Light Reflection and Refraction

t
It is a form of which gives
energy
the sensation of vision

Light dual
Nature

Particle
IT wave

I study fifes
Rayoptics
Properties of light
It is a non mechanical wave
does not need material medium to propagate

It is transverse in nature
It is a part of electromagnetic wave spectrum
in which electric and magnetic field are perpendial

GxiÉYmr d
Gamta
try dÉ infrared
v increase
 visibl light 400mm 700mm trim
wavelength Energy
tritstant

V XV
speed of light 3 108 m sec
3 105km h I ny
Imp
light always travel minute non Luminous
witch doesnotemit
in straight line titsthe 1 u
which but Belttable
g
Rectilinear propagation

Ray of light
Narrow straight path of light

Beam of light
Bundle collection of light rays
7

paralletteam
convergingbeam
Diverging rays

Reflection
The phenomina of bouncing back of light rays in
same midium after striking any surface or
any
boundary

separating media
Some important Terms

Normal
I

incidity v I reflects

É ray
111111 11111411 1 71 11 11 71 1
Pointofincidence
 Image

Image is formed by the interaction of reflected

Eii
refracted
ray

Types of Image
virtual image
RealImage
do not intersectactually
ted actual intersection oflightray
for by but appear to meet
to come frombehind the
It canbeobtained on screen
do not obtained onScreen

Eg Image formed by projector

Eg plane mirror

Laws of reflection

1 incident
ray
reflected normal all lie in a
ray
x
same plane
N
yplane y z plane x y peane

I
in
ummmm
1 th 1
i Theangle of incidence is equal to the angle
of reflection
question

Li 90 20

to Li 70
law ofreflect
III
2

Li LM

constant
f
3 incident
If a
ray of light normally on a

reflecting surface then what will happen

Liz Lr 20

axis
Light rays retrace its path
Regular Reflection

When all the parallel rays of light

reflected from a plane smooth
surface are parallel

Li Lr

7
1 7 21 Liz Liz

msn.it ifi.iiin.n ai tn

ter Illy
Li
Liz LNz
212 613
Lr

Irregular Reflection Diffused reflection

when all the parallel rays of light

reflected from a rough surface
are not parallel

24 in this

i
itual
 Plane always virtual we
Mirror erect
A glass sheet which is polished at one

side and to protect this polish it is coated

with Paint Polishedside

reflecting

Image formed by Image formedby

entended
point object object

T
T

w.ee
ittiimdseE 2
t

Properties of Image formed by plane Mirror

i It forms virtual and erect image upright

ii image distance object distance

from mirror from mirror

iii size of image size of object

Imp
iv Lateral inversion Left Right reversal
Left seems to be right
seems to be
Right left

FA B A7

Iv Line joining the object and image is always perpendicular

to the mirror

IInagXf
object

ea.ee

Uses of plane Mirror

1 barber to show the customer
by
the backside
of his head
2
As as reflector in Solar Cooker
3
for providing false dimension in Showcase Eg jewellery
 ng
4
for making Kaleidoscope

used by designers
to design or toget
new patterns

5 Periscope
device used to see objects
which are not in direct line of
sight mirror
0
Plane
us
cobject

Eus
0

Level NTSE NSO NSTSE

L P.A
Li 30 Li Li S 180
Eg
8 180 60 anti I zzi 8 180
120 s 80 2Li
 MI

fi
S 180 2X

S 180 2B
B angle sum property
of
F o 90 90 β 180
90
go β 0

net deviation S S
S 180 2x 180 2B
p
is 3
QU 0 30
8 360 20 360 60 300
 0 75

20
360
St 22
75
360
150
60
210

rotated

II
4
Qus Initially the angle ofincidence is 30 the mirror
is rotated at an angle of 45 at what angle
reflected is rotated
ray
 Minimum length of the mirror required
to see
full image of a person is

half of his height

Heightofobjet Ac
In ED Heightof mirror DE
g
pi r
used
É EEE

On DADM and DBDM

L ADM L BDM X Li Lr

MD MD common

L AMD L BMD 90

By ASA Congruency
AADM I DBDM
AM BM By CP CT
K

similarly ACNE I A BN E
IN BN

Height of object Ac
y
at se
CByeper

tyty antsy sexy

Height of Mirrorused DE MN set Half ofobjectheight
y
 y
Minimum length the mirror required by a
man standing midway bw wall and the
mirror to see
full height of wall is one
third of wall height
wall

Ét
at it
nty
I
if
D
EFJ ΔGFJ
EF GF x CPCT

GHK INK
H IH CPCT
Y
In Δ ABJ and DEF J
L ESF L A JB
LAJB LEJF common
LABJ LEFT 90 each
 AA
By similarity
Δ ABJ EFJ

1 EI
2
ABI

AB 2N

Simalarly
DCK INK
CD
2y
Height of wall 21
trty ay
3
atty

Height of Mirror used aty

Heightof mirror height of wall

walls of a
Quy A person standing midway b w two
room and he wants to see the full image of
wall whose
height is 200 am andfind minimum height
of the mirror required
Aus Minimum height of mirror
t heightofwall

X 200 em
I
66 6 a

of velocity in plane Mirror

Concepts
case I C tcular Case
i when object moves tales to the mirror

object
Image
Esv
I
VI I

ii when mirror moves

sense
9 Em
as
É may

VI 2Vm
is General

Vin
Vote
case I parallel case
i when parallel to mirror
objectmoves

TVI
j
Vo

VI No

ii when mirror moves 11 to object

Étum

No effect
 No of images

int

3
even
1
1 no of image I
3,1 even

Eg O 30
34
No of images I 12 1 11

7
2 odd
1 i
i metrical No of images I
Sy
i Asymmetrical No of images
 If 3,1 is a fraction then no of images
is the integral part

Eg 4.5
311
No of images 4

Quy

1
11 0 If 6 even

No
if images 6 I
S

If tar plane mirror are parallel to each other

and object is b w them then no of images
is infinitely
Quy Try yourself Pg 6

Mi Mr

1 soon

object

of
in audit
30cm any 30cm I
20cm

distance
2nd
Image
formula from object Real

n no of images
d distance of object from mirror

formula 2nd d
When distance
Image
mirror
from
 Spherical Mirror

It is simply a piece cut out of hollow glass

sphere whose either of the side is made

reflecting

a inward
miasma
I
1 ie
Concave mirror
converging mirror

Conven mirror

Diverging mirror

concave mirror converging mirror

A
spherical mirror whose reflecting surface
is carved inward facing towards the centre of

Curvature
 Reflecting Polishedsurface
surface

in

Conven mirror Diverging mirror

t
A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is bulging
or curved outward opposite to the centreof
curvature

Polstidau
Reflecting
Surface

Some important points

Center
of curvature c

t
It centre of hollow sphere of glass of
is the
which spherical mirror is a part
Radius of curvature R
t
It is the radius of hollow sphere of
glass of which spherical mirror is part
 curvature Aperture
of
centre
agential
sale

PYncipal Radius of curvature

Axis

Pole
centre
It is geometrical of the reflecting
surface of the spherical mirror

Principal Axis
t
Itis line joining the centre of curvature and
the pole of mirror
Aperture
t
It is the effective diameter of the light
reflecting area of the mirror
 fleeting

Intensity of the Image formed by a spherical

mirror is proportional the area of the
aperture
I α T d

I α d
I α Aperture

Principal Focus F

If rays close and parallel to the principal

axis paraxial rays are incident on a
spherical mirror then after reflection they
pass or seems to pass through a point
on principal axis

Iiii I is
focal length f
distance from pole of the mirror to the pricipal

focus F
 Laws Rule of Image formation

1 A intially parallel to principal axis andclose

ray
to it after reflection it passes or appears to pass
through the principal focus

iii
concave mirror
I
convex Mirror

2 A intially passing or appearing to pass through

ray
the principal focus after reflection it becomes parallel

to the principal axis

IE ie
3 A intially passing or to
ray appearing
pass through the centre of curvature then
after reflection it retraces its path

NOT
of light rays is along the normal then
it will retrace its path

4
of a is incident at
ray any angle
on the reflecting surface then it reflect
at the same angle Lr
Li

IE
 Image formation by concave mirror
inverted 3T
1
object is at infinity
Position
of object Infinity
Position of Image focus
Nature of Image Realfinvest

size of Image Pointsized

Highly Diminished
2 object is beyond C

beyond C

i blueff
Realfinvert
Diminished

3 object is at C

At c

ct I At C
Real invert
samesize
4 object is bw F C

b WFAC

beyond C

1 Real 4 invert

enlarge

5
object at Focus F
focus
Infinity
1 Realdinverted
Highlyenlarged

6 object bw Pole and focus

PoledFocus
F behindhor

viated
enlarge
 Image formed by concave mirror

Uses of concave mirror

t Mirror concave mirror is

used as a
shaving enlarged
erect and reflector in torch or vehicles headlig
virtual image

salaam
hadMirror concave used I
doctor toconcentratelight Makeupmirror
ycomingfrom lamp onthe bodypartof
patients
 gfr
Image formation by Conver Mirror
At infinity
At Focus

EI
p
virtualdered

pointsized
diminish
highly

i Iiiii
L
convex mirror is used

when we need virtual erect

2
and diminished image

A Uses of Conver Mirror

Used in vehicles as a rear view mirror
At road side turns
As a security mirror in big shops malls or atmetrostation
 y
Sign Convention

i n

Concave Conven
u

u object distance from pole

distance from pole
Image
ft focal length distance bw Pff

Ii The object is always placed to the left of the

mirror which implies that the light from the
object falls on the mirror from left of themirror

Iii All the distances parallel to principal axis are

measured from the pole

Iii The distance measured along the direction of incident

are taken positive and opposite to the
ray as
direction of incident are taken as
rays negative
iv All the distances measured Icular and above the
principal axis are taken as positive and below are taken

as negative

Concave Mirror Convex Mirror

U ve le Ve

ve virtual image v tve virtual

V ve real Image f tre

f ve
ho heightofobject ve no ve

he heightof Image ve real he tve vintendt

he ve virtual

m ve real inverted m ve virtualtered

m ve virtualdirect

Mirror formula
unknown quantity AT sign
t1 44 MIT
 Magnification m

Ratio of the of the image to

height height of the
object

Its magnitude indicates how times the size

many
of the image is as compared to that of the
object

Its sign indicates it is erect or inverted

h
1n
Imty
any The focal length of a concave mirror is
30cm find position of an object in front
of the mirror so that its real image
is 3 times the Size of the object

f 30cm m
I
3 I
 M 3 real Image V
Ju

u object must be at
Itt I a distance
of noon
It Io in front of the mirror

U 40cm

find the and nature the image

guy position of
of an object of height 3cm whenplaced

60cm from a coven mirror

of focal
length 15cm and size of image

heightof object h 3cm

u 60cm

f 15cm

It t
titty t to Its

t
V 12cm
 is at 12cm behind the mirror
Image

Image is Virtual and erect

m
y s s

If
m

h
I
he
3
0.6cm he
 T T se
g

case I object at 40cm from mirror S

ut you
I I I
f 15cm
us
I to Is
is tho
V 24cm

Case It when displaced towards

objet by 20cm

mirror

u 20cm

Iscm
t t
t f
f
I to
V boom
 36cm
Image Shifted away from mirror

Épy 1 Edit
I op

Case I
far end near to the pole

u 48cm t
t t
f 24cm
48cm
I t.at I
V 48cm

Case I for end away from the pole

 u 148 12 on

boom
I t
In tf
f 24cm
us
to
v 40cm

48
Length of the Imageof rod
40

8cm

Level 2 NTSE NSO

Relation b w F and R of a spherical Mirror

Let us consider a concave mirror of small

aperture on which a
ray is incident parallel
and close paraanial rays to the principal anis
It passes through focus f after reflection
 A B
g
c p p

L ABC L FBC Li Lr
ABC L BCP 20 alternate interior angle

L FBC L Bep from 4 Eg

FC FB isosels property

FB PF aperture of mirror is
Toy small

Pc Pftfc 2Pf

Pf

f Ry
 Mirror formula and magnification

In Δ ABP and a AB'P

LAPB LA'PB Li Lr

L ABP L AB'P 90

By AA similarity
Δ ABP Δ A'B'P

ff Btp Afp

similarly
AABC DA B'C

AI BI
from 4 equ we
get

BP
BE
a
it B'P V
BC PB PC
 I

at
t B'c af V

2fU UV UV Ifv
Luv 2
fu af u

12 tu fr
fur
ur fu fr

Divide side by uvf

bathe

I II Eg
11 12
4
Magnification

I I ta
multiply both side by v

E Ite
I
I I
1m

Again

I I tu
both side
multiply by u

It
 1 ʰ
Im
1 fm
f
1m
1m f
Quy A point object is
placed at a
MI distance

of 30cm from a cover mirror of focal

length 30cm find the magnification

m
 Level 1
Refraction

The phenomenon of bending of light ray

when it passes from one transparent
medium to another is known as

refraction

In this phenomenon the Path direction of propagation

because the speed
of light changes

of light is different in different media

Normal

incident
medium 1
may
x̅ rarer

Boundary
Medium 2

I Denser

refracted
Ray
optically rarer medium Medium in which speed of
light is more greater

optically denser medium Medium in which speedof

light is less slower

Note
When
light ray moves from rarer medium
to denser medium it will bend
towards the normal

ii when light moves from denser media

rays
to rarer medium it will bend
away from
the normal
normal
Dender Medium
glass
incident

T t refracted ray
Rarer medium
Air
 Law of Refraction smell's law

i The incident the refracted ray and

ray
the normal all lie in the same plane

ii The ratio of sin of

angle of inciden

to the sin of angle of refraction is

constant

Air medium 1
I 1I
count
A geas mediums

n Refractiveindex
s constant
µ
V21
refractive indin
SEE 121
medium 2 Writmedin

constant value Refractiveinde

Miz 1 w n't 2

I
 optical
property of two media Ma Refractive
Refractive index inder2w.at

V21
Absolute Refractive index n

It is the ratio of speed of light in air or

vacuum to the speed of light in the medium

Absolute Refractive n speed oflight in air

inderofmedian speedof lightin medium

1n cI
Absolute refractive
Ng Feedof
index ofglass lightin
glass
 MaterialMedium Refractive inder

Air 1 0003 or 1 approx

Water 1 33

Glass crownglass 1 52
32

Diamond 2 42

ice 1 31

Alcohol 1.36

appimensionless
Refractive index is a unit less quantity

Ques find the speed of light in glass

Is
Nga
ng 311
1 5 3
11
 V 2X 108 m see

Relative Refractive

inde t
Refractive index of one medium w r t another
medium

Absolute
na refractiveindenof medium
Absolute
refractive indexofmediums

t
Mz
MI
21

na Nz
Refractiveindex
w r t 1

É
na
me
n
E
 v 10 from
1
21
twavelength

Yocity

1 frequency v does
not change when light

rays changes themedi

na

eg no
1
n21

VI
12

from We can say that

eq
 21

Qm find nag
when
nga 1.5

mag

lnag.FI
Ques The refractive index of diamond is 2.42 and
that of glass is 1.52 How much faster
does
light travel in glass than in diamond

Nda 2.42 1.52

Nga
22.42 1.52

Alternate method
de Y
D c
by 0
 Divide eq
by
mag

dg 1.6

1.6
1.6
11
16 Vd
Vg 1.6 Vd Vg

WThe
absolute refractive inder of any
medium
can never be smaller than I because if n 1
then c 1 and hence C becomes less than
I
v which is not possible

Quiz Refractive index of water and glass are

Iands
writ air or vacuum respectively find the refractive

inder of glass writ water

no ng 3
 ngw I
11 g
condition for no bending

1
of light incident normally on a boundary
medium 1
V

i medium 2

from Snell's law

no
Misini Masina
Sit
Li 0 normally

n sini unsinn
n 0 nz Sinn

0 n Sinn
 sins O

Lr 0

Li La 0

So light ray in the second medium will

pass undeviated at the boundary

2
Of the refractive index of two media are

equal n no

N n
v

Nz n

from Snell's law

misini Masinn

sini Sinn
 Li Lr
so light in the second medium will
ray
pass undeviated at the boundary

Bending of light ray

na
SII

n Sini Masina

I to denser
case If light passes from rarer
medium air water
leg

i
II

Sini sinn
Li s La
 so light ray bend towards the normal

Case I
If light passes from denser to rarer
medium glassto water
Eg
No 2mi

sina si
sini sinn
if Radian

Li Ln
so light ray bends
away from the normal

Ques
normal
incident
bending light ray
No
Rarer

faithful
Denser

notfold correctly repent

Quy

Lr 30
Li 60
I n
t
s n

n 53
Quit
n n refractiveindent
same
bed lightrays
I does not bend

p
Nz n

from n medium to no medium

reciprof of eq
0
I in
gig 450 ng
 Effects of refraction
1 A stick appears bend and short when immersed obliquely in

water
Rarer
C
Eye
Denser

A beam coming from end A after refraction will

bend normal and reaches the eyes
away from the
Thus appears to come from point A
ray
which is above A

It appears magnified because the image is formed

closer to the
eyes

ii The bottom of a beaker

filled with water
appears raised
Eye

container with
E
water io
 The
rays of light diverging from coin on

out water
suffer refraction and
emerging of
hence bend away from the normal

Refraction through Rectangular glass slab

Air
rarer
medium 1

in
B
Glass a
Deuser
medium 2 T
C
Ie
Air
ITagle
D
Rarer
Medium 1
of emergence

Let us consider a
ray AB travelling through air be
incident on the upper surface of a rectangular

glass slab at B After refraction it bendstowardsnor

ndstrike the lower surface of the glass slab and
it get refracted as it re enters to air
again
from Snell's law
At upper surface refractive index of
glass n
Sing Ma a

n
na n

At lower surface
V21 n

Tint iz
V12

1 In m
t

II

É SII
Sini Sine
Li Le
The a parallel to AB
ray
Level 2

Lateral displacement d

Perpendicular distance between the incident

and the
ray emergent
ray

t Breadth
n
ofglass
slab
t t s
Lateral
I A
Is displacement
d
g

S deviation on
first refraction

In Δ AOB
sino
sins
Afp
sin i r A 10
 In AO CA
cos r coso
cop pg

OA Co t
G
Put on in eg

sin i m

ME

Sin i
XI
r IAB

d t sin i r

cop
Apparent depth of a tank

when we look into a pool of water or

any liquid it appears to be less deep

than it really is due to refraction

Apparent depth Real depth

refractive index ofobjectmedium

refractive index of observermedium

Hat I Realdepth

at
14 distance of Imageshift

Image shift Real depth apparentdepth

OA AI
t
If
 at t i
tw

i 724cm

I n

Apparent height Real height

refractive index ofobjectmedian
refractiveindex of observermedium

Igf
 TO
Apparent depth 32 Cm

ius

Let the vessel is filled with water upto height h

Apparent depth Real depth

Refractive index ofobjectmedian
Refractive index of observermidin

8
T
21 n
To
21 R

g
21 X 4 7N

2 12 Cm

image
 Image

for fish Atlet fInIaa

observe
kk.in
Apparent heightof bird

1
m

distance of bird from Mr d

mirror

Image
distance ofbird MM d
from mirror

Distance of bird image from fish Mtd 1

µn 3ᵈ