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Physics Notes

The document provides an overview of key concepts in physics, including its definition, branches, and fundamental laws. It covers essential topics such as Newton's Laws of Motion, energy, waves, electricity, optics, thermodynamics, and modern physics theories. The goal is to understand the universe through laws, formulas, and experiments.

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5 views6 pages

Physics Notes

The document provides an overview of key concepts in physics, including its definition, branches, and fundamental laws. It covers essential topics such as Newton's Laws of Motion, energy, waves, electricity, optics, thermodynamics, and modern physics theories. The goal is to understand the universe through laws, formulas, and experiments.

Uploaded by

gbard1234567890
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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📘 Physics Notes

1. Concept of Physics

Physics = study of matter, energy, motion, and forces.

Goal: Understand how the universe works using laws, formulas, and
experiments.

2. Branches of Physics

Mechanics – motion, forces, energy (Newton’s Laws).

Thermodynamics – heat, temperature, energy transfer.

Waves & Sound – vibrations, frequency, wavelength.

Optics – light, reflection, refraction, lenses.

Electricity & Magnetism – charges, circuits, electromagnetism.


Modern Physics – relativity, quantum physics, atomic structure.

3. Key Quantities

Scalar → has magnitude only (e.g., speed, mass, time).

Vector → has magnitude + direction (e.g., velocity, force).

4. Newton’s Laws of Motion

1. Law of Inertia – An object stays at rest/motion unless acted by force.

2. F = ma – Force = mass × acceleration.

3. Action-Reaction – For every action, equal and opposite reaction.


4. Work, Energy & Power

Work (W) = Force × Distance × cosθ

Kinetic Energy (KE) = ½ mv²

Potential Energy (PE) = mgh

Power (P) = Work ÷ Time

5. Waves

Wavelength (λ) – distance between crests.

Frequency (f) – waves per second.

Speed (v) = f × λ

Types:

Mechanical (sound, water) – needs medium.


Electromagnetic (light, radio) – no medium needed.

6. Electricity

Charge (q) → measured in Coulombs ©.

Current (I) = q / t (flow of charge).

Voltage (V) = Energy per charge.

Ohm’s Law: V = IR

Power: P = IV

7. Light (Optics)

Reflection: angle in = angle out.

Refraction: bending of light in different medium.


Lenses: convex (converging), concave (diverging).

Mirror formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u

8. Thermodynamics

Temperature = measure of kinetic energy of particles.

Heat (Q) = energy transfer due to temperature difference.

First Law: Energy can’t be created/destroyed, only transformed.

9. Modern Physics

Einstein’s Relativity – speed of light is constant, time/space can change.

Quantum Theory – energy comes in packets called quanta.

E = mc² – mass-energy equivalence.

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