WEEK 10: PROTEINS AND ENZYMES - are proteins that act as
biological catalysts that speed up every
RELATED SYSTEM chemical reaction that occurs in the cell.
Catalyst - a substance that increases the rate
SLIDE 2: FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF of chemical reaction w/o itself undergoing a
permanent chemical change.
PROTEINS IN HUMANS ANTIBODIES - are specialized proteins
PROTEINS - are made of tiny building that protect the body from invaders or
blocks called Amino Acids that send antigens. Because they can move
signals between cells, support digestion, through the bloodstream, the immune
help your muscles move and protect you system can employ them to detect and
from infection. combat bacteria, viruses, and other
foreign invaders in blood.
Some proteins are builders, making Antigens - substances that trigger
strong parts of the body like muscles, an immune response in the body.
skin, hair, and nails (e.g., collagen in HORMONAL PROTEINS - proteins that
skin, keratin in hair). act as chemical messengers in the body,
helping regulate physiological processes.
Others are helpers, like enzymes, which (Ex: Insulin- controls blood sugar,
speed up chemical reactions so we can Glucagon - raises blood sugar, Growth
digest food faster. hormone - stimulates growth)
Enzymes - act as biological catalysts that speed
up every chemical reaction that occurs in the cell. SLIDE 5-8: STRUCTURES OF PROTEINS
Catalyst - a substance that increases the rate
1. PRIMARY STRUCTURE - the exact
of chemical reaction w/o itself undergoing a
permanent chemical change. sequence of amino acids linked together
in a chain. It is like arranging beads in a
Some proteins are protectors, such as specific order on a string. This sequence
antibodies that fight germs when we get is determined by the gene coding for the
sick. protein and is crucial because even a
Antibodies - special proteins made by your single change in the order can affect the
immune system to protect you from germs like protein’s function.
bacteria and viruses.
2. SECONDARY STRUCTURE - forms when
There are also messenger proteins, like the amino acid chain starts bending and
hormones (e.g., insulin) that tell our body folding into simple patterns, mainly the
what to do. Alpha Helix (spiral) & Beta Sheet
(folded sheet). These shapes are held
SLIDE 3: BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF together by hydrogen bonds between
certain parts of the amino acids. The
PROTEINS IN HUMANS secondary structure adds stability &
BIOLOGICAL VALUE (BV) - measures helps create the protein’s basic shape.
how efficiently the body utilizes a protein a) Alpha Helix (spiral) - coil-like shape form
source based on its essential amino acid (connected by hydrogen bonds)
content. b) Beta Sheet (folded sheet) - sheet-like
arrangement where protein strands line up side-by-
HIGH BV PROTEINS (COMPLETE): side (connected by hydrogen bonds)
contain all essential amino acids like
eggs, meat, & dairy. 3. TERTIARY STRUCTURE - the complete
IMPORTANCE: HIGH BV = better three-dimensional folding of a single
muscle repair, immune function, PROTEIN chain. This happens when
tissue growth. different parts of the chain interact
through bonds and attractions, creating
LOW BV PROTEINS (INCOMPLETE): a unique shape that determines the
lack some essential amino acids like protein’s specific function.
plant proteins but can be combined (e.g.,
rice + beans). 4. QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE - refers to
the highest level of protein organization,
SLIDE 4: TYPES OF PROTEINS in which two or more polypeptide chains,
also called subunits, come together to
form a single, functional protein
complex. Unlike the tertiary structure,
which involves folding of a single chain,
the quaternary structure involves the
interaction between multiple folded
chains.
a) Polypeptide Chains - long chains of
amino acids linked together by
peptide bonds.
SLIDE 9: THE IMPORTANCE OF CHON IN
THE LIVING SYSTEM
CHON: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen – major elements in proteins
and life forms.
ROLE IN LIFE:
CARBON – Backbone of organic
molecules
HYDROGEN & OXYGEN – supports
respiration & key to metabolic
(chemical processes) reactions.
NITROGEN – Unique to amino acids
and nucleic acids
WHY IMPORTANT? CHON elements
form the framework of proteins, DNA,
enzymes, and other critical biomolecules.
SLIDE 10: CHON DEFICIENCY (DISEASE
MANIFESTATIONS)
KWASHIORKOR – Protein deficiency in
children.
Symptoms: Edema, irritability,
enlarged liver
Deficiency - lack of something or
shortage
MARASMUS – Overall energy & protein
deficiency. A severe manifestation of
protein-energy malnutrition. It can lead
to severe muscle wasting, emaciation,
weakness and compromised immune
function.
Symptoms: Wasting, stunted growth
Stunted - means slowed or stopped
growth and development.
ANEMIA – Due to protein (hemoglobin)
deficiency
- Can result from insufficient
protein needed to produce
hemoglobin.
Symptoms: Fatigue, weakness, pale
skin, shortness of breath.
