UNIT-1

POWER SEMI CONDUCTOR

DEVICES

power electronics 1
 LECTURE PLAN
Sl. Module as per Session Planner Lecture Slide No.
No. No. From-To
1 Introduction to Power electronics L1 6-29
subject
2 Application Of Power Electronics L2 29-39
3 Basic theory of operation of SCR – L3 40-55
Static characteristics
4 Turn on and turn off methods L4 56-62
5 Dynamic characteristics of SCR and L5 63-73
Characteristics of BJT
6 Power MOSFET and its characteristics L6 74-84
7 Power IGBT and its characteristics L7 85-90
8 Characteristics and other Thyristors L8 91-95
power electronics 2
 Lecture-1

Introduction to Power Electronics

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 History of Power Electronics
• Mercury arc rectifier (year 1900).
• Metal tank rectifier.
• Grid controlled vacuum tube rectifier.
• Ignitron, Phanatron, Thyratron
• SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)
- The 1st Thyristor developed by Bell labs in
1956.
1st Commercial grade SCR developed
by
“ General Electric Co. “ in 1958.
power electronics 10
Power Electronics 10
 Power Electronic Applications
Commercial Domestic Applications
Applications • Cooking equipments.
• Air conditioners • Lighting & heating
• Central refrigeration. ckts.
• UPS • Air conditioners.
• Elevators • Refrigerators.
• Emergency lamps • Freezers.
• Heating systems • Personal Computers.

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Power Electronics 11
 Power Electronic Applications
Telecommunications Transportation
• Battery chargers. • Traction control of
• DC power supply & electric vehicles.
UPS • Battery chargers for
• Mobile cell phone electric vehicles.
battery chargers. • Electric locomotives.
• Street cars & trolley
buses.

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Power Electronic Applications
Utility Systems
• High voltage DC transmissions
(HVDC).
• Static VAR compensation.
• Fuel cells.
• Energy storage systems
• Boiler feed water systems.

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Power Electronics 13
 Power Devices
• Power Diode
• Power BJT
• Power MOSFET
• IGBT
• Thyristor (SCR)

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Power Electronics 14
Power power electronics 15
Electronics 15
 Applications of Power Devices

Power Electronics power electronics 16

16
Thyristorised Power Converter

Thyristorised
Power Power Load
Source Controllers Equipment

To measure
voltage, current,
speed, temperature

Control Measuring
Command Unit Unit
Input

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Power Electronics 17
 Advantages
 Easy and flexibility in operation due to
digital controls.
 Faster dynamic response compared to the
electro mechanical converters.
 Lower acoustic noise when compared to
electro magnetic controllers, relays and
contactors.

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Power Electronics 18
Contd…
 High efficiency due to low losses in the
Thyristors.
 Long life and reduced/minimal
maintenance due to the absence of
mechanical wear.
 Control equipments using Thyristors are
compact in size.

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Power Electronics 19
 Disadvantages
• Generate unwanted harmonics.
• Harmonics are injected into power supply
lines affecting the performance of other
loads and equipments.
• Unwanted interference with
communication circuits due to
electromagnetic radiation.

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Power Electronics 20
• Special protection circuits must be used to
protect the thyristor devices.

• Thyristors must be rated for maximum

loading conditions.

• Special steps are to be taken for

correcting line supply power factor.

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Power Electronics 21
 Different types of Power Converters

• Diode rectifiers (uncontrolled rectifiers).

• Line commutated converters or AC to DC
converters (controlled rectifiers).
• AC voltage (RMS voltage) controllers (AC
to AC converters).

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Power Electronics 22
• Cyclo converters (AC to AC converters at
low output frequency).

• DC choppers (DC to DC converters).

• Inverters (DC to AC converters).

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Power Electronics 23
 AC to DC Converter

+
AC Line DC Output
Input Commutated V0(QC)
Voltage Converter
-

Type of input: AC supply (fixed voltage &

frequency)
Type of output: DC voltage (variable)
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Power Electronics 24
AC to DC Converter

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Power Electronics 25
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Power Electronics 26
 Lecture-2

Application Of Power Electronics

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 Application Of Power Electronics

• Speed control of DC motor in DC drives.

• UPS.
• HVDC transmission.
• Battery Chargers.

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Power Electronics 28
 AC Voltage Regulators

V0(RMS)
AC Vs AC Variable AC
Input Voltage RMSO/P Voltage
Voltage fs Controller
fs fS

Type of input: AC supply (fixed voltage & frequency).

Type of output: Variable AC RMS O/P voltage.

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Power Electronics 29
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Power Electronics 30
 Applications
• Speed control of ac motors.
• Speed control of fans (domestic and
industrial fans).
• AC pumps.

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Power Electronics 31
 Cyclo Converters

V0 , f0
AC Vs Variable Frequency
Input Cyclo
Converters AC Output
Voltage fs
f0< fS
Type of input: AC supply (fixed voltage & frequency).
Type of output: Variable frequency ac O/P voltage.

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Power Electronics 32
 Applications
• Traction vehicles
• Gearless rotary kilns.

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Power Electronics 33
 DC Choppers
+ V0(d c )
• +
DC Variable DC
Vs Output Voltage
- Chopper

-
Type of input: Fixed DC supply voltage.
Type of output: Variable DC voltage.

Power Electronics power electronics 34

34
•

power
Power electronics
Electronics 35
35
 Applications
• Speed control of DC motors from a DC
supply.
• DC drives for sub-urban traction.
• Switching power supplies.

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Power Electronics 36
 Inverters
• +
DC Inverter AC
Supply (Forced Output Voltage
- Commutation)

Type of input: Fixed DC supply voltage.

Type of output: AC O/P voltage.

power electronics
Power Electronics 37
37
•

Power Electronics power electronics 38

38
 Applications
• Industrial AC drives using induction and
synchronous motors.
• Uninterrupted power supplies (UPS
system) used for computers, computer
labs.

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Power Electronics 39
 Peripheral Effects
•

Power Electronics power electronics 40

40
Contd…
• Induced current and voltage harmonic into
supply system, and at the output of the
converters.
• Distortion in the output voltage.
• Unwanted electromagnetic radiation.
• Interference with communication circuits.

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41
 Lecture-3

Basic theory of operation of SCR –

Static characteristics

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Modes of operation of Thyristor

• Reverse Blocking mode

• Forward Blocking mode

• Forward Conduction Mode

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power electronics 47
 HOLDING CURRENT

• After an SCR has been switched to the on

state a certain minimum value of anode
current is required to maintain the thyristor in
this low impedance state. If the anode
current is reduced below the critical holding
current value, the thyristor cannot maintain
the current through it and reverts to its off
state usually is associated with turn off the
device.

power electronics 48
Contd…

• Thus holding current may be defined as

the minimum value of anode current below
which it must fall for turning off the
thyristor.

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 LATCHING CURRENT
• After the SCR has switched on, there is a
minimum current required to sustain
conduction. This current is called the latching
current and it is associated with turn on and is
usually greater than holding current.

• Latching current is defined as the minimum

value of anode current which it must attain
during turn-on process to maintain conduction
when get signal is removed
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power electronics 51
 Lecture-4

Turn-on and turn-off methods

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power electronics 53
 Thermal Turn on
 If the temperature of the thyristor is high, there
will be an increase in charge carriers which
would increase the leakage current. This would
cause an increase in & and the thyristor may
turn on. This type of turn on many cause
thermal run away and is usually avoided.

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 Light Turn
If light be allowed to fall on the
junctions of a thyristor, charge
carrier concentration would
increase which may turn on the
SCR.
 LASCR
Light activated SCRs are turned
on by allowing light to strike the
silicon wafer.

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 High Voltage Triggering

 This is triggering without application of

gate voltage with only application of a
large voltage across the anode-cathode
such that it is greater than the forward
breakdown voltage. This type of turn on
is destructive and should be avoided.

power electronics 56
 dv
dt Triggering

• Under transient conditions, the

capacitances of the p-n junction will
influence the characteristics of a thyristor.
If the thyristor is in the blocking state, a
rapidly rising voltage applied across the
device would cause a high current to flow
through the device resulting in turn-on

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 If i j is the current through the
2

junction and C j is the junction

2

capacitance and V j is the voltage

2
across j2 , then

 
dq2 d C j2 dVJ 2 dC j2
ij 2   C j Vj   V j2
dt dt 2 2
dt dt

power electronics 58
• From the above equation, we see that if dv
dt
is large,1 j will be large. A high value of
2

charging current may damage the thyristor

and the device must be protected against
dv
high dt . The manufacturers specify the
allowable dv .
dt

power electronics 59
 Lecture-4

Dynamic characteristics of SCR

And
Characteristics Of BJT

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power electronics 61
power electronics 62
Characteristics Of BJT

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power electronics 65
Steady state Characterictics

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INPUT CHARACTERISTICS

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OUTPUT CHARACTERICTICS

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ADVANTAGES OF BJT

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ADVANTAGES OF BJT

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 Lecture-6

Power MOSFET and its characteristics

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 Power MOSFET
• Power MOSFET is a metal oxide semiconductor
field effect transistor.
• It is a voltage controlled device requiring a small
input gate voltage.
• It has high input impedance. MOSFET is
operated in two states viz., ON STATE and OFF
STATE.
• Switching speed of MOSFET is very high.
• Switching time is of the order of nanoseconds.

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 Types of MOSFET
• MOSFETs are of two types
(a) Depletion MOSFETs
(b) Enhancement MOSFETs.

• MOSFET is a three terminal

device. The three terminals are
gate (G), drain (D) and source (S

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 DEPLETION MOSFET

Metal
+
D n D

p-type
G n substrate G

S n
+ S
Channel

Oxide

Fig. : n-channel depletion type MOSFET SymboL

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P-channel Depletion Type MOSFET

+
Metal
D p
D

n-type
G p substrate G

S p
+ S
Channel

Oxide

Fig. : P-channel depletion type MOSFET Symbol

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF
n-Channel Depletion MOSFET

D ID

G
VDS
+ +
VGS S
 

Fig: n-channel Depletion MOSFET

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 Drain Characteristic
Linear Saturation
region region
VGS3

ID VGS2

VGS1

VDS

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Transfer characteristic

IDSS

ID

VGS(OFF) VGS

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 Characteristics Of
n-channel enhancement MOSFET

D ID

G
VDS
+ +
VGS S
 

Fig: n-channel Enhancement MOSFET

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Transfer Characteristic

ID

VT VGS
VT  VGS TH   Gate Source Threshold Voltage

Fig.: Transfer Characteristic

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 Drain Characteristic
Linear Saturation
region region
VGS3

ID VGS2

VGS1

VGS 3  VGS 2  VGS1

VDS

Fig. : Drain Characteristic

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 Lecture-7

IGBT and its characteristics

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 INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR
TRANSISTOR (IGBT)

• IGBT is a voltage controlled device. It

has high input impedance like a
MOSFET and low on-state conduction
losses like a BJT

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Structure And Symbol of IGBT
Collector

 C
p

n Bufferlayer

n epi G
p
 
n n E
Gate Gate

Emitter

Fig (a) Structure Fig (b) Symbol

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Characteristic of IGBT

IC
RC

RS G VCC
VCE

VG RGE VGE
E

Fig.: Circuit Diagram to Obtain Characteristics

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 Output Characteristics

IC
VGE4
VGE3 VGE4>VGE3>VGE2>VGE1
VGE2
VGE1

VCE

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Transfer Characteristic

IC

VGE
VT

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 Lecture-8

Characteristics Of Other Devices

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Power Semiconductor Devices, their
Symbols & Characteristics

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Power Electronics 89
Contd…

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DEVICE SYMBOLS &
CHARACTERISTICS

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Power Electronics 91
power electronics 92
Power Electronics 92
 Unit -2

power Electronics unit-2 1

 LECTURE PLAN
Sl. Module as per Session Planner Lecture PPT Slide
No. No. No.
1 Two transistor model of Thyristor L1 2-13
2 Uni-Junction Transistor L2 14-27
3 Series and parallel connections of L3 28-42
SCR’s
4 Protection Of SCRS L4 43-52
5 Rating of SCR L5 53-65
6 Gate Specification and Introduction L6 66-73
to Commutation Technique
7 Forced Commutation Techniques L7 74-136
8 Resonant Pulse Commutation L8 137-206
With Acceleratingpower
DiodeElectronics unit-2 2
 Lecture-1

Two transistor model of Thyristor

power Electronics unit-2 3

Schematic Diagram of Thyristor

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 Two-Transistor Model

The principle of thyristor

operation can be explained
with the use of its two-
transistor model or two-
transistor analogy. Two-
transistor model is obtained
by bisecting the two middle
layers, along the dotted line
in two separate halves

power Electronics unit-2 5

 The Circuit Representation Of The
Two-transistor Model Of A Thyristor

junctions J1-J2 and J2-

J3 can be considered to
constitute pnp and npn
transistors separately

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Contd…

• In the off state of a transistor, collector

current IC is related to emitter current IE
as

where α is the common-base current gain

and ICBO is the common base leakage
current of collector-base junction of a
transistor with emitter open

power Electronics unit-2 7

Contd..
• For transistor Q1,
Emitter current = IE
Anode current = Ia
and collector current Ic is Ic1.
Therefore for transistor Q1,

power Electronics unit-2 8

Contd..

• Similarly for transistor Q2, collector current

IC2 is given by

power Electronics unit-2 9

Contd…
• The some of the two collector currents
given by equations (2) and (3) is equal to
the anode current Ia.

When gate current is applied, then

Ik = Ia + Ig.
power Electronics unit-2 10
Contd…

Substituting this value of Ik in eq. 5 gives

power Electronics unit-2 11

Contd…
• It is clear from eq. (7), that α1+α2 → 1
causes the thyristor to turn on i.e. the
anode current reaches a high value or the
SCR/ thyristor starts conducting.
• α1 varies with Ia (emitter current) and α2
varies with Ia + Ig.
• If Ig is increased, this increases Ia, which
further increases α1 and α2

power Electronics unit-2 12

Contd…

• This will in turn increase Ia. There is a

regenerative or positive feedback effect.

• If α1+α2 → 1, Ia→∞. But Ia is limited by

external resistance.

• Therefore, the SCR or thyristor can be

triggered by a very small gate current

power Electronics unit-2 13

 Lecture-2

Uni-Junction Transistor

power Electronics unit-2 14

 Uni-Junction Transistor
B2

Eta-point B2
RB2

p-type
E A E
RB1
n-type

RBB  RB1  RB 2 B1
B1
Basic Structure Symbol
power Electronics unit-2 15
 B2
+

Eta-point RB1
RB2 V1  VBB
VD
RB1  RB 2
E
+
A VBB  VBB

Ve Ie RB1
V1 VBB
VP  VBB  VD
- -
B1
Equivalent Circuit of UJT
power Electronics unit-2 16
 Negative Resistance
Region
V
Cutoff e Saturation
region region
VBB
R load line
Vp
Peak Point

Valley Point

Vv UJT
Characteristics
0 Ip Iv Ie
power Electronics unit-2 17
 UJT Relaxation Oscillator
Ve Capacitor Capacitor
VBB+V discharging
charging
VBB 2=R1C
Vp
R R2
B2 VP
E Vv
1=RC
VV

T t
C B1
Ve R1 vo Vo



t
Circuit Diagram Waveforms
power Electronics unit-2 18
 Expression for period of
oscillation (T)
Voltage of capacitor

VC  V final  Vinitial  V final  e

t
RC

At t  T ,
VC  VP ,Vinitial  VV ,V final  VBB
power Electronics unit-2 19
 T
VP  VBB  VV  VBB  e RC

VBB  VV 
 T  RC ln  
V 
 BB P 
V
power Electronics unit-2 20
if VV  VBB ,
 
 VBB   1 
T  RC ln    RC ln  V 
 VBB  VP  1  P 
 VBB 

But VP  VBB  VD
power Electronics unit-2 21
VD << VBB

VP = VBB

 1 
T  RC ln  
1   
power Electronics unit-2 22
 Design

VBB  I P R  VP
.

VBB  VP
.

.
R 
IP
.

power Electronics unit-2 23

VBB  IV R  VV
VBB  VV
R 
IV 4
10
t g  RB1C RB 2 
VBB
power Electronics unit-2 24
SYNCHRONIZED UJT OSCILLATOR

R1
+ +

i1 R R2
D1 D3
B2
Pulse Transformer
+ E
Vdc Z VZ
B1 G1
C1 To SCR
vc C Gates
G2
D4 D2
C2
- - -

power Electronics unit-2 25

 v c,
vdc VZ Vdc

VZ

vc vc vc t
Pulse
Voltage
1 2 1 2 1 2

  t
 
power Electronics unit-2 26
 Lecture-3

Series and parallel connections

of SCR’s

power Electronics unit-2 27

Series and Parallel of operation
of Thyristors
• If single SCR cannot meet with voltage or
current requirement.
• To be ensured that SCR rating is fully
utilized.

power Electronics unit-2 28

 String Efficiency
String efficiency =
Actual voltage / current rating
 ns , no. of SCRs   voltage / current rating of one SCR

Derating Factor
DRF = 1 – String efficiency

power Electronics unit-2 29

 Series Operation

Forward leakage currents with equal voltage

sharing
power Electronics unit-2 30
Static & Dynamic Equalization

power Electronics unit-2 31

 Design of R

IT  Total current in the string

I D1 , I D 2 ........, I Dn 
Leakage current of individual SCRs
Let I D1  I D 2
I D 2  I D 3  ......, I Dn
power Electronics unit-2 32
I D1  IT  I1 .... 1
I D 2  IT  I 2 ....  2
VD1  I1 R
Vs  I1R   ns  1 I 2 R
power Electronics unit-2 33
But from equation (1)
IT  I D1  I1
VS  I1R   ns 1  I D1  I1  I D 2  R

VS  VD1   ns  1 I1R   ns  1  I D1  I D 2  R

But I D1  I D 2
power Electronics unit-2 34
VS  VD1   ns  1 I1R   ns  1 I D 2  I D1  R

I D 2  I D1  I D

VS  VD1   ns  1VD1   nS  1 I D R

VS  nsVD1   ns 1 I D R ...  3

power Electronics unit-2 35
From equation (3)
nsVD1  VS
R
 ns  1 I D
With I D1  0
VS   ns  1 RI D 2
VD1 max  
ns
power Electronics unit-2 36
 Reverse
Recovery Characteristics

power Electronics unit-2 37

 Design of C

Q
V  I D R 
C
Q  Q2  Q1
Let Q2  Q3 .......Qn & Q1  Q2

power Electronics unit-2 38

 VS   ns  1 I D R
VD1 
ns
1 Q 
VD1  VS   ns  1 
ns  C1 
( ns  1) Q
C1 
nsVD1  Vs
power Electronics unit-2 39
When Q1  0 & Q  Q2

1  Q2 

VD1 max  VS   ns  1 
ns  C1 
Derating factor is given as
VS
DRF  1 
nsVD1 max 
power Electronics unit-2 40
PARALLEL OPERATION

power Electronics unit-2 41

Magnetic Coupling

power Electronics unit-2 42

 Lecture-4

Protection Of SCRS

power Electronics unit-2 43

dv/dt Protection

power Electronics unit-2 44

power Electronics unit-2 45
 1
VS  i  t  RS   i  t  dt  Vc  t   for t 0
0

C
VS  t  s
i t   e
RS
Where  s  RS CS
power Electronics unit-2 46
Also VT  t   VS  i t  RS
VS  t 
VT  t   VS  e RS
RS
t
VT  t   VS  VS e s

power Electronics unit-2 47

 At t  0, VT  0  0
At t   s , VT  s   0.632VS
dv VT  s   VT  0  0.632VS
,

  
dt s RS CS
VS
& RS 
ITD
power Electronics unit-2 48
power Electronics unit-2 49
 VS
ITD 
R1  R2
power Electronics unit-2 50
 

0
RS  R CS

2 LS  L
power Electronics unit-2 51
di/dt Protection

di VS

dt LS
power Electronics unit-2 52
Lecture-5

Rating of SCR

power Electronics unit-2 53

 Thyristor Ratings
First Subscript Second Subscript Third Subscript

D  off state W  working M  Peak Value

T  ON state R  Repetitive

F  Forward SSurge or non-

repetitive

R  Reverse

power Electronics unit-2 54

 Voltage Ratings

VDWM VDRM VDSM

VRWM VRRM VRSM
dv
VT
dt
power Electronics unit-2 55
Contd..

• VDWM : This specifies the peak off

state working forward voltage of the
device.

• This specifies the maximum forward

off state voltage which the thyristor
can withstand during its working.

power Electronics unit-2 56

Contd…

• VDRM : This is the peak repetitive off

state forward voltage that the thyristor can
block repeatedly in the forward direction
(transient).

• VDSM : This is the peak off state surge /

non-repetitive forward voltage that will
occur across the thyristor.
power Electronics unit-2 57
Contd…

• VRWM : This the peak reverse working

voltage that the thyristor can withstand
in the reverse direction.

• VRRM : It is the peak repetitive reverse

voltage. It is defined as the maximum
permissible instantaneous value of
repetitive applied reverse voltage that the
thyristor can block in reverse direction
power Electronics unit-2 58
Contd..

• VRSM : Peak surge reverse voltage.

This rating occurs for transient
conditions for a specified time duration.

• VT : On state voltage drop and is

dependent on junction temperature

• VTM : Peak on state voltage. This is

specified for a particular anode current
and junction power
temperature.
Electronics unit-2 59
Contd…

dv
• Rating : This is the maximum rate
dt
of rise of anode voltage that the SCR has
to withstand and which will not trigger the
device without gate signal (refer triggering

power Electronics unit-2 60

 Lecture-5

Current Ratings Of Thyristor

power Electronics unit-2 61

 Current Ratings

ITaverage ITRMS IL
di
IH
dt
power Electronics unit-2 62
 Contd….
• ITaverage : This is the on state average current
which is specified at a particular temperature

• ITRMS : This is the on-state RMS current

• I L (Latching current): After the SCR has

switched on, there is a minimum current
required to sustain conduction. This current
is called the latching current. associated
with turn on and is usually greater than
holding current

power Electronics unit-2 63

 Contd..
• I H Holding current, : After an SCR has
been switched to the on state a certain
minimum value of anode current is
required to maintain the thyristor in this low
impedance state.
• If the anode current is reduced below the
critical holding current value, the thyristor
cannot maintain the current through it and
reverts to its off state
• I H usually is associated with turn off the
device. power Electronics unit-2 64
 Contd..
di
• dt rating : This is a non repetitive rate of rise of
on-state current. This maximum value of rate of
rise of current is which the thyristor can withstand
without destruction.

• When thyristor is switched on, conduction starts

at a place near the gate. This small area of
conduction spreads rapidly and if rate of rise of
anode current is large compared to the spreading
velocity of carriers, local hotspots will be formed
near the gate due to high current density.

• This causes the junction temperature to rise

above the safe limit and the SCR may be
damaged permanently. The rating
power Electronics unit-2
is specified in65
A  sec .
 Lecture-6

Gate Specification and

Introduction to Commutation
Technique

power Electronics unit-2 66

 Gate Specification

I gt Vgt
VgD QRR
Rthjc
power Electronics unit-2 67
Contd…
• I GT : This is the required gate current to
trigger the SCR. This is usually specified
as a DC value.

• VGT : This is the specified value of gate

voltage to turn on the SCR (dc value).

• VGD : This is the value of gate voltage, to

switch from off state to on state. A value
below this willpower
keep the SCR
Electronics unit-2
in off state. 68
Contd…
• QRR : Amount of charge carriers which
have to be recovered during the turn off
process.

• Rthjc : Thermal resistance between

junction and outer case of the device

power Electronics unit-2 69

 Introduction to commutation
Technique
• Commutation
– Process of turning off a conducting
thyristor.
• Current Commutation
• Voltage Commutation

power Electronics unit-2 70

70
Methods of Commutation

• Natural Commutation

• Forced Commutation

power Electronics unit-2 71

71
 Natural Commutation
• Occurs in AC circuits

T
+

vs ~  R  vo


power Electronics unit-2 72
72
 Supply voltage vs Sinusoidal

 3 t
0 2

Gate Pulse

 t

Load voltage vo
Turn off
occurs here
t
 

 3 t
0 2

Voltage across SCR

power Electronics unit-2 73
73
tc
Contd..

• Natural Commutation of Thyristors takes

place in
– AC voltage controllers.
– Phase controlled rectifiers.
– Cyclo converters.

power Electronics unit-2 74

74
 Lecture-7

Forced Commutation Techniques.

power Electronics unit-2 75

 Forced Commutation
• Applied to dc circuits
• Commutation achieved by reverse biasing
the SCR or by reducing the SCR current
below holding current value.
• Commutating elements such as inductance
and capacitance are used for commutation
purpose.

power Electronics unit-2 76

76
 Methods of Forced
Commutation
• Self commutation.
• Resonant pulse commutation.
• Complementary commutation.
• Impulse commutation.
• External pulse commutation.
• Load Commutation.
• Line Commutation.
power Electronics unit-2 77
77
Forced Commutation
is applied to

• Choppers.

• Inverters.

power Electronics unit-2 78

78
 Self Commutation
Or
Load Commutation
Or
Class A Commutation
(Commutation By Resonating
The Load)
power Electronics unit-2 79
79
Contd..

• Circuit is under damped by including

suitable values of L & C in series with
load.
• Oscillating current flows.
• SCR is turned off when current is zero.

power Electronics unit-2 80

80
 T L Vc(0)
i R + -
Load C

power Electronics unit-2 81

81
 Expression for Current
1 VC(0)
R I(S) SL CS S
T + - + -
C

V
S

power Electronics unit-2 82

82
 V  VC 0 

I S   S
1
R  SL 
CS
CS V  VC 0
C V  VC 0
I S   S 
RCS  S LC  1
2
 2 R 1 
LC  S  S 
 L LC 
power Electronics unit-2 83
83
 V  VC  0 
I S   L
R 1
S S 
2

L LC
V  VC  0  
I S   L
2 2
R 1  R   R 
S S 
2
   
L LC  2 L   2 L 
power Electronics unit-2 84
84
 V  V  0  
C
A
I S   L 
S   
2 2
 
2
2 2
 R  1  R 
S      
 2 L   LC  2 L 
 
Where,

A
V  VC  0   , 
R
, 
1  R 
 
2

L 2L LC  2 L 
power Electronics unit-2 85
85
 is called the natural frequency
A 
I S  
 S   2
2

Taking inverse Laplace transforms

A  t
i  t   e sin  t

power Electronics unit-2 86
86
 Expression for current
V  VC  0  2 RL t
i t   e sin  t
L
Peak value of current


V  V  0 C

L
power Electronics unit-2 87
87
 Expression For Voltage Across
Capacitor At The Time Of Turn Off

T L Vc(0)
i R + -
Load C

power Electronics unit-2 88

88
Applying KVL to figure
vc t   V  vR  VL
di
vc t   V  iR  L
dt
Substituting for i,
A d  A  t 
vc t   V  R e  t
sin t  L  e sin t 
 dt  
power Electronics unit-2 89
89
vc t   V  R e sin t  L  e  cos t  e t sin t 
A  t A  t
 
A  t
vc t   V  e  R sin t  L cos t  L sin t 

A  t  R 
vc t   V  e  R sin t  L cos t  L sin t 
  2L 
A  t  R 
vc t   V  e  sin t  L cos t 
 2 
power Electronics unit-2 90
90
Substituting for A,

vc  t 
V  V  0  R 
 2 sin  t   L cos  t 
 t
V 
C
e
L

vc  t  V 
V  V  0 
C R
e 
 t
sin t   cos  t

  2 L 
SCR turns off when current goes to zero.
i.e., at  t  
power Electronics unit-2 91
91
Therefore at turn off

vc t   V 
V  VC 0 e
 

0  cos 

 
vc t   V  V  VC 0 e 

 R
 vc t   V  V  VC 0 e 2 L

power Electronics unit-2 92

92
Note: For effective commutation
the circuit should be under damped.
2
 R  1
That is   
 2L  LC
With R = 0, and the capacitor initially uncharged
that is VC  0   0
V t
i t   sin
L LC
power Electronics unit-2 93
93
 1
But  
LC
V t C t
i t   LC sin V sin
L LC L LC
and capacitor voltage at turn off is equal to 2V
Fig. shows the waveforms for the above conditions.
Once the SCR turns off voltage across it is
negative voltage.
power Electronics unit-2 94
94
 Current i

t
0 /2 
2V
Capacitor voltage
V

t

Conduction time of SCR 
Gate pulse

t

t

V
Voltage across SCR
power Electronics unit-2 95
95
 Problem
• Calculate the conduction time of SCR and
the peak SCR current that flows in the
circuit employing series resonant
commutation (self commutation or class A
commutation), if the supply voltage is 300
V, C = 1F, L = 5 mH and RL = 100 .
Assume that the circuit is initially relaxed.

power Electronics unit-2 96

96
 T RL L C

100  5 mH 1 F

V=300V

power Electronics unit-2 97

97
 2
1  RL 
  
LC  2L 
2
1  100 
 3 6
 3 
5 10 110  2  5 10 
  10, 000 rad/sec
Since the circuit is initially relaxed, initial voltage
across capacitor is zero as also the initial current
through L and the expression for current i is
power Electronics unit-2 98
98
 V  t R
i t   e sin t , where  
L 2L
V
 peak value of current 
L
300
IP  3
 6A
10000  5  10
 
Conducting time of SCR =   0.314msec
 10000
power Electronics unit-2 99
99
 Problem
• Figure shows a self commutating circuit.
The inductance carries an initial current of
200 A and the initial voltage across the
capacitor is V, the supply voltage.
Determine the conduction time of the SCR
and the capacitor voltage at turn off.

power Electronics unit-2 100

100
 L T i(t)
 IO
10 H
C +
V 50 F  VC(0)=V
=100V

power Electronics unit-2 101

101
 The transformed circuit of the
previous figure is shown in figure below

SL IOL
+ -
I(S) +
VC(0)
+ - S
V
S - 1
CS

power Electronics unit-2 102

102
The governing equation is
V VC 0 1
 I  S  SL  I O L   I S 
S S CS
V VC 0
  IO L
 I S   S S
1
SL 
CS
 V VC 0 
   CS
S S  I O LCS
I S    2
S LC  1
2
S LC  1
power Electronics unit-2 103
103
 V  VC 0 C I O LCS
I S   
 2 1   2 1 
LC  S  LC S 
 LC   LC 
V  VC 0 SI O
I S    2
 2 2

L  S   S 
2

V  VC 0 SI O 1
I S    2 ; where  
 L  S   S 
2 2 2
LC
power Electronics unit-2 104
104
Taking inverse LT
C
i  t   V  VC  0   sin  t  I O cos  t
L
The capacitor voltage is given by
t
1
vc  t    i  t  dt  VC  0 
C0
1  
t
C
vc  t     V  VC  0   sin  t  I O cos  t  dt  VC  0 
C 0  L 
power Electronics unit-2 105
105
 1  V  VC  0   C t IO t 
vc  t      cos  t    sin  t   VC  0 
C   L o  o 
1  V  VC  0   C IO 
vc  t    1  cos  t    sin  t   VC  0 
C   L  

vc  t    LC sin  t  V  VC  0   LC
IO 1 C
1  cos  t   VC  0 
C C L
L
vc  t   I O sin  t  V  V cos  t  VC  0   VC  0  cos  t  VC  0 
C

sin  t  V  VC  0   cos  t  V
L
vc  t   I O
C
power Electronics unit-2 106
106
I0
i(t)

VC  O   V
t
/2
 we get
vc(t)
i  t   I O cos  t &
L
V
vc  t   I O sin  t  V
C
t
/2
power Electronics unit-2 107
107
Turn off occurs at a time 'tO ' so that

 tO 
2
0.5
 tO   0.5 LC

tO  0.5   10 10  50 10 6 6

tO  0.5   10 6
500  35.1 seconds
power Electronics unit-2 108
108
and the capacitor voltage at turn off is given by
L
vc  tO   I O sin  tO  V
C
6
10 10
vc  tO   200 6
 sin 90  100
0

50 10
vc  tO   89.4  100  189.4 V

power Electronics unit-2 109

109
 Problem
• In the circuit shown in figure V = 600 volts,
initial capacitor voltage is zero, L = 20 H,
C=50F and the current through the
inductance at the time of SCR triggering is
IO = 350 A. Determine
– Peak values of capacitor voltage and
current
– Conduction time of T1.

power Electronics unit-2 110

110
 L T1

 I0
i(t)
V C

power Electronics unit-2 111

111
The expression for i  t  is given by
C
i  t   V  VC  O   sin  t  I O cos  t
L
It is given that the initial voltage across
the capacitor VC  O  is zero.
C
 i t   V sin  t  I O cos  t
L
power Electronics unit-2 112
112
i  t  can be written as
C
i t   I  V
2
O sin  t   
2

L
L
IO
C and   1
where   tan 1

V LC
C
The peak capacitor current is I V
2
O
2

L
power Electronics unit-2 113
113
Substituting the values, the peak capacitor current
6
50  10
 3502  6002  6
 1011.19 A
20 10
The expression for capacitor voltage is

sin  t  V  VC  0   cos  t  V
L
vc  t   I O
C
L
with VC  0   0, vc  t   I O sin  t  V cos  t  V
C
power Electronics unit-2 114
114
This can be rewritten as
C
V
2 L
vc  t   V  I O sin  t     V ; Where   tan 1
2 L
C IO
L
The peak value of capacitor voltage is  V  I 2
V
2
O
C
Substituting the values, the peak value of capacitor voltage
6
20  10
 600  350 
2 2
6
 600  639.5  600  1239.5V
50 10
power Electronics unit-2 115
115
 To calculate conduction time of
T1

• The waveform
of capacitor
current is Capacitor
shown in current
figure.
When the
capacitor t
current  0
becomes zero
the SCR turns 
off. power Electronics unit-2 116
116
 conduction time of SCR
 L 
 IO 
  tan 1
 C 
 V 
   
   
 1
LC
 L 
 IO 
Substituting the values   tan 1  C 
 V 
 
 
power Electronics unit-2 117
117
 6
350 20  10
  tan1

600 50 106
  20.25 i.e., 0.3534 radians
0

1 1
   31622.8 rad/sec
LC 20 106  50  106
 conduction time of SCR
  0.3534
  88.17  sec
31622.8
power Electronics unit-2 118
118
Resonant Pulse Commutation
(Class B Commutation)

L
T
i
a
b C

IL
V
Load
FWD
power Electronics unit-2 119
119
Contd..

• Series LC circuit connected across

thyristor ‘T’.
• Initially ‘C’ is charged to ‘V’ volts with plate
‘a’ as positive.
• Current in LC oscillates when SCR is ON.
• ‘T’ turns off when capacitor discharges
through thyristor in a direction opposite to
IL

power Electronics unit-2 120

120
 Gate pulse
of SCR
t
t1 
V
Capacitor voltage
vab
t

tC
Ip i

t

IL 
t

power Electronics unit-2 121

121
ISCR
Thyristor Current

Voltage across
SCR
t

power Electronics unit-2 122

122
 Expression For tC ,
the Circuit Turn Off Time

Assume that at the time of turn off of the SCR

the capacitor voltage vab  V and a constant
load current I L flows.
tc is the time taken for the capacitor
voltage to reach 0 volts from  V volts and
it is derived as follows
power Electronics unit-2 123
123
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
 tc
1 I L tc
V   I L dt 
C0 C
VC
tc  seconds
IL
For proper commutation tc should be greater than tq .
Magnitude of I p the peak value of i should be
greater than the load current I L .
Expression for i is derived as follows

power Electronics unit-2 124

124
 The LC Circuit
During The Commutation Period
I(S)

SL
L

T T 1
i
CS
+ +
C VC(0)
 =V V
- S
LC Circuit Transformed Circuit
power Electronics unit-2 125
125
 V V 
  CS
s
I S   S  2
SL 
1 S LC  1
Cs

VC V 1
I S    
 2 1  L 1
LC  S   S 
2

 LC  LC
power Electronics unit-2 126
126
  1 
 
V  LC  1
I S    
L S2  1  1 

LC  LC  

 1 
 
C  LC 
I S   V 
L S2  1
LC
C
Taking inverse LT i t   V sin t
L
power Electronics unit-2 127
127
 1
Where  
LC
V
or i t   sin  t  I p sin  t
L
C
 Ip V amps
L
power Electronics unit-2 128
128
 Expression For
Conduction Time Of SCR

Conduction time of SCR


  t

 IL 
1
sin  
  I 
   p 

 
power Electronics unit-2 129
129
 Alternate Circuit
For Resonant Pulse Commutation
T1 iC(t) IL

C L iC(t) T2
ab
 +
VC(0) L
V T3 O
A
FWD D

power Electronics unit-2 130

130
Contd..

• Initially C charged with polarity as shown

in figure.
• T1 is conducting & IL is constant.
• To turn off T1, T2 is fired.
• iC(t) flows opposite to IL & T1 turns off at
iC(t) = IL

power Electronics unit-2 131

131
 ic  t   I p sin  t
C
Where I p  VC  0  & and the capacitor voltage
L
1
vc  t    iC  t .dt
C
1 C
vc  t    VC  0  sin  t.dt
C L
vc  t   VC  0  cos  t
power Electronics unit-2 132
132
Instant at
which the thyristor turns off is at t1
t1
& I L  I p sin
LC
C
I p  VC  0 
L
power Electronics unit-2 133
133
  IL L
1

or t1  LC sin  
 VC  0  C 
& the corresponding capacitor voltage is

vc  t1   V1  VC  0  cos  t1

power Electronics unit-2 134

134
 Expression For tC
Assuming a constant load
current I L which charges the capacitor
CV1
tc  seconds
IL
Normally V1  VC  0 
For reliable commutation tc  tq
tC depends on I L & becomes smaller for
higher values of I L
power Electronics unit-2 135
135
 Current iC(t)

V
Capacitor
voltage vab
t
t1

V1

tC
VC(0)
power Electronics unit-2 136
136
 Lecture-8

Resonant Pulse
Commutation
With Accelerating Diode

power Electronics unit-2 137

Resonant Pulse Commutation
With Accelerating Diode
D2
iC(t)

T1 IL
C L iC(t) T2

- +
VC(0)
L
T3 O
V A
FWD D

power Electronics unit-2 138

138
• Diode D2 connected as shown to
accelerate discharge.
• T2 turned on to turn off T1.
• Once T1 is off at t1. iC(t) flows through D2
until current reduces to IL at time t2.
• From t = t2 , ‘C’ charges through load, T2
self commutates.
• But thyristor recovery process low hence
longer reverse bias time.
power Electronics unit-2 139
139
 iC
IL

0 t
VC

0 t
t1 t2
V1
VC(O) tC
power Electronics unit-2 140
140
 Problem
• The circuit in figure shows a resonant
pulse commutation circuit. The initial
capacitor voltage VC(O)=200V, C = 30F
and L = 3H. Determine the circuit turn off
time tC, if the load current IL is 200 A
and 50 A.

power Electronics unit-2 141

141
 T1 IL
C L iC(t) T2

 +
VC(0)
L
T3 O
V A
FWD D

power Electronics unit-2 142

142
When I L  200 A; Let T2 be triggered at t  0
Capacitor current ic  t  reaches a value I L at t  t1
when T1 turns off
 IL
1 L
t1  LC sin  
 VC  0  C 

1 200 3 10 6 
6 6
t1  3 10  30 10 sin    3.05 sec
 200 30 10  6
 
1 1
   0.105 106 rad / sec
LC 3 106  30 106
power Electronics unit-2 143
143
At t  t1 the magnitude of capacitor voltage is,
V1  VC  0  cos  t1
i.e., V1  200 cos 0.105 106  3.05 10 6
V1  200  0.9487
V1  189.75 Volts
CV1
& tc 
IL
6
30 10 189.75
tc   28.46  sec
200
power Electronics unit-2 144
144
When I L  50 A
 50 3  10 6 
t1  3  106  30  106 sin 1    0.749  sec
 200 30  10 6
 
V1  200 cos 0.105  106  0.749  106  200  1  200 Volts
CV1 30 106  200
tc    120  sec
IL 50
It is observed that as load increases the value of tc reduces.

power Electronics unit-2 145

145
 Problem

Repeat above problem

For I L  200 A if an antiparallel diode D2 is
connected across thyristor T1 as shown in figure

power Electronics unit-2 146

146
 D2
iC(t)

T1 IL
C L iC(t) T2

- +
VC(0)
L
T3 O
V A
FWD D

power Electronics unit-2 147

147
 I L  200 A
Let T2 be triggered at t  0
Capacitor current iC  t  reaches the value I L at t  t1 ,
when T1 turns off
 IL
1 L
 t1  LC sin  
VC  O  C 
6 6

1 200 3 10 6 
t1  3 10  30 10 sin  
 200 30 106 
 
t1  3.05 sec
power Electronics unit-2 148
148
 1 1
 
LC 3 106  30 106
  0.105 10 radians/sec
6

At t  t1
VC  t1   V1  VC  O  cos  t1
VC  t1   200 cos  0.105 10  3.05 10
6 6

VC  t1   189.75V
power Electronics unit-2 149
149
iC  t  flows through diode D2 after T1 turns off.
iC  t  current falls back to I L at t2 .
t2   LC  t1
t2   3 10  30 10  3.05 10
6 6 6

t2  26.75 sec
1 1
 
6 6
LC 3 10  30 10
  0.105 10 rad/sec.
6

power Electronics unit-2 150

150
At t  t2
VC  t2   V2  200cos 0.105 10  26.75 10 6 6

VC  t2   V2  189.02 V
6 6
 tC  t2  t1  26.75 10  3.05 10
tC  23.7  secs

power Electronics unit-2 151

151
 Problem
• For the circuit shown in figure calculate the
value of L for proper commutation of SCR.
Also find the conduction time of SCR.

4 F

V
=30V L
RL i

30  IL
power Electronics unit-2 152
152
The load current
V 30
IL    1 Amp
RL 30
For proper SCR commutation I p ,
the peak value of resonant current i, should be
greater than I L
Let I p  2I L ,  I p  2 Amps
power Electronics unit-2 153
153
 V V C
Also Ip   V
L 1
L L
LC
6
4 10
 2  30 
L
L  0.9mH
1 1
   16666 rad/sec
LC 0.9 103  4 106
power Electronics unit-2 154
154
Conduction time of SCR
 IL 
1
sin   11
  I  
sin  
   p 
   2
  16666 16666
  0.523
 radians  0.00022 seconds
16666
 0.22 msec
power Electronics unit-2 155
155
 Problem
• For the circuit shown in figure given that
the load current to be commutated is 10 A,
turn off time required is 40sec and the
supply voltage is 100 V. Obtain the proper
values of commutating elements.

power Electronics unit-2 156

156
 C
V
=100V L i IL

IL

power Electronics unit-2 157

157
 C
I p peak value of i  V & this should be greater than I L
L
Let I p  1.5I L
C
 1.5 10  100 ...  a 
L
Also, assuming that at the time of turn off the capacitor
voltage is approximately equal to V, and the load current
linearly charges the capacitor
CV
tc  seconds
IL
power Electronics unit-2 158
158
& this tc is given to be 40 sec.
6 100
 40 10  C 
10
 C  4 F
Substituting this in equation (a)
4 106
1.5 10  100
L
6
10 4
 4  10
1.52 102 
L
 L  1.777  104 H  0.177mH
power Electronics unit-2 159
159
 Problem
• In a resonant commutation circuit supply
voltage is 200 V. Load current is 10 A and
the device turn off time is 20s. The ratio
of peak resonant current to load current is
1.5. Determine the value of L and C of the
commutation circuit.

power Electronics unit-2 160

160
 Ip
Given  1.5
IL
 I p  1.5 I L  1.5  10  15 A
C
i.e., Ip V  15 A ...  a 
L
It is given that the device turn off time is 20 sec.
Therefore tc the circuit turn off time should be
greater than this,
CV
Let tc  30  sec & tc 
IL
power Electronics unit-2 161
161
 6 200  C
 30  10 
10
 C  1.5 F
Substituting in (a)
6
1.5 10
15  200
L
6
1.5  10
152  2002 
L
 L  0.2666 mH
power Electronics unit-2 162
162
Complementary Commutation
(Class C Commutation,
Parallel Capacitor
Commutation)

power Electronics unit-2 163

163
 IL

R1 R2
ab iC
V
C
T1 T2

power Electronics unit-2 164

164
• Two SCRs are used, turning ON one SCR
turns off the other.
• T1 is fired, IL flows through R1.
• At same time ‘C’ charges towards ‘V’
through R2 with plate ‘b’ positive.
• To turn off T1, T2 is fired resulting in
capacitor voltage reverse biasing T1 and
turning it off.
• When T2 is fired current through load
shoots up as voltage across load is V+VC
power Electronics unit-2 165
165
 Gate pulse Gate pulse
of T1 of T2
t
 2V
V R1
IL
V
Current through R1 R1
t

Current through T 1 2V
R2
V
R1
t

2V Current through T2
R1
V
R2
t
power Electronics unit-2 166
166
 Current
through R2

t
V
Voltage across
capacitor vab
t

-V
tC tC

Voltage across T1
t

tC
power Electronics unit-2 167
167
 Expression For
Circuit Turn Off Time tC

vc  t   V f  Vi  V f  e  t 
Where V f is the final voltage, Vi is the initial
voltage and  is the time constant.
At t  tc , vc  t   0, V f  V ,   R1C, & Vi  V
 tc  tc

 0  V   V  V  e R1C
 V  2Ve R1C

power Electronics unit-2 168

168
  tc  tc

 V  2Ve R1C
; 0.5  e R1C

Taking natural logarithms on both sides

tc
ln 0.5 
R1C
tc  0.693R1C
This time should be greater than the turn off time tq of T1
Similarly when T2 is commutated tc  0.693R2C
And this time should be greater than tq of T2
Usually R1  R2  R
power Electronics unit-2 169
169
 Problem
• In the circuit shown in figure, the load
resistances R1 = R2 = R = 5 & the
capacitance C = 7.5 F, V = 100 volts.
Determine the circuit turn off time tC

power Electronics unit-2 170

170
 R1 R2

V
C
T1 T2

The circuit turn-off time

tc  0.693 RC seconds
6
tc  0.693  5  7.5 10
tc  26 sec
power Electronics unit-2 171
171
 Problem
• Calculate the values of RL and C to be
used for commutating the main SCR in the
circuit shown in figure. When it is
conducting a full load current of 25 A
flows. The minimum time for which the
SCR has to be reverse biased for proper
commutation is 40sec. Also find R1, given
that the auxiliary SCR will undergo natural
commutation when its forward current falls
below the holding current value of 2 mA.
power Electronics unit-2 172
172
 i1 IL

R1 RL
iC
V
=100V C
Auxiliary Main
SCR SCR

power Electronics unit-2 173

173
In this circuit only the main SCR carries the load
and the auxiliary SCR is used to turn off the
main SCR. Once the main SCR turns off the
current through the auxiliary SCR is the sum of
the capacitor charging current iC and the current
i1 through R1, iC reduces to zero after a time tC
and hence the auxiliary SCR turns off
automatically after a time tC, i1 should be less
than the holding current.

power Electronics unit-2 174

174
Given I L  25 A
V 100
i.e., 25 A  
RL RL
 RL  4
tc  40  sec  0.693RLC
6
i.e., 40 10  0.693  4  C
6
40  10
 C
4  0.693
C  14.43 F
power Electronics unit-2 175
175
 V
i1  should be less
R1
than the holding current of auxiliary SCR
100
 should be  2mA
R1
100
 R1 
2 103
i.e., R1  50 K 
power Electronics unit-2 176
176
 Impulse Commutation
(Class D Commutation)

T1 IL


T3 VC(O) C
+
L
L T2 O
V A
FWD D

power Electronics unit-2 177

177
• ‘C’ charged to a voltage VC(O) with polarity
as shown.
• T1 is conducting and carries load current IL.
• To turn off T1, T2 is fired.
• Capacitor voltage reverse biases T1 and
turns it off.
• ‘C’ Charges through load.
• T2 self commutates.
• To reverse capacitor voltage T3 is turned
ON. power Electronics unit-2 178
178
 Gate pulse Gate pulse Gate pulse
of T2 of T3 of T1
t
VS
Capacitor
voltage
t

VC
tC

Voltage across T1
t

-VC
power Electronics unit-2 179
179
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
 Expression For
Circuit Turn Off Time tC
tc depends on I L & is given by the expression
tc
1
VC   I L dt
C0
(assuming the load current to be constant)
I L tc VC C
VC  tc  seconds
C IL
For proper commutation tc  tq , turn off time of T1
power Electronics unit-2 180
180
Contd…
 T1 is turned off by applying a negative voltage
across its terminals. Hence this is voltage
commutation.
 tC depends on load current. For higher load
currents tC is small. This is a disadvantage of
this circuit.
 When T2 is fired, voltage across the load is
V+VC; hence the current through load shoots up
and then decays as the capacitor starts
charging.
power Electronics unit-2 181
181
 An Alternative Circuit
For Impulse Commutation
i
T1 +
IT 1 VC(O) C
_

T2
D

V
L

IL

RL

power Electronics unit-2 182

182
• Initially ‘C’ is charged to VC with top plate
positive.
• T1 is fired, load current IL flows.
• ‘C’ discharges at the same time & reverses
its polarity.
• ‘D’ ensures bottom plate remains positive.
• To turn off T1, T2 is fired.

power Electronics unit-2 183

183
 Gate pulse Gate pulse
of T1 of T2
t

VC Capacitor
voltage

-V
tC
This is due to i
IT 1
IL
Current through SCR V
RL
t

power Electronics unit-2 184

184
 2V
RL

IL
Load current

V Voltage across T1
t

tC

power Electronics unit-2 185

185
 Problem
• An impulse commutated thyristor circuit is
shown in figure. Determine the available
turn off time of the circuit if V = 100 V, R =
10  and C = 10 F. Voltage across
capacitor before T2 is fired is V volts with
polarity as shown.

power Electronics unit-2 186

186
+
T1
-
C VC(0)
V +
T2 R

power Electronics unit-2 187

187
 When T2 is triggered
the circuit is as shown in figure

VC(O)
- + i(t)
+
C
T2
V R

-
power Electronics unit-2 188
188
 Writing the transform
circuit, we obtain

1 VC(0)
Cs s
 + I(s)

+
V R
s 

power Electronics unit-2 189

189
Expression for capacitor voltage
is obtained as follows,
1
 V  VC 0
I S   S
1
R
CS
C V  VC 0
I S  
1  RCS

I S  
V  VC 0
 1 
RS  
 RC 
power Electronics unit-2 190
190
Voltage across capacitor
1 VC 0
VC  s  I S  
CS S
1 V  VC 0 VC 0
VC  s  
RCS  1  S
S  
 RC 
V  VC 0 V  VC 0 VC 0
VC  S    
S  1  S
S  
 RC 
power Electronics unit-2 191
191
 V V VC 0
VC S    
S S 1 S
1
RC RC
 t
RC 
t
vc t   V 1  e   VC 0 e RC
 
In the given problem VC 0  V
 t
RC 
 vc t   V 1  2e 
 
power Electronics unit-2 192
192
 The waveform of vC(t)
is shown in figure

vC(t)
t

VC(0)
tC
power Electronics unit-2 193
193
At t  tc , vc  t   0
  tc

 0  V  1  2e RC

 
 tc
1  2e RC

1  tc
 e RC
2
power Electronics unit-2 194
194
Taking natural logarithms
 1  tc
log e   
 2  RC
tc  RC ln  2 
tc  10 10 10 ln  2  6

tc  69.3 sec

power Electronics unit-2 195

195
 Problem
• In the commutation circuit shown in figure
C = 20 F, the input voltage V varies
between 180 and 220 V and the load
current varies between 50 and 200 A.
Determine the minimum and maximum
values of available turn off time tC.

power Electronics unit-2 196

196
 T1 I0


C VC(0)=V
+
V

T2
I0

power Electronics unit-2 197

197
It is given that V varies
between 180 and 220 V &
I O varies between 50 and 200 A
The expression for available
turn off time tc is given by
CV
tc 
IO
tc is max. when V is max. & I O is min.
power Electronics unit-2 198
198
 CVmax
 tc max 
I O min
220
tc max  20 10   88 sec
6

50
CVmin
And tc min 
I O max
180
tc min  20 10   18 sec
6

200
power Electronics unit-2 199
199
 External Pulse
Commutation (Class E
Commutation)

T1 T2 L T3

+
VS RL 2VAUX C VAUX


power Electronics unit-2 200

200
• T1 is conducting & RL is connected across
supply.

• T3 is fired & ‘C’ is charged to 2VAUX with upper

plate positive.

• T3 is self commutated.

• To turn off T1, T2 is fired.

• T2 ON results in a reverse voltage VS – 2VAUX

appearing across T1.
power Electronics unit-2 201
201
 Load Side Commutation
• In load side commutation the discharging
and recharging of capacitor takes place
through the load. Hence to test the
commutation circuit the load has to be
connected. Examples of load side
commutation are Resonant Pulse
Commutation and Impulse Commutation.

power Electronics unit-2 202

202
 Line Side Commutation

• In this type of commutation the

discharging and recharging of
capacitor takes place through the
supply.

power Electronics unit-2 203

203
 L T1

+ IL

T3 +
_C L
FWD O
VS A
Lr D
T2

power Electronics unit-2 204

204
Contd..
• Thyristor T2 is fired to charge the capacitor
‘C’. When ‘C’ charges to a voltage of 2V,
T2 is self commutated. To reverse the
voltage of capacitor to -2V, thyristor T3 is
fired and T3 commutates by itself.
Assuming that T1 is conducting and carries
a load current IL thyristor T2 is fired to turn
off T1.

power Electronics unit-2 205

205
Contd..
• The turning ON of T2 will result in forward
biasing the diode (FWD) and applying a
reverse voltage of 2V acrossT1. This turns
off T1, thus the discharging and recharging
of capacitor is done through the supply
and the commutation circuit can be tested
without load.

power Electronics unit-2 206

206
 UNIT-3

SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED

CONVERTERS
 LECTURE PLAN
Sl. Module as per Session Planner Lecture PPT Slide No.
No. No.
1 Introduction to Line commutated Inverter L-1 3-12
2 Principle of Phase Controlled Rectifier Operation L-2 13-19
3 Expression for the RMS Value of Output Voltage L-3 20-33
of a Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier
With Resistive Load
4 Performance Parameters L-4 34-45
Of Phase Controlled Rectifiers
5 Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier L-5 46-61
With An RL Load
6 Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier L-6 62-80
With RL Load & Free Wheeling Diode
7 Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier L-7 81-113
Using A Center Tapped Transformer
8 Single Phase Full Wave Bridge Controlled L-8 114-129
Rectifier
 Lecture-1

Introduction to Line commutated

Inverter
 +
AC Line DC Output
Input Commutated V0(dc )
Voltage Converter
-

• Type of input: Fixed voltage, fixed

frequency ac power supply.
• Type of output: Variable dc output voltage
• Type of commutation: Natural / AC line
commutation
4
Different types of
Line Commutated Converters

• AC to DC Converters (Phase controlled

rectifiers)
• AC to AC converters (AC voltage controllers)
• AC to AC converters (Cyclo-converters) at
low output frequency.

5
 Differences Between
Diode Rectifiers
&
Phase Controlled Rectifiers

6
Cntd…

• The diode rectifiers are referred to as

uncontrolled rectifiers .
• The diode rectifiers give a fixed dc output
voltage .
• Each diode conducts for one half cycle.
• Diode conduction angle = 1800 or 
radians.
• We can not control the dc output voltage or
the average dc load current in a diode
rectifier circuit.
7
 Cntd…

Single phase half wave diode rectifier gives an

Vm
Average dc output voltage VO dc  

Single phase full wave diode rectifier gives an
2Vm
Average dc output voltage VO dc  


8
Applications of
Phase Controlled Rectifiers

• DC motor control in steel mills, paper and

textile mills employing dc motor drives.
• AC fed traction system using dc traction
motor.
• Electro-chemical and electro-metallurgical
processes.
• Magnet power supplies.
• Portable hand tool drives. 9
Classification of
Phase Controlled Rectifiers

• Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers.

• Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers.

10
Different types of Single
Phase Controlled Rectifiers.
• Half wave controlled rectifiers.
• Full wave controlled rectifiers.
 Using a center tapped transformer.
 Full wave bridge circuit.
 Semi converter.
 Full converter.

11
 Different Types of
Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers

• Half wave controlled rectifiers.

• Full wave controlled rectifiers.
• Semi converter (half controlled
bridge converter).
• Full converter (fully controlled
bridge converter).
12
 Lecture-2

Principle of Phase Controlled Rectifier

Operation
Principle of Phase Controlled
Rectifier Operation

14
Single Phase Half-Wave Thyristor
Converter with a Resistive Load

15
Supply Voltage

Output Voltage

Output (load)
Current
16
 Supply
Voltage

Thyristor Voltage

17
Equations

vs  Vm sin  t  i/p ac supply voltage

Vm  max. value of i/p ac supply voltage
Vm
VS   RMS value of i/p ac supply voltage
2
vO  vL  output voltage across the load

18
When the thyristor is triggered at  t  
vO  vL  Vm sin  t ;  t   to 
vO
iO  iL   Load current;  t   to 
R
Vm sin  t
iO  iL   I m sin  t ;  t   to 
R
Vm
Where I m   max. value of load current
R
19
 Lecture-3

To Derive an Expression for the

Average (DC)
Output Voltage Across The
Load

20
 2
1
VO dc   Vdc 
2  v .d t ;
0
O

vO  Vm sin  t for  t   to 

1
VO dc   Vdc   Vm sin  t.d  t 
2 

1
VO dc    Vm sin  t.d  t 
2 
21
 
Vm
VO dc    sin  t .d   t 
2 

Vm  
VO dc     cos  t 
2  

Vm
VO dc     cos   cos   ; cos   1
2
Vm
VO dc   1  cos   ; Vm  2VS
2
22
Maximum average (dc) o/p
voltage is obtained when   0
and the maximum dc output voltage
Vm
Vdc max   Vdm  1  cos 0  ; cos  0   1
2
Vm
Vdc max   Vdm 

23
Cntd…

Vm
VO dc   1  cos   ; Vm  2VS
2
The average dc output voltage can be varied
by varying the trigger angle  from 0 to a
maximum of 180  radians 
0

We can plot the control characteristic

V 
O dc  
vs  by using the equation for VO dc 
24
 Control Characteristic
of
Single Phase Half Wave Phase
Controlled Rectifier
with
Resistive Load

25
Cntd…

The average dc output voltage is given by the

expression
Vm
VO dc   1  cos  
2
We can obtain the control characteristic by
plotting the expression for the dc output
voltage as a function of trigger angle
26
27
Control Characteristic
VO(dc)
Vdm

0.6Vdm

0.2 Vdm

0 60 120 180
Trigger angle in degrees
28
Normalizing the dc output
voltage with respect to Vdm , the
Normalized output voltage
Vm
Vdc 2 1  cos  
Vn  
Vdm Vm

Vdc 1
Vn   1  cos    Vdcn
Vdm 2
29
To Derive An Expression for the RMS Value
of Output Voltage of a Single Phase Half
Wave Controlled Rectifier With Resistive
Load

30
Cntd…

The RMS output voltage is given by

2
 1 
VO RMS     vO .d  t  
2

 2 0 
Output voltage vO  Vm sin  t ; for  t   to 
1
 1  2 2  2
VO RMS     Vm sin  t.d  t  
 2  
31
Cntd…
1  cos 2 t
By substituting sin  t  2
, we get
2
1
 1  2 1  cos 2 t   2
VO RMS    Vm .d  t  
 2  2 
1

 Vm2  2
VO RMS  
 4
 1  cos 2 t  .d  t 
1
 Vm2  
 2
VO RMS      d  t    cos 2 t.d  t  
 4   
32
Cntd…
1

Vm  1  
 sin 2 t 

 2
VO RMS     t    
2      2   

1

Vm 1   sin 2  sin 2    2
VO RMS            ;sin2  0
2    2  
1
Vm 1  sin 2   2
VO RMS           2  
2   
1
Vm  sin 2 
     
2
VO RMS   
2   2 
33
 Lecture-4

Performance Parameters
Of
Phase Controlled Rectifiers

34
Cntd…

Output dc power (avg. or dc o/p

power delivered to the load)
PO dc   VO dc   I O dc  ; i.e., Pdc  Vdc  I dc
Where
VO dc   Vdc  avg./ dc value of o/p voltage.
I O dc   I dc  avg./dc value of o/p current
35
Cntd…
Output ac power
PO ac   VO RMS   I O RMS 
Efficiency of Rectification (Rectification Ratio)
PO dc  PO dc 
Efficiency   ; % Efficiency    100
PO ac  PO ac 
The o/p voltage consists of two components
The dc component VO dc 
The ac /ripple component Vac  Vr  rms 
36
Cntd…

The total RMS value of output voltage is given by

VO RMS   V 2
O  dc 
V 2
r  rms 

 Vac  Vr  rms   V 2
O  RMS 
V 2
O  dc 

Form Factor (FF) which is a measure of the

shape of the output voltage is given by
VO RMS  RMS output  load  voltage
FF  
VO dc  DC load output  load  voltage
37
Cntd…

The Ripple Factor (RF) w.r.t. o/p voltage w/f

Vr  rms  Vac
rv  RF  
VO dc  Vdc
2
V2
O  RMS 
V 2
O  dc  VO RMS  
rv     1
VO dc   VO dc  

 rv  FF  12

38
Cntd…
I r  rms  I ac
Current Ripple Factor ri  
I O dc  I dc

Where I r  rms   I ac  I 2
O  RMS 
I 2
O  dc 

Vr  pp   peak to peak ac ripple output voltage

Vr  pp   VO max   VO min 
I r  pp   peak to peak ac ripple load current
I r  pp   I O max   I O min 
39
Cntd…

Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)

PO dc 
TUF 
VS  I S
Where
VS  RMS supply (secondary) voltage
I S  RMS supply (secondary) current
40
Cntd…

41
Cntd…

Where
vS  Supply voltage at the transformer secondary side
iS  i/p supply current
(transformer secondary winding current)
iS 1  Fundamental component of the i/p supply current
I P  Peak value of the input supply current
  Phase angle difference between (sine wave
components) the fundamental components of i/p
supply current & the input supply voltage.
42
Cntd…

  Displacement angle (phase angle)

For an RL load
  Displacement angle = Load impedance angle
L 
   tan 
1
 for an RL load
 R 
Displacement Factor (DF) or
Fundamental Power Factor
DF  Cos
43
Cntd…
Harmonic Factor (HF) or
Total Harmonic Distortion Factor ; THD
1 1

I  I 
2 2 2  IS 
2
2 
HF        1
S S1

 I S 1  
2
 I S1 
Where
I S  RMS value of input supply current.
I S 1  RMS value of fundamental component of
the i/p supply current.
44
Cntd…
Input Power Factor (PF)
VS I S 1 I S1
PF  cos   cos 
VS I S IS
The Crest Factor (CF)
I S  peak  Peak input supply current
CF  
IS RMS input supply current
For an Ideal Controlled Rectifier
FF  1;   100% ; Vac  Vr  rms   0 ; TUF  1;
RF  rv  0 ; HF  THD  0; PF  DPF  1
45
 Lecture -5

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled

Rectifier With An RL Load

46
Cntd…

47
Input Supply Voltage (Vs)
&
Thyristor (Output) Current
Waveforms

48
Cntd…

49
Output (Load)
Voltage Waveform

50
Cntd…

To Derive An Expression For

The Output
(Load) Current, During  t   to 
When Thyristor T1 Conducts

51
Cntd…

Assuming T1 is triggered  t   ,
we can write the equation,
 diO 
L   RiO  Vm sin  t ;    t  
 dt 
General expression for the output current,
t
Vm
iO  sin  t     A1e 
Z
52
Cntd…

Vm  2VS  maximum supply voltage.

Z  R   L  =Load impedance.
2 2

L 
  tan 
1
  Load impedance angle.
 R 
L
   Load circuit time constant.
R
 general expression for the output load current
R
Vm
sin  t     A1e
t
iO  L
Z
53
Cntd…
Constant A1 is calculated from
 
initial condition iO  0 at  t   ; t=  
 
R
Vm
iO  0  sin      A1e L
t

Z
R
Vm
sin    
t
 A1e L
Z
We get the value of constant A1 as
R  
 Vm 
A1  e  Z sin     
L
  54
Cntd…
Substituting the value of constant A1 in the
general expression for iO
R
Vm  Vm
 t   
iO  sin  t     e L
 sin     
Z  Z 
 we obtain the final expression for the
inductive load current
Vm  R
 t   
iO   sin   t     sin     e L
;
Z  
Where    t  
55
Cntd…

Extinction angle  can be calculated by using

the condition that iO  0 at  t  
Vm  R
 t   
iO   sin   t     sin     e L
0
Z  
R
   
 sin       e L
 sin    
 can be calculated by solving the above eqn.
56
 To Derive An Expression
For
Average (DC) Load Voltage of a
Single Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier with
RL Load

57
 2
1
VO dc   VL 
2  v .d  t 
0
O

1    2 
VO dc   VL    vO .d  t    vO .d  t    vO .d  t  
2  0   
vO  0 for  t  0 to  & for  t   to 2

1  
VO dc   VL    vO .d  t   ;
2  
vO  Vm sin  t for  t   to 
58
 1  
VO dc   VL    Vm sin  t.d  t  
2  

Vm  
VO dc   VL    cos  t 
2  

Vm
VO dc   VL   cos   cos  
2
Vm
VO dc   VL   cos   cos  
2
59
Effect of Load
Inductance on the Output

During the period  t   to  the

instantaneous o/p voltage is negative and
this reduces the average or the dc output
voltage when compared to a purely
resistive load.
60
 Average DC Load Current

VO dc  Vm
I O dc   I L Avg     cos   cos  
RL 2 RL

61
 Lecture-6

Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier

With RL Load & Free Wheeling Diode
 T
i0
+
V0
+ R
Vs

~ FWD

L

63
vS
Supply voltage

0    t


iG
Gate pulses

0 t


iO Load current


t=

0 t
  2

vO
Load voltage

0    t


64
The average output voltage
Vm
Vdc  1  cos   which is the same as that
2
of a purely resistive load.
The following points are to be noted
For low value of inductance, the load current
tends to become discontinuous.

65
During the period  to 
the load current is carried by the SCR.
During the period  to  load current is
carried by the free wheeling diode.
The value of  depends on the value of
R and L and the forward resistance
of the FWD.
66
 For Large Load Inductance
the load current does not reach
zero, & we obtain continuous load
current
i0
t1 t2 t3 t4

SCR FWD SCR FWD

0
 t
  2 

67
Single Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier With
A
General Load

68
 iO
R
+
~ vS
L
vO

+
 E
69
  E
  sin  
1

 Vm 
For trigger angle    ,
the Thyristor conducts from  t   to 
For trigger angle    ,
the Thyristor conducts from t   to 
70
vO Vm

Load voltage

  t
0   

iO
 
Im
Load current
0 t
   


71
Equations

vS  Vm sin  t  Input supply voltage.

vO  Vm sin  t  o/p  load  voltage
for  t   to  .
vO  E for  t  0 to  &
for  t   to 2 .
72
Expression for the Load Current
When the thyristor is triggered at a delay angle of
   , the eqn. for the circuit can be written as
 diO 
Vm sin  t  iO  R  L   +E ;    t  
 dt 
The general expression for the output load
current can be written as
t
Vm E
iO  sin  t      Ae 
Z R
73
Where
Z  R   L  = Load Impedance.
2 2

L 
  tan  1
  Load impedance angle.
 R 
L
   Load circuit time constant.
R
The general expression for the o/p current can
R
Vm E
iO  sin  t      Ae
t
L
be written as
Z R
74
To find the value of the constant
'A' apply the initial conditions at  t   ,
load current iO  0, Equating the general
expression for the load current to zero at
 t   , we get
R 
Vm E 
iO  0  sin       Ae L 
Z R
75
We obtain the value of constant 'A' as
E   L
R
V
A    sin      e
m

R Z 
Substituting the value of the constant 'A' in the
expression for the load current; we get the
complete expression for the output load current as
R
Vm E  E Vm   t  
iO  sin  t        sin      e L
Z R R Z 
76
 To Derive
An
Expression For The Average
Or
DC Load Voltage

77
 2
1
VO dc  
2  v .d t 
0
O

1    2 
VO dc     vO .d  t    vO .d  t    vO .d  t  
2  0   
vO  Vm sin  t  Output load voltage for  t   to 
vO  E for  t  0 to  & for  t   to 2
1    2 
VO dc     E.d  t    Vm sin  t   E.d  t  
2  0   
78
 2
1   

VO dc    E  t   Vm   cos  t   E  t  
2  0   

1
VO dc    E   0   Vm  cos   cos    E  2    
2
Vm E
VO dc    cos   cos      2      
2 2
Vm  2       
VO dc    cos   cos     E
2  2 
79
Conduction angle of thyristor       

RMS Output Voltage can be calculated

by using the expression
2
1  2 
VO RMS     vO .d  t  
2  0 
80
 Lecture-7

Single Phase Full Wave Controlled

Rectifier Using A Center Tapped
Transformer
 T1
A
+
vO

AC R L
O
Supply

T2

B
82
 Discontinuous
Load Current Operation
without FWD
for
       

83
vO Vm

t
0


iO


t
0 
  
() ()
84
 To Derive An Expression For
The Output
(Load) Current, During  t   to 
When Thyristor T1 Conducts

85
Assuming T1 is triggered  t   ,
we can write the equation,
 diO 
L   RiO  Vm sin  t ;    t  
 dt 
General expression for the output current,
t
Vm
iO  sin  t     A1e 
Z
86
Vm  2VS  maximum supply voltage.

Z  R   L  =Load impedance.
2 2

L 
  tan 
1
  Load impedance angle.
 R 
L
   Load circuit time constant.
R
 general expression for the output load current
R
Vm
sin  t     A1e
t
iO  L
Z
87
Constant A1 is calculated from
 
initial condition iO  0 at  t   ; t=  
 
R
Vm
iO  0  sin      A1e L
t

Z
R
Vm
sin    
t
 A1e L
Z
We get the value of constant A1 as
R  
 Vm 
A1  e  Z sin     
L
 
88
Substituting the value of constant A1 in the
general expression for iO
R
Vm  Vm
 t   
iO  sin  t     e L
 sin     
Z  Z 
 we obtain the final expression for the
inductive load current
Vm  R
 t   
iO   sin   t     sin     e L
;
Z  
Where    t  
89
Extinction angle  can be calculated by using
the condition that iO  0 at  t  
Vm  R
 t   
iO   sin   t     sin     e L
0
Z  
R
   
 sin       e L
 sin    
 can be calculated by solving the above eqn.
90
To Derive An Expression For The
DC Output Voltage Of
A Single Phase Full Wave
Controlled Rectifier With RL Load
(Without FWD)

91
vO Vm

t
0


iO


t
0 
  
() ()
92
 
1
VO dc   Vdc   vO .d  t 
  t

1  
VO dc   Vdc    Vm sin  t.d  t  
  

Vm  
VO dc   Vdc    cos  t 
  

Vm
VO dc   Vdc   cos   cos  

93
When the load inductance is negligible  i.e., L  0 
Extinction angle    radians
Hence the average or dc output voltage for R load
Vm
VO dc    cos   cos  

 cos   1 
Vm
VO dc  

Vm
VO dc   1  cos   ; for R load, when   

94
To calculate the RMS output voltage we use
the expression

1 2 2 
VO RMS     Vm sin  t.d  t  
  
95
Discontinuous Load Current
Operation with FWD

96
vO Vm

t
0


iO


t
0 
  
() ()
97
Thyristor T1 is triggered at  t   ;
T1 conducts from  t   to 
Thyristor T2 is triggered at  t      ;
T2 conducts from  t      to 2
FWD conducts from  t   to  &
vO  0 during discontinuous load current.
98
To Derive an Expression
For The
DC Output Voltage For
A
Single Phase Full Wave
Controlled Rectifier
With RL Load & FWD
99
 
1
vO .d  t 
 
VO dc   Vdc 
t 0

1
 VO dc   Vdc   V sin  t.d  t 
 m


Vm  
VO dc   Vdc    cos  t 
  

Vm
VO dc   Vdc    cos   cos   ; cos   1

Vm
 VO dc   Vdc  1  cos  

100
• The load current is discontinuous for low
values of load inductance and for large
values of trigger angles.
• For large values of load inductance the load
current flows continuously without falling to
zero.
• Generally the load current is continuous for
large load inductance and for low trigger
angles. 101
Continuous Load Current
Operation
(Without FWD)

102
vO Vm

t
0

iO
   

t
0
   
() ()
103
 To Derive
An Expression For
Average / DC Output Voltage
Of
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier For Continuous Current
Operation without FWD
104
vO Vm

t
0

iO
   

t
0
   
() ()
105
   
1
VO dc   Vdc   vO .d  t 
   t

    

1
VO dc   Vdc    Vm sin  t.d  t  
   
   
Vm  
VO dc   Vdc    cos  t 
   
106
VO dc   Vdc
Vm
 cos   cos      ;

cos       cos 
Vm
VO dc   Vdc  cos   cos  

2Vm
 VO dc   Vdc  cos 

107
• By plotting VO(dc) versus ,
we obtain the control characteristic of a
single phase full wave controlled rectifier
with RL load for continuous load current
operation without FWD

108
Vdc  Vdm  cos

109
 V O(dc)
Vdc  Vdm  cos
Vdm

0.6Vdm

0.2 Vdm

0
30 60 90 120 150 180
-0.2Vdm

-0.6 V dm

-V dm
Trigger angle in degrees
110
By varying the trigger angle we can vary the
output dc voltage across the load. Hence we can
control the dc output power flow to the load.
For trigger angle  , 0 to 900  i.e., 0    900  ;
cos  is positive and hence Vdc is positive
Vdc & I dc are positive ; Pdc  Vdc  I dc  is positive
Converter operates as a Controlled Rectifier.
Power flow is from the ac source to the load.
111
For trigger angle  , 900 to 1800
 i.e., 90 0
   180 0
,
cos is negative and hence
Vdc is negative; I dc is positive ;
Pdc  Vdc  I dc  is negative.
In this case the converter operates
as a Line Commutated Inverter.
Power flows from the load ckt. to the i/p ac source.
The inductive load energy is fed back to the
i/p source.
112
Drawbacks Of Full Wave
Controlled Rectifier
With Centre Tapped Transformer
• We require a centre tapped transformer
which is quite heavier and bulky.
• Cost of the transformer is higher for the
required dc output voltage & output power.
• Hence full wave bridge converters are
preferred.

113
 Lecture-8

Single Phase
Full Wave Bridge Controlled Rectifier
Single Phase
Full Wave Bridge Controlled
Rectifier
2 types of FW Bridge Controlled Rectifiers are
 Half Controlled Bridge Converter
(Semi-Converter)
 Fully Controlled Bridge Converter
(Full Converter)
The bridge full wave controlled rectifier does
not require a centre tapped transformer
115
 Single Phase
Full Wave Half Controlled
Bridge Converter
(Single Phase Semi Converter)

116
117
Trigger Pattern of Thyristors

Thyristor T1 is triggered at
 t   , at  t   2    ,...
Thyristor T2 is triggered at
 t      , at  t   3    ,...
The time delay between the gating
signals of T1 & T2   radians or 180 0

118
 Waveforms of
single phase semi-converter
with general load & FWD
for  > 900

119
Single Quadrant
Operation
120
121
122
Thyristor T1 & D1 conduct
from  t   to 
Thyristor T2 & D2 conduct
from  t      to 2
FWD conducts during
 t  0 to  ,  to     ,...
123
 Load Voltage & Load Current
Waveform of Single Phase Semi
Converter for
 < 900
& Continuous load current
operation

124
vO Vm

t
0


iO
  

t
0
   
() ()
125
 To Derive an Expression
For The
DC Output Voltage of
A
Single Phase Semi-Converter
With R,L, & E Load & FWD
For Continuous, Ripple Free
Load Current Operation
126
 
1
vO .d  t 
 
VO dc   Vdc 
t 0

1
 VO dc   Vdc   V sin  t.d  t 
 m


Vm  
VO dc   Vdc    cos  t 
  

Vm
VO dc   Vdc    cos   cos   ; cos   1

Vm
 VO dc   Vdc  1  cos  

127
Vdc can be varied from a max.
2Vm
value of to 0 by varying  from 0 to  .

For   0, The max. dc o/p voltage obtained is
2Vm
Vdc max   Vdm 

Normalized dc o/p voltage is
Vm
Vdc  
1  cos  
1
Vdcn  Vn    1  cos  
Vdn  2Vm  2
  
 
128
RMS O/P Voltage VO(RMS)
1

 2  2
VO RMS     Vm sin  t.d  t  
2 2

 2  
1

 Vm2  2
VO RMS  
 2
 1  cos 2 t  .d  t 
1
Vm  1  sin 2   2
VO RMS         2 
2  
129
 Unit -4

Single Phase Full Wave

Controlled Rectifier

1
 LECTURE PLAN
Sl.No Module as per Session Planner Lecture No. PPT Slide No.
1 Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier L1 2-12
Using A Center Tapped Transformer
2 Derivation for Expression For The DC Output L2 13-20
Voltage Of A Single Phase Full Wave
Controlled Rectifier With RL Load
3 Derivation for Expression For The DC Output L3 21-34
Voltage For A Single Phase Full Wave
Controlled Rectifier With RL Load & FWD
4 Single Phase Full Wave Bridge Controlled L4 35-44
Rectifier
5 Load Voltage & Load Current Waveform of L5 45-51
Single Phase Semi Converter for  < 900 &
Continuous load current operation
6 Single Phase Full Converter L6 52-58
7 Derivation for Expression For The Average DC L7 59-68
Output Voltage of a Single Phase Full
Converter assuming Continuous & Constant
Load Current
8 Two Quadrant Operation L8 69-78 2
of a Single Phase Full Converter
 Lecture-1

Single Phase Full Wave Controlled

Rectifier Using A Center Tapped
Transformer

3
Single Phase Midpoint type
Fully controlled Rectifier
T1
A
+
vO

AC R L
O
Supply

T2

B
4
 Discontinuous
Load Current Operation
without FWD
for
       

5
vO Vm

t
0


iO


t
0 
  
() ()
6
 To Derive An Expression For
The Output
(Load) Current, During  t   to 
When Thyristor T1 Conducts

7
Assuming T1 is triggered  t   ,
we can write the equation,
 diO 
L   RiO  Vm sin  t ;    t  
 dt 
General expression for the output current,
t
Vm
iO  sin  t     A1e 
Z
8
Vm  2VS  maximum supply voltage.

Z  R   L  =Load impedance.
2 2

L 
  tan 
1
  Load impedance angle.
 R 
L
   Load circuit time constant.
R
 general expression for the output load current
R
Vm
sin  t     A1e
t
iO  L
Z
9
Constant A1 is calculated from
 
initial condition iO  0 at  t   ; t=  
 
R
Vm
iO  0  sin      A1e L
t

Z
R
Vm
sin    
t
 A1e L
Z
We get the value of constant A1 as
R  
 Vm 
A1  e  Z sin     
L
 
10
10
Substituting the value of constant A1 in the
general expression for iO
R
Vm  Vm
 t   
iO  sin  t     e L
 sin     
Z  Z 
 we obtain the final expression for the
inductive load current
Vm  R
 t   
iO   sin   t     sin     e L
;
Z  
Where    t  
11
11
Extinction angle  can be calculated by using
the condition that iO  0 at  t  
Vm  R
 t   
iO   sin   t     sin     e L
0
Z  
R
   
 sin       e L
 sin    
 can be calculated by solving the above eqn.
12
12
 Lecture-2

To Derive An Expression For The DC

Output Voltage Of
A Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier With RL Load
(Without FWD)

13
13
vO Vm

t
0


iO


t
0 
  
() ()
14
14
 
1
VO dc   Vdc   vO .d  t 
  t

1  
VO dc   Vdc    Vm sin  t.d  t  
  

Vm  
VO dc   Vdc    cos  t 
  

Vm
VO dc   Vdc   cos   cos  

15
15
When the load inductance is negligible  i.e., L  0 
Extinction angle    radians
Hence the average or dc output voltage for R load
Vm
VO dc    cos   cos  

 cos   1 
Vm
VO dc  

Vm
VO dc   1  cos   ; for R load, when   

16
16
To calculate the RMS output voltage we use
the expression

1 2 2 
VO RMS     Vm sin  t.d  t  
  

17
17
Discontinuous Load Current
Operation with FWD

18
18
vO Vm

t
0


iO


t
0 
  
() ()
19
19
Thyristor T1 is triggered at  t   ;
T1 conducts from  t   to 
Thyristor T2 is triggered at  t      ;
T2 conducts from  t      to 2
FWD conducts from  t   to  &
vO  0 during discontinuous load current.
20
20
 Lecture-3

To Derive an Expression For The DC

Output Voltage For A Single Phase Full
Wave Controlled Rectifier With
RL Load & FWD

21
21
 
1
vO .d  t 
 
VO dc   Vdc 
t 0

1
 VO dc   Vdc   V sin  t.d  t 
 m


Vm  
VO dc   Vdc    cos  t 
  

Vm
VO dc   Vdc    cos   cos   ; cos   1

Vm
 VO dc   Vdc  1  cos  

22
22
• The load current is discontinuous for low
values of load inductance and for large
values of trigger angles.
• For large values of load inductance the load
current flows continuously without falling to
zero.
• Generally the load current is continuous for
large load inductance and for low trigger
angles. 23
23
Continuous Load Current
Operation
(Without FWD)

24
24
vO Vm

t
0

iO
   

t
0
   
() ()
25
25
 To Derive
An Expression For
Average / DC Output Voltage
Of
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier For Continuous Current
Operation without FWD
26
26
vO Vm

t
0

iO
   

t
0
   
() ()
27
27
   
1
VO dc   Vdc   vO .d  t 
   t

    

1
VO dc   Vdc    Vm sin  t.d  t  
   
   
Vm  
VO dc   Vdc    cos  t 
   
28
28
VO dc   Vdc
Vm
 cos   cos      ;

cos       cos 
Vm
VO dc   Vdc  cos   cos  

2Vm
 VO dc   Vdc  cos 

29
29
• By plotting VO(dc) versus ,
we obtain the control characteristic of a
single phase full wave controlled rectifier
with RL load for continuous load current
operation without FWD

30
30
Vdc  Vdm  cos

31
31
 V O(dc)
Vdc  Vdm  cos
Vdm

0.6Vdm

0.2 Vdm

0
30 60 90 120 150 180
-0.2Vdm

-0.6 V dm

-V dm
Trigger angle in degrees
32
32
By varying the trigger angle we can vary the
output dc voltage across the load. Hence we can
control the dc output power flow to the load.
For trigger angle  , 0 to 900  i.e., 0    900  ;
cos  is positive and hence Vdc is positive
Vdc & I dc are positive ; Pdc  Vdc  I dc  is positive
Converter operates as a Controlled Rectifier.
Power flow is from the ac source to the load.

33
33
For trigger angle  , 900 to 1800
 i.e., 90 0
   180 0
,
cos is negative and hence
Vdc is negative; I dc is positive ;
Pdc  Vdc  I dc  is negative.
In this case the converter operates
as a Line Commutated Inverter.
Power flows from the load ckt. to the i/p ac source.
The inductive load energy is fed back to the
i/p source.
34
34
 Lecture-4

Single Phase
Full Wave Bridge Controlled Rectifier

35
Drawbacks Of Full Wave
Controlled Rectifier
With Centre Tapped Transformer
• We require a centre tapped transformer
which is quite heavier and bulky.
• Cost of the transformer is higher for the
required dc output voltage & output power.
• Hence full wave bridge converters are
preferred.

36
36
 Single Phase Full Wave Bridge
Controlled Rectifier

2 types of FW Bridge Controlled Rectifiers are

 Half Controlled Bridge Converter
(Semi-Converter)
 Fully Controlled Bridge Converter
(Full Converter)
The bridge full wave controlled rectifier does
not require a centre tapped transformer
37
37
 Single Phase
Full Wave Half Controlled
Bridge Converter
(Single Phase Semi Converter)

38
38
Single Phase Full Wave Half Controlled
Bridge Converter

39
39
Trigger Pattern of Thyristors

Thyristor T1 is triggered at
 t   , at  t   2    ,...
Thyristor T2 is triggered at
 t      , at  t   3    ,...
The time delay between the gating
signals of T1 & T2   radians or 180 0

40
40
 Waveforms of
single phase semi-converter
with general load & FWD
for  > 900

41
41
Single Quadrant
Operation
42
42
43
43
44
44
Thyristor T1 & D1 conduct
from  t   to 
Thyristor T2 & D2 conduct
from  t      to 2
FWD conducts during
 t  0 to  ,  to     ,...
45
45
 Lecture-5

Load Voltage & Load Current Waveform

of Single Phase Semi Converter for
 < 900 & Continuous load current
operation

46
46
vO Vm

t
0


iO
  

t
0
   
() ()
47
47
 To Derive an Expression
For The
DC Output Voltage of
A
Single Phase Semi-Converter
With R,L, & E Load & FWD
For Continuous, Ripple Free
Load Current Operation
48
48
 
1
vO .d  t 
 
VO dc   Vdc 
t 0

1
 VO dc   Vdc   V sin  t.d  t 
 m


Vm  
VO dc   Vdc    cos  t 
  

Vm
VO dc   Vdc    cos   cos   ; cos   1

Vm
 VO dc   Vdc  1  cos  

49
49
Vdc can be varied from a max.
2Vm
value of to 0 by varying  from 0 to  .

For   0, The max. dc o/p voltage obtained is
2Vm
Vdc max   Vdm 

Normalized dc o/p voltage is
Vm
Vdc  
1  cos  
1
Vdcn  Vn    1  cos  
Vdn  2Vm  2
  
 
50
50
RMS O/P Voltage VO(RMS)
1

 2  2
VO RMS     Vm sin  t.d  t  
2 2

 2  
1

 Vm2  2
VO RMS  
 2
 1  cos 2 t  .d  t 
1
Vm  1  sin 2   2
VO RMS         2 
2  
51
51
 Lecture-6

Single Phase Full Converter

52
Single Phase Full Converter

53
53
 Waveforms of
Single Phase Full Converter
Assuming Continuous
(Constant Load Current)
&
Ripple Free Load Current
54
54
55
55
56
56
 iO Constant Load Current
iO=Ia
Ia
t
 
iT1 Ia Ia
& iT2 t
  
iT3 Ia
& iT4 t
  
57
57
 Lecture-7

To Derive An Expression For The Average

DC Output Voltage of a Single Phase Full
Converter assuming Continuous & Constant
Load Current

58
58
The average dc output voltage
can be determined by using the expression
2
1  
VO dc   Vdc    vO .d  t   ;
2  0 
The o/p voltage waveform consists of two o/p
pulses during the input supply time period of
0 to 2 radians. Hence the Average or dc
o/p voltage can be calculated as
59
59
  
2  
VO dc   Vdc    Vm sin  t.d  t  
2   
2Vm
  cos  t 
 
VO dc   Vdc 
2
2Vm
VO dc   Vdc  cos 

60
60
Maximum average dc output voltage is
calculated for a trigger angle   0 0

and is obtained as
2Vm 2Vm
Vdc max   Vdm   cos  0  
 
2Vm
Vdc max   Vdm 
 61
61
The normalized average output voltage is given by
VO dc  Vdc
Vdcn  Vn  
Vdc max  Vdm
2Vm
cos 
Vdcn  Vn    cos 
2Vm


62
62
 By plotting VO(dc) versus ,
we obtain the control characteristic of
a single phase full wave fully
controlled bridge converter
(single phase full converter)
for constant & continuous
load current operation.
63
63
To plot the control characteristic of a
Single Phase Full Converter for constant
& continuous load current operation.
We use the equation for the average/ dc
output voltage
2Vm
VO dc   Vdc  cos 

64
64
65
65
 V O(dc)
Vdc  Vdm  cos
Vdm

0.6Vdm

0.2 Vdm

0
30 60 90 120 150 180
-0.2Vdm

-0.6 V dm

-V dm
Trigger angle in degrees
66
66
• During the period from t =  to  the input
voltage vS and the input current iS are both
positive and the power flows from the
supply to the load.
• The converter is said to be operated in the
rectification mode
Controlled Rectifier Operation
for 0 <  < 900
67
67
• During the period from t =  to (+),
the input voltage vS is negative and the
input current iS is positive and the output
power becomes negative and there will be
reverse power flow from the load circuit to
the supply.
• The converter is said to be operated in the
inversion mode.
Line Commutated Inverter Operation
for 900 <  < 1800
68
68
 Lecture-8

Two Quadrant Operation

of a Single Phase Full Converter

69
Two Quadrant Operation
of a Single Phase Full Converter
0< < 900
Controlled Rectifier
Operation

900< <1800
Line Commutated
Inverter Operation
70
70
To Derive An
Expression For The
RMS Value Of The Output Voltage

The rms value of the output voltage

is calculated as
2
1  2 
VO RMS     vO .d  t  
2  0 
71
71
The single phase full converter gives two
output voltage pulses during the input supply
time period and hence the single phase full
converter is referred to as a two pulse converter.
The rms output voltage can be calculated as
 
2  
   vO .d  t  
2
VO RMS 
2   
72
72
  
1  
   Vm sin  t.d  t  
2 2
VO RMS 
 
 
V  2

   sin  t.d  t  
m 2
VO RMS 
  
V   
2
1  cos 2 t  
.d  t  
  
m
VO RMS 
  2 
   
V  2

   d  t    cos 2 t.d  t  
m
VO RMS 
2    
73
73
    
V  2
 sin 2 t  
   t   
m
VO RMS  
2    2   
Vm2   sin 2      sin 2  
VO RMS            
2   2  

V 2
  sin  2  2   sin 2  
       ;
m
VO RMS 
2   2  
sin  2  2   sin 2
74
74
 V   sin 2  sin 2  
2
VO RMS   m
     
2   2 
2 2
V V Vm
VO RMS      0 
m
 m

2 2 2
Vm
VO RMS    VS
2
Hence the rms output voltage is same as the
rms input supply voltage
75
75
Thyristor Current Waveforms

76
76
 iO Constant Load Current
iO=Ia
Ia
t
 
iT1 Ia Ia
& iT2 t
  
iT3 Ia
& iT4 t
  
77
77
The rms thyristor current can be
calculated as
I O RMS 
IT  RMS  
2
The average thyristor current can be
calculated as
I O dc 
IT  Avg  
2
78
78