Define Test Automation.?

Automation testing is a core agile practice and agile projects depends on automation automation testing in
as well allows to creating the test cases that will run automatically every time you could is pushed to the
code repository for specific application.
What is test report?
Once the evaluation process is finished, the development team needs to create a report including a
detailed summary of the conclusion. Then the report is distributed among stakeholders and relevant
representatives. The stakeholders then give their feedback after reading the information carefully.
What is Static testing ?
testing is a software testing method that examines a program -- along with any associated documents --
but does not require the program to be executed.
What is error?
Error is a discrepancy between actual value of the output given by the software and the specified correct
value of the output for that given input. The error refers to the difference between the actual output of
software and the correct output.
What is a Defect?
A software bug arises when the expected result don't match with the actual results. It can also be error,
flaw, failure, or fault in a computer program. Most bugs arise from mistakes and errors made by developers,
architects.
Write any two-software defect by nature...?
1.Performance bugs 2. Functional bugs 3. Usability bugs 4. Security bugs 5.Compatibility bugs.
Define Smoke testing.?
smoke testing is an initial level of testing performed on a software build or application to check if it is stable
and functional enough to proceed with further testing. It involves executing a subset of critical tests to
identify major issues or defects.
What is metric in software testing?
The term Metric refers to the standard the measurement a matrix is a quantitative measure of that system
or software software matrix are used to measure the quality of software.
What is error?
The error is a define as a difference variance between they output produced by software and output
desired by user expected output.
What is fault?
Fold is a define as the conditions that s leads to malfunctioning of software and functioning of software is
caused due to the several reason such as change in design architecture or software program code .
What is debugging?
Debugging is a process of identifying the cause of the error once the testing / running of the software
detect and error defect.
Define the test cases ?
A test case is defined as, "test condition such as to exercise a particular program path or to verify
compliance with a specific requirement
write features of Bugzilla tool ?
1) Issue tracking and management 2) Centralized platform for bug reporting and tracking
3)Customizable workflows and fields 4) Email notifications for updates and changes
5) Attachments for additional information and evidence 6) Collaboration and communication among team
members
7) Search and filtering capabilities for efficient issue navigation.
What is web testing ?
Web testing is a software practice that ensures quality by testing that the functionality of a given web
application is working as intended or as per the requirements. Web testing or website testing is checking
the Web application or Website for potential .bugs before its made live and is accessible to general public.
Web testing checks for functionality, usability, security, compatibility, performance of the Web application
or Website.
What is agile manifesto and agile methodology?
The Agile Manifesto was published by a team of software developers in 2001 highlighting the importance of
the development team, accommodating changing requirements and customer involvement
Agile methodology is a collection of values, principles and practices that incorporates iterative
development, test and feedback into a new style of software application development.
Define priority defect and its different levels.?
 A priority defect refers to the level of urgency or importance assigned to a defect based on its impact
on the software's functionality or user experience .Priority Defect Levels:
 Critical: Causes system crash, data loss, or severe impact on core functionality. Requires immediate
attention.
 High: Significantly impacts functionality or user experience without causing a complete system failure.
Prompt resolution needed.
 Medium: Moderately impacts functionality or user experience. Can be addressed within a reasonable
timeframe.
 Low: Minimal impact on functionality or user experience. Cosmetic or non-critical issues. Can be
addressed later.
Explain stlc cycle phases?
Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) is the testing process which is executed in Systematic and planned manner. In STLC
process, different activities are carried out to improve the quality of the software product. STLC is a group of
circularly arranged testing activities, in a specific sequence to understand and test the software in a structured way
The fundamental model called the Waterfall model is for STLC is discussed in this section. The waterfall model is
strictly sequential means it is a series of phases with each phase having a distinct beginning and ending.
Stlc phases
 Requirement Analysis: Understand the software requirements and determine the scope of testing.
 Test Planning: Create a detailed test plan that includes objectives, test strategies, resource allocation, and
test schedule.
 Test case development : Develop test cases and test scenarios based on the requirements and test
objectives.
 Test Environment Setup: Set up the necessary hardware, software, and test tools to create a stable and
controlled testing environment.
 Test Execution: Execute the test cases, record the actual results, and compare them with the expected
results.
 Test Closure: Evaluate the overall testing process, prepare test closure reports, and provide feedback to
stakeholders. Archive test artifacts for future reference.
What is loop testing ?
Loop testing is a white box testing technique Loop testing is used to check the validity of loops present in the
program modules. Loops are the cornerstone for the vast majority of all algorithms implemented in software. And
yet, we often pay them little heed while conducting software tests.
 Simple Loops: The simple loop refers to a loop that has no other loops in it Consider a simple loop of size n. Size n
of the loop indicates that the loop can be traversed n times, ie, n number of passes are made through the loop.
 Nested Loops: Loops within loops are known as nested loops. If we were to extend the test approach for simple
loops to nested loops, the number of possible tests would grow geometrically as the level of nesting increased.
This would result in an impractical number of tests.
 Concatenated Loops: The loops containing several loops that may be dependent or independent In case the
loops are dependent on each other the steps in nested loops are followed. On the other hand, if the loops are
independent of each other, the steps in simple loops are followed. Concatenated loops can be tested using the
approach defined for simple loops, if each of the loops is independent of the other.
What is agile manifesto and agile methodology?
 The Agile Manifesto was published by a team of software developers in 2001 highlighting the importance of the
development team, accommodating changing requirements and customer involvement
 Agile methodology is a collection of values, principles and practices that incorporates iterative development, test
and feedback into a new style of software application development.
What is web testing ?
 Web testing is a software practice that ensures quality by testing that the functionality of a given web application
is working as intended or as per the requirements.
 Web testing or website testing is checking the Web application or Website for potential. bugs before its made live
and is accessible to general public.
 Web testing checks for functionality, usability, security, compatibility, performance of the Web application or
Website.
What is data flow testing?
 In data flow testing, test cases are derived to determine the validity of variables.
 definitions and their uses in a program. This testing ensures that all variables are used properly in a program.
 The data flow testing technique selects test paths of a program according to the locations of definitions and uses
of variables in the program.
What is v model?
 The V-model is SDLC model where execution of processes happens in a sequential manner in V shape.
 It is also known as Verification and Validation model.
 The V model is an extension of the waterfall model and is based on association of a testing phase for each
corresponding development stage.
 This means that for every single phase in the development cycle there is a directly associated testing phase .
 The V model is a highly disciplined model and next phase starts only after completion of the previous phase.
Validation phases in v model ?
 Validation Phases: Following are the Validation phases in V Model .
 Unit Testing: Unit tests designed in the module design phase are executed on the code during this validation
phase Integration Testing: Integration tests are performed to test the coexistence communication of the internal
modules within the system.
 System Testing: System testing is directly associated with the System design phase System tests check the entire
system functionality and the communication of the system under development with external systems. Most of
the software and hardware compatibility issues can be uncovered during system test execution .
 Acceptance Testing: Acceptance testing is associated with the business requirement analysis phase and involves
testing the product in user environment Acceptance tests uncover the compatibility issues with the other
systems available in the user environment.
What is Verification phases ?
Verification Phases: Following are the Verification phases in V-Model Requirement Analysis: This is the first phase in
the development cycle where the product requirements are understood from the customer perspective. This phase
involves detailed communication with the customer to understand his expectations and exact requirement
(i) System Design: Once you have the clear and detailed product requirements, its time to design the complete
system. System design would comprise of understanding and detailing the complete hardware and communication
setup for the product under development.
(iii) Architectural Design: Architectural specifications are understood and designed in this phase. System design is
broken down further into modules taking up different functionality. This is also referred to as High Level Design
(HLD).
(iv) Module Design: In this phase the detailed internal design for all the system modules is specified, referred to as
Low Level Design (Coding Phase: The actual coding of the system modules designed in the design phase is taken up in
the Coding phase.)
What is alpha testing in beta testing ?
 Alpha testing is performed at the developer's sites, with the developer checking over the customer's shoulder as
they use the system to determine errors. Alpha testing assesses the performance of the software in the
environment in which it is developed The main Features of Alpha testing are Outside users are not involved while
testing White box and black-box practices are used . Beta testing is performed to know whether the developed
software satisfies user requirements or expectations and fits within the organizational processes.
 Beta testing used to describe the external testing process in which the software is sent out to a select group of
potential customers who use it in a real-world environment. Beta testing is performed to know whether the
developed software satisfies user requirements or expectations and fits within the organizational processes.
What is Internationalisation testing ?
 The process of adapting software to a specific locale, taking into account its language. dialect, local conventions
and culture. is called localization
 sometimes internationalization Testing the software is localization/internationalization testing
Internationalization testing is the process that ensures that software product's functionality is not broken and all
the messages are properly externalized when used in different languages and local Internationalization testing is
the process of verifying the application under test to work uniformly across multiple regions and cultures.
 The purpose of internationalization testing is to check if the code can handle all international support without
breaking functionality that might cause data loss or data integrity issues.
Give any features of WinRunner and selenium.?
WinRunner Features:
 Test Scripting Language: WinRunner uses a proprietary test scripting language called TSL (Test Script Language)
for creating automated test scripts.
 Cross-platform Testing: WinRunner supports testing applications across various platforms, including Windows,
Unix, and mainframe.
 GUI-Based Testing: WinRunner offers a GUI-based interface for recording and playback of test scripts, making it
easier to automate testing of graphical user interfaces.
Selenium Features:
 Open Source: Selenium is an open-source automation testing framework, providing flexibility and cost-
effectiveness.
 Multi-Browser Support: Selenium supports cross-browser testing, allowing test scripts to be executed across
different web browsers such as Chrome, Firefox, and Safari.
 Programming Language Support: Selenium supports multiple programming languages, including Java, C#, Python,
and JavaScript, giving users the freedom to choose their preferred language.
Create case study for verify the functionality of amazon login page?
Case Study: Verifying the Functionality of Amazon Login Page
Objective: Evaluate the functionality of Amazon login page for user-friendliness, security, and seamless login
experience.
Methods: User testing, functional testing, compatibility testing, security testing, and performance testing.
Findings: User Experience: Intuitive design, clear instructions. Additional guidance needed for password
requirements.
Functionality: All essential functions working properly (credentials, password reset, "Remember Me" option).
Compatibility: Consistent performance across browsers and devices.
Security: Strong security measures (password encryption, CAPTCHA, failed login handling).
Performance: Fast response times, efficient concurrent login handling.
Recommendations: 1.Clearer password requirements 2.Optional Two-Factor Authentication (2FA).
3.Regular security audits and monitoring for vulnerabilities 4.Continuous performance monitoring.
Conclusion: Amazon login page is functional, user-friendly, secure, and performs well. Insights for improvements to
enhance login experience.
Write short note on Classification of Defects ?
 Classification of defects refers to categorizing and organizing defects or errors that occur in a system, product, or
process.
 Defects can be classified based on various criteria, including their nature, severity, source, or impact on
functionality.
 Nature-based classification categorizes defects into different types, such as functional defects, performance
defects, cosmetic defects, or documentation defects.
 Severity-based classification ranks defects based on their impact on the system's functionality or user experience,
typically using scales like critical, major, minor, or trivial.
 Source-based classification identifies the origin of defects, such as design defects, coding defects, configuration
defects, or requirements defects.
Explain IEEE Std.Test Incident report in details.?
 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) defines testing is the process, as a sequence of steps
performed for a given purpose IEEE Std is a set of guidelines and specifications developed by IEEE for various
industries. It provides technical specifications, protocols, and procedures, and is globally recognized. It ensures
quality, reliability, and interoperability in technology implementation.
 Incident report provides details about unexpected events or problems within an organization. It includes a
description of the incident, date, time, and location Parties involved, impact, and consequences are documented.
Cause and contributing factors are analysed. Actions taken and recommendations for prevention are outlined.
It serves as a reference for future review and improvement.
List any two web based open source automation software testing tools..?
 Selenium: A widely-used open-source testing framework for web applications, supporting automated testing
across multiple browsers and platforms. It offers various tools and libraries and supports multiple programming
languages.
 Cypress: An open-source JavaScript-based testing framework specifically designed for web applications. It
provides a user-friendly API and includes features like real-time reloading, automatic waiting, and advanced
debugging for efficient web application testing.
Definition of test criteria and it types?
Test criteria help the tester to organise the test process. They should be chosen in accordance with the available test
effort.
Functional Test Criteria:
 Verify that all features and functions work as intended.
 Ensure proper data processing and validation.
 Validate user interactions and inputs.
Performance Test Criteria:
 Assess response times and throughput.
 Determine the system's scalability and resource usage.
 Set targets for maximum concurrent users and resource utilization.
Usability Test Criteria:
 Evaluate ease of learning and navigation.
 Assess the efficiency of performing tasks.
What is a verification and validation ?
 Verification refers to the process of ensuring that the software is being developed according to its specifications;
For verification, techniques such as a reviews, analyses, inspections and walkthroughs are commonly used.
 Validation refers to the process of checking that the developed software meets the requirements specified by the
user.]
 Verification: It involves checking that the program conforms to its specification.
 Validation: It involves checking that the program as implemented meets the expectations of the customer.
Principles of testing?
Principle1 :
 Exhaustive Testing is Impossible: Testing everything such as all
 combinations of inputs and pre-conditions is not feasible except for trivial cases
 Instead of exhaustive testing, we use risks and priorities to focus testing efforts.
Principle2 :
 Early Testing: Testing activities should start as early as possible in
 the software or system development life cycle and should be focused on defined
 objectives or goals. Principle #4: Defect Clustering: A small number of modules contain most of the defects
discovered during pre-release testing or show the most operational failures.
How many types of testing tools?
Test Management Tools: Organize and manage the testing process, including planning, execution, and reporting.
Test Automation Tools: Automate test case execution to improve efficiency and reduce manual effort.
Performance Testing Tools: Evaluate and measure the performance and scalability of software applications.
Security Testing Tools: Identify vulnerabilities and weaknesses in software systems.
Code Analysis Tools: Analyse source code or binaries to detect errors, vulnerabilities, and coding standards
compliance.
Define code coverage in white box testing?
Code coverage is a metric used in white box testing to measure the extent to which the source code of a software
application has been exercised by test cases. It indicates the percentage of code statements, branches, or paths that
have been executed during testing. Coverage in white box testing: The extent to which the code is tested by the test
cases, ensuring different parts of the code are executed or evaluated.
List the goals of loop coverage testing. ( Goals of loop coverage testing ) :
Test loop execution (number of iterations).
Test loop boundaries (minimum and maximum values).
Test loop termination (correct exit conditions).
Test loop nesting (interactions with nested loops).
Test loop control flow (break and continue statements).
What is Cyclomatic complexity?
cyclomatic complexity is a software metric that provides a quantitative measure of the logical complexity of a
program. When used in the context of the basis path- testing method, the value computed for cyclomatic complexity
defines the number of independent paths in the basis set of a program and provides us with an upper bound for the
number of tests that must be conducted to ensure that all statements have been executed at least.
What is Internationalisation testing ?
The process of adapting software to a specific locale, taking into account its language. dialect, local conventions and
culture. is called localization or sometimes internationalization Testing the software is
localization/internationalization testing Internationalization testing is the process that ensures that software
product's functionality is not broken and all the messages are properly externalized when used in different languages
and local Internationalization testing is the process of verifying the application under test to work uniformly across
multiple regions and cultures The purpose of internationalization testing is to check if the code can handle all
international support without breaking functionality that might cause data loss or data integrity issues.
What is data flow testing ?
In data flow testing, test cases are derived to determine the validity of variables definitions and their uses in a
program. This testing ensures that all variables are used properly in a program. The data flow testing technique
selects test paths of a program according to the locations of definitions and uses of variables in the program.
What is design defects and requirement defects ?
 Design defects generally refer to the way of design creation or its usage while creating a product. The customer
may or may not be in a position to understand these defects, if structures are not correct.
 Design defects occur when system components, interactions between system components, interactions
between the outside software/hardware or users are incorrectly designed. This covers in the design of
algorithms, control, logic/ data elements, module interface descriptions and external software/hardware/user
interface descriptions.
 Requirement related defects arise in a product when one fails to understand what is required by the customer.
 These defects may be due to customer gap, where the customer is unable to define his requirements, or
producer gap, where developing team is not able to make a product as per requirements.
What is an Entry Criteria and exit criteria?
Entry criterion is used to determine when a given test activity should start. It also includes the beginning of a level of
testing, when test design or when test execution is ready to start.
What is Equivalence Partitioning Testing?
Equivalence Partitioning also called as equivalence class partitioning. It is abbreviated as ECP. It is a software testing
technique that divides the input test data of the application under test into each partition at least once of equivalent
data from which test cases can be derived.
Limitations of Manual Testing ?
 Manual testing is slow and costly
 It is very labor intensive, it takes a long time to complete tests.
 Batch testing is not possible, for each and every test execution Human user interaction is mandatory.
 Comparing large amount of data is impractical.
 Processing change requests during software maintenance takes more time.
Write the name of test automation frameworks
Selenium: A widely used open-source framework for web application testing.
Appium: An open-source framework for automating mobile applications across different platforms.
Cucumber: A behaviour-driven development (BDD) framework that supports test automation using plain-text
specifications. TestNG: A testing framework for Java that supports test automation,
Define errors with its different types in software testing
errors refer to deviations or mistakes in the software that can lead to incorrect or unexpected behaviour. Errors are
commonly classified into three types: syntax errors, runtime errors, and logical errors.
Syntax Errors:
 Violations of programming language rules.
 Detected by the compiler or interpreter during compilation or interpretation.
 Examples include misspelled words, missing punctuation, or incorrect use of language constructs.
Runtime Errors:
 Occur during program execution.
 Caused by unexpected conditions or events.
 Examples include division by zero, invalid input, or memory access violations.
Logical Errors:
 Flaws in the program's logic.
 Cause incorrect output or undesired behavior.
 Difficult to detect and require thorough testing and debugging.
 Examples include mistakes in algorithms, data manipulation, or conditional statements.
explain bug tracking tools ?
Bug tracking tools are software applications designed to help manage and track software defects or issues
throughout the software development lifecycle. Here's a brief explanation of bug tracking tools:
Jira: A widely used bug tracking tool that offers comprehensive issue tracking, project management, and
collaboration features.
Bugzilla: An open-source bug tracking system that allows users to track and manage bugs efficiently.
Redmine: A web-based bug tracking and project management tool that supports issue tracking, time tracking, and
document management.
MantisBT: An open-source bug tracking system with a simple and user-friendly interface.
Explain branch coverage testing with its advantages and disadvantages
Branch coverage testing is a testing technique that aims to measure the percentage of branches (decision points) in
the code that have been executed during testing. Here's a brief explanation of branch coverage testing along with its
advantages and disadvantages:
 Measures the percentage of decision branches that have been executed during testing.
 Helps ensure that all possible outcomes of conditional statements are tested.
 Requires test cases that cover both the true and false branches of each decision point.
Advantages of Branch Coverage Testing:
 Provides a quantitative measure of code coverage, indicating how much of the decision-making logic has
been tested.
 Helps identify untested or potentially risky areas of the code.
 Can increase confidence in the reliability and robustness of the tested software.
Disadvantages of Branch Coverage Testing:
 Focuses solely on the execution of branches, potentially overlooking other important aspects of code quality.
 Does not guarantee the absence of defects or logical errors in the untested branches.
 Can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, especially for complex codebases with numerous decision
points.
Explain defect life cycle
The defect life cycle, also known as the bug life cycle, refers to the different stages a software defect goes through
from identification to resolution.
 New/Open: Defect is identified and reported.
 Assigned: Defect is assigned to a developer.
 In Progress: Developer fixes the defect.
 Fixed: The defect has been resolved.
 Ready for Retest: Fixed code is ready for testing.
 Retest: Fixed code is retested for verification.
 Verified/Closed: Defect is confirmed as resolved and closed.
 Reopened: Defect is reopened if it resurfaces or new issues are found.
What is objective of software metrics ?
 The objectives of using software metrics are given below: Measuring the size of the software quantitatively.
 Assessing the level of complexity involved. 8. Estimating cost of resources and project schedule.
 Assessing the strength of the module by measuring coupling. Assessing the testing techniques.
 Specifying when to stop testing.
What is black box testing ?
 Black box (or functional) testing checks the functional requirements and examines the input and output data
of these requirements.
 Once, the specified function for which the software product or system has been designed is known, tests are
performed to ensure that each function is working properly. This is referred to as black box testing.
 Black box testing, also known as behavioral testing focuses on the functional requirements of the software.
 Black box testing is a software testing method in which the internal
 structure/design/implementation of the item being tested is not known to the tester.
Advantages of Black Box Testing: 1) Black box testing is efficient when used on large systems, 2)The tester and
developer in black-box testing are independent of each other so testing is balanced and unprejudiced.
Disadvantages of Black-Box Testing: 1). In black-box testing cases in black-box testing are challenging to design
without having clear functional specifications.2) In black box testing, it is difficult to identify tricky inputs if the test
cases are not developed based on specifications.
Advantages of White Box Testing: 1) The white box testing helps in removing the extra lines of code, which can bring
in hidden defects.2) In white box testing, as the knowledge of internal coding structure is prerequisite, it becomes
very easy and simple to find out which type of input/data can help in testing the application effectively.
Disadvantages of White-Box Testing 1) In white box testing, as knowledge of code and internal structure is a
prerequisite, 2) a skilled tester is needed to carry out this type of testing, which increases the cost.In white box
testing, it is nearly impossible to look into every bit of code to find out hidden errors, which may create problems,
resulting in failure of the application.