Noise pollution
o Answer: d) Noise pollution
67. Under the Air Act, industries are required to get which of the following?
o a) Pollution Control Devices
o b) Consent to Establish
o c) Environmental Clearance
o d) License for emission
o Answer: b) Consent to Establish
68. Which of the following activities is encouraged under the Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1981?
o a) Installation of pollution control equipment
o b) Increase in vehicle emissions
o c) Open burning of waste
o d) All of the above

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

o Answer: a) Installation of pollution control equipment

69. The Air Quality Index (AQI) is primarily monitored under which legislation?
o a) Air Act 1981
o b) Water Act 1974
o c) Environmental Protection Act 1986
o d) National Green Tribunal
o Answer: a) Air Act 1981
70. Which of the following can be a source of air pollution regulated by the Air Act?
o a) Industrial exhaust
o b) Motor vehicle emissions
o c) Agricultural burning
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d) All of the above

Environmental Protection Act 1986 (Continued)

71. What is the primary responsibility of the Central Government under the
Environmental Protection Act of 1986?
o a) Regulating natural resource exploitation
o b) Ensuring the protection and improvement of environmental quality
o c) Funding environmental education
o d) Enforcing waste management practices
o Answer: b) Ensuring the protection and improvement of environmental
quality
72. Under the Environmental Protection Act, 1986, what must industries do to
comply with environmental standards?
o a) Pay a fine
o b) Obtain an Environmental Clearance
o c) Report environmental impacts
o d) None of the above
o Answer: b) Obtain an Environmental Clearance
73. What is the role of the National Environmental Appellate Authority (NEAA)
under the Environmental Protection Act?
o a) Issuing environmental clearances
o b) Resolving disputes related to environmental protection
o c) Setting air and water quality standards
o d) Providing financial incentives to industries for environmental compliance
o Answer: b) Resolving disputes related to environmental protection
74. Which of the following environmental issues does the Environmental Protection
Act of 1986 address?
o a) Soil degradation
o b) Air and water pollution
o c) Solid waste management
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d) All of the above
75. Which of the following is a key function of the Environmental Protection Act,
1986?
o a) Regulating hazardous waste disposal

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o b) Controlling the use of plastic

o c) Promoting renewable energy sources
o d) Setting up public awareness campaigns on pollution
o Answer: a) Regulating hazardous waste disposal

Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 (Continued)

76. Which of the following is encouraged under the Solid Waste Management Rules,
2016?
o a) Open dumping of waste
o b) Segregation of waste at the source
o c) Waste incineration
o d) All of the above
o Answer: b) Segregation of waste at the source
77. What must be provided by municipalities under the Solid Waste Management
Rules, 2016?
o a) A ban on plastic waste
o b) Composting facilities
o c) Secure landfills for hazardous waste
o d) Public education on waste disposal
o Answer: b) Composting facilities
78. Under the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, which of the following is a
major requirement for waste generators?
o a) To segregate waste into dry and wet categories
o b) To treat the waste on-site
o c) To recycle all types of waste
o d) To dump waste in landfills
o Answer: a) To segregate waste into dry and wet categories
79. Which authority is empowered to monitor the implementation of Solid Waste
Management Rules, 2016?
o a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
o b) State Pollution Control Boards
o c) Local Authorities (Municipalities)
o d) Central Pollution Control Board
o Answer: b) State Pollution Control Boards
80. Which of the following waste types should be composted according to the Solid
Waste Management Rules, 2016?
o a) Paper
o b) Organic waste
o c) Plastic
o d) Metal
o Answer: b) Organic waste

E-Waste Management Rules 2022 (Continued)

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81. The E-Waste Management Rules, 2022 focus on which aspect of electronic
waste?
o a) Prevention of e-waste generation
o b) Proper disposal and recycling of e-waste
o c) Promotion of e-waste manufacturing
o d) Export of e-waste
o Answer: b) Proper disposal and recycling of e-waste
82. Which of the following is a responsibility of producers under the E-Waste
Management Rules, 2022?
o a) To provide free e-waste recycling services
o b) To develop safe recycling techniques
o c) To provide an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) plan
o d) Both b and c
o Answer: d) Both b and c
83. What must consumers do with their e-waste under the E-Waste Management
Rules, 2022?
o a) Dispose it in landfills
o b) Throw it in the garbage
o c) Drop it off at designated collection centers
o d) Incinerate the e-waste
o Answer: c) Drop it off at designated collection centers
84. Which of the following electronic devices are classified as e-waste under the E-
Waste Management Rules, 2022?
o a) Television sets
o b) Mobile phones
o c) Computers
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d) All of the above
85. What is the penalty for violating the provisions of the E-Waste Management
Rules, 2022?
o a) Fine and suspension of operations
o b) Fine and imprisonment
o c) Only warnings
o d) No penalty
o Answer: a) Fine and suspension of operations

Biomedical Waste Management Rules 2016 (Continued)

86. What should be done to biomedical waste before final disposal?

o a) It should be disinfected and segregated
o b) It should be left for natural decomposition
o c) It should be buried underground
o d) None of the above
o Answer: a) It should be disinfected and segregated
87. Who must be responsible for ensuring proper disposal of biomedical waste in
hospitals?
o a) The government
o b) The healthcare facility management

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Environmental Studies_Module-5

o c) The patient
o d) The family members of the patient
o Answer: b) The healthcare facility management
88. Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016 mandates the use of which of the
following for the disposal of infectious waste?
o a) Incineration
o b) Open burning
o c) Landfill disposal
o d) Air-based systems
o Answer: a) Incineration
89. Which of the following is NOT considered biomedical waste?
o a) Syringes and needles
o b) Bandages and dressings
o c) Metal scraps from industries
o d) Human tissues and organs
o Answer: c) Metal scraps from industries
90. Under the Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016, who is responsible for
the final disposal of hazardous biomedical waste?
o a) Local Municipalities
o b) Hospitals and healthcare facilities
o c) Government-run waste management companies
o d) Environmental NGOs
o Answer: b) Hospitals and healthcare facilities

Final Set of MCQs: General Overview

91. Which of the following is a major goal of environmental legislation in India?

o a) To ensure economic development
o b) To balance development with environmental protection
o c) To increase industrial productivity
o d) To control population growth
o Answer: b) To balance development with environmental protection
92. Which is the first law in India related to environmental protection?
o a) Water Act 1974
o b) Air Act 1981
o c) Environmental Protection Act 1986
o d) Forest Conservation Act 1980
o Answer: c) Environmental Protection Act 1986
93. The Pollution Control Boards (CPCB/SPCB) are responsible for enforcing which
aspect of environmental laws?
o a) Regulation of waste management
o b) Enforcement of air and water quality standards
o c) Regulation of hazardous chemicals
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d) All of the above
94. What is the primary role of the National Green Tribunal (NGT)?
o a) To issue environmental laws
o b) To hear environmental disputes and appeals

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o c) To conduct environmental research

o d) To monitor air quality
o Answer: b) To hear environmental disputes and appeals
95. The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) addresses which major
environmental issue?
o a) Air pollution
o b) Water scarcity
o c) Climate change
o d) Deforestation
o Answer: c) Climate change
96. What is the purpose of the National Environmental Policy (NEP)?
o a) To control urbanization
o b) To encourage industrial growth
o c) To ensure sustainable development in India
o d) To focus on industrial pollution reduction
o Answer: c) To ensure sustainable development in India
97. Which of the following is responsible for the implementation of waste
management in India?
o a) Central Pollution Control Board
o b) Local bodies and municipalities
o c) State Pollution Control Boards
o d) All of the above
o Answer: d) All of the above
98. The use of plastic bags in waste management is addressed under which rule?
o a) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
o b) Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
o c) Water Act, 1974
o d) E-Waste Management Rules, 2022
o Answer: b) Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
99. Which of the following is a type of biomedical waste?
o a) Hospital bedsheets
o b) Surgical instruments
o c) Bandages with blood stains
o d) None of the above
o Answer: c) Bandages with blood stains
100. The E-Waste Management Rules 2022 focus primarily on: - a) Recycling
and disposal of electronic waste
- b) Banning e-waste imports
- c) Promoting the manufacture of green electronics
- d) Establishing government-run e-waste facilities
- Answer: a) Recycling and disposal of electronic waste

Dept. of Civil Engg., RYMEC, Ballari.