C#
Lecture No. 8
Made By:
Dr. Maged Abdullrahman
Namespaces
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Namespaces
• A namespace may be thought of as a storage area for some classes, which
themselves contain methods.
• Microsoft has written thousands of base classes and stored them in namespaces.
• When we write our C# code, we will create many more classes and we must
follow the same practices as Microsoft and store our classes within our own
namespaces.
• Storing our classes in namespaces makes code more manageable and easier to
maintain.
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Namespaces
• A namespace can be likened to the folders that we keep our files in.
• We create different folders to hold different files in a structure that best
suits our system.
• Likewise, we can create namespaces to hold our classes, and we can use
the namespaces created by Microsoft in our code to get access to the
Microsoft base classes.
• The lines of code at the start of the program code usually have a
format that starts with the keyword using.
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Namespaces
• To understand the namespaces, we will go throw two steps:
• See how Microsoft dealing with Namespaces.
• Creating new project in order to create and use Namespace.
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Namespaces (See how Microsoft dealing with Namespaces)
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Namespaces (See how Microsoft dealing with Namespaces.)
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Namespaces (Create new project)
• Notes the following figures:
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Namespaces (there are 5 using statement, you can omit any directive that not used)
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Namespaces (right click on the solution and select Add > New project)
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Namespaces (select Class Library. Name it myProject.EF)
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Namespaces (Repeat the previous step and create another project.)
• Repeat the previous step and create another project. Name it
myProject.Interface.
• myProject will be as in the following figure:
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Namespaces (Create a Method inside each class as follows)
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Namespaces (Create a Method inside each class as follows)
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Namespaces (Add references to your mainProject)
• In the mainProject, in order to use the methods myMethod() in the
other projects, you must at first include these projects in your
mainProject as follows:
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Namespaces (Add references to your mainProject)
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Namespaces (call myMethod() of myProject.EF)
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Namespaces (call myMethod() of myProject.EF)
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Namespaces (call myMethod() of myProject.Interface)
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Namespaces (to correct the previous error, we use Namespace Alias)
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Inheritance
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Inheritance
• It is one of the primary pillars of Object Oriented Programming.
• It is a form of software reuse (reduce time and errors) in which a new class is created
by absorbing an existing class’s members and enhancing them with new or modified
capabilities.
• Inheritance lets you save time during app development by reusing proven, high-
performance and debugged high-quality software. This also increases the likelihood that a
system will be implemented effectively.
• The existing class from which a new class inherits members is called the base class, and
the new class is the derived class.
• Suppose that you have two classes as follows in the next slide.
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Why Inheritance?
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Why Inheritance?
• From the previous slide, you noticed that there are a lot of code
between these two classes is duplicated.
• So, we will create a base class called Employee and move all the
common code to it, as shown in the next slide.
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Why Inheritance?
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Why Inheritance?
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Inheritance
• In the previous example (Derived Class) inherits from (Base
Class).
• C# supports only single class inheritance.
• C# supports multiple interface inheritance.
• Base classes are automatically instantiated before derived
classes.
• Base class constructor executes before derived class
constructor.
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Inheritance (Base class constructor executes before derived class constructor)
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Inheritance (Base class constructor executes before derived class constructor)
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Inheritance (Base class constructor executes before derived class constructor)
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Inheritance (Base class constructor executes before derived class constructor)
• From the program output in the previous slide, we notice the
following:
• The base class default constructor execute before the
derived class constructor.
• Only the base class default constructor will execute not
the other constructor.
• But, if you want to execute other constructor of the base
class, you should change the code as illustrated in the
following slide.
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Inheritance (Calling second constructor of the base class)
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Method hiding in C#
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Method hiding in C#
• You can use the new keyword to hide a base class member.
• You will get a compiler warning if you miss the new
keyword.
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Method hiding in C#
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Method hiding in C#
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Method hiding in C#
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Method hiding in C#
• But, can you invoke a hidden base class member?!!!!
• There are different ways to invoke a hidden base class
member:
1. Using base keyword.
2. Using Cast derived type to base type.
3. Using baseClass reference
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Invoke a hidden base class member: 1) Using base keyword.
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Invoke a hidden base class member: 1) Using base keyword.
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Invoke a hidden base class member: 1) Using base keyword.
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Invoke a hidden base class member: 2) Using Cast.
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Invoke a hidden base class member: 2) Using Cast.
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Invoke a hidden base class member: 2) Using Cast.
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Invoke a hidden base class member: 3) Using baseClass reference.
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Invoke a hidden base class member: 3) Using baseClass reference.
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Invoke a hidden base class member: 3) Using baseClass reference.
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Homework
• Execute every example in this lecture.
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