Information Technology Project

Management, Eighth Edition

Note: See the text itself for full citations.

 A process is a series of actions directed toward a
particular result
 Project management can be viewed as a number
of interlinked processes
 The project management process groups include
◦ initiating processes
◦ planning processes
◦ executing processes
◦ monitoring and controlling processes
◦ closing processes

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 Philip A. Pell, PMP, commented on how the U.S. IRS
needed to improve its project management process. “Pure
and simple, good, methodology-centric, predictable, and
repeatable project management is the SINGLE greatest
factor in the success (or in this case failure) of any project…
The project manager is ultimately responsible for the
success or failure of the project.”*
 A 2014 U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) report
stated that IRS had significant cost and schedule variances
in over 68 percent of its major IT projects
*Comments posted on CIO Magazine Web site on article “For the IRS, There’s No
EZ Fix,” (April 1, 2004).

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 Just as information technology projects need to follow the
project management process groups, so do other projects,
such as the production of a movie. Processes involved in
making movies might include screenwriting (initiating),
producing (planning), acting and directing (executing), editing
(monitoring and controlling), and releasing the movie to
theaters (closing). Many people enjoy watching the extra
features on a DVD that describe how these processes lead to
the creation of a movie… This acted “…not as promotional
filler but as a serious and meticulously detailed examination
of the entire filmmaking process.”* Project managers in any
field know how important it is to follow a good process.

*Jacks, Brian, “Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers Extended Edition (New Line)”,
Underground Online (accessed from www.ugo.com August 4, 2004).

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 You can map the main activities of each PM
process group into the ten knowledge areas using
the PMBOK® Guide, Fifth Edition, 2013
 Note that there are activities from each knowledge
area under the planning process groups

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 Knowledge Project Project Project Project Project
Area Management Management Management Management Management
Process Process Process Process Process
Groups: Groups: Groups: Groups: Groups:
Initiating Planning Executing Monitoring and Closing
Controlling
Project Develop project Develop project Direct and Monitor and Close project or
Integration charter management manage project control project phase
Management plan work work. Perform
integrated
change control
Project Scope Empty cell Plan scope Empty cell Validate scope. Empty cell
Management management. Control scope
Collect
requirements.
Define scope.
Create WBS
Project Time Empty cell Plan schedule Empty cell Control schedule Empty cell
Management management.
Define activities.
Sequence
activities.
Estimate
activities
resources.
Estimate activity
durations.
Develop
schedule

*Source: PMBOK® Guide, Fifth Edition, 2013.

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 Knowledge Area Project Project Project Project Project
Management Management Management Management Management
Process Groups: Process Groups: Process Groups: Process Groups: Process Groups:
Initiating Planning Executing Monitoring and Closing
Controlling

Project Cost Empty cell Plan cost Empty cell Control costs Empty cell
Management management,
Estimate costs,
Determine budget

Project Quality Empty cell Plan quality Perform quality Control quality Empty cell
Management management assurance

Project Human Empty cell Plan human Acquire project Empty cell Empty cell
Resource resource team, Develop
Management management project team,
Manage project
team

Project Empty cell Plan Manage Control Empty cell

Communications communications communication communication
Management management

Project Risk Empty cell Plan risk Empty cell Control risks Empty cell
Management management,
Identify risks,
Perform qualitative
risk analysis,
Perform
quantitative risk
analysis, Plan risk
responses

Project Empty cell Plan procurement Conduct Control Close procurement

Procurement management Procurements procurements
Management

Project Identify Plan stakeholder Manage Control Empty cell

Stakeholder stakeholders management stakeholder stakeholder
engagement engagement

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 Just as projects are unique, so are approaches to
project management
 Many organizations develop their own project
management methodologies, especially for IT
projects
 A methodology describes how things should be
done; a standard describes what should be done
 PRINCE2, Agile, RUP, and Six Sigma provide
different project management methodologies

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  A 2011 study of organizations across India
included the following findings:
◦ Two-thirds of organizations in some stage of Agile adoption are
realizing key software and business benefits in terms of faster
delivery of products to the customer, an improved ability to
manage changing requirements, and higher quality and
productivity in IT.
◦ Organizations struggle with the magnitude of the cultural shift
required for Agile, opposition to change, a lack of coaching and
help in the Agile adoption process, and a lack of qualified people.
◦ The daily stand-up, iteration planning, and release planning are
the most commonly used practices, while paired programming
and open workspaces are not popular

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  Organizations that excel in project management
complete 89 percent of their projects successfully
compared to only 36 percent of organizations that do
not have good project management processes
 PMI estimates that poor project performance costs over
$109 million for every $1 billion invested in projects and
programs

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 This case study provides an example of what’s
involved in initiating, planning, executing,
controlling, and closing an IT project
 You can download templates for creating your own
project management documents from the
companion Web site for this text or the author’s site
 Note: This case study provides a big picture view of
managing a project. Later chapters provide detailed
information on each knowledge area

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 It is good practice to lay the groundwork for a project
before it officially starts
 Senior managers often perform several pre-initiation
tasks, including the following:
◦ Determine the scope, time, and cost constraints for the project
◦ Identify the project sponsor
◦ Select the project manager
◦ Develop a business case for a project (see Table 3-2 for an example)
◦ Meet with the project manager to review the process and expectations
for managing the project
◦ Determine if the project should be divided into two or more smaller
projects

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  Initiating a project includes recognizing and starting
a new project or project phase
 The main goal is to formally select and start off
projects
 Table 3-3 shows the project initiation knowledge
areas, processes, and outputs
Knowledge Area Initiating Process Outputs
Project Integration Management Develop project charter Project charter

Project Stakeholder Management Identify stakeholders Stakeholder register

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Name Position Internal/ Project Role Contact Information
External
Joe Fleming CEO Internal Sponsor [email protected]

Erica Bell PMO Director Internal Project manager [email protected]

Michael Chen Team Internal Team member [email protected]

member

Kim Phuong Business External Advisor [email protected]

analyst

Louise Mills PR Director Internal Advisor [email protected]

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 Name Level of Interest Level of Potential Management Strategies
Influence

Joe Fleming High High Joe likes to stay on top of key projects and
make money. Have a lot of short, face-to-
face meetings and focus on achieving the
financial benefits of the project.

Louise Mills Low High Louise has a lot of things on her plate, and
she does not seem excited about this
project. She may be looking at other job
opportunities. Show her how this project will
help the company and her resume.

Contents are often sensitive, so do not publish this document.

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  See Table 3-6 for an example of a charter
 Charters are normally short and include key
project information and stakeholder signatures
 It’s good practice to hold a kick-off meeting at the
beginning of a project so that stakeholders can
meet each other, review the goals of the project,
and discuss future plans

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 The main purpose of project planning is to guide
execution
 Every knowledge area includes planning
information (see Table 3-7 on pages 98-99)
 Key outputs included in the JWD project include:
◦ A team contract
◦ A project scope statement
◦ A work breakdown structure (WBS)
◦ A project schedule, in the form of a Gantt chart with all
dependencies and resources entered
◦ A list of prioritized risks (part of a risk register)
 See sample documents starting on p. 101

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Ranking Potential Risk
1 Lack of inputs from internal consultants
2 Lack of inputs from client representatives
3 Security of new system
Outsourcing/purchasing for the article retrieval and “Ask the Expert”
4 features

5 Outsourcing/purchasing for processing online payment transactions

6 Organizing the templates and examples in a useful fashion

7 Providing an efficient search feature

8 Getting good feedback from Michael Chen and other senior consultants
9 Effectively promoting the new system

10 Realizing the benefits of the new system within one year

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 Usually takes the most time and resources to
perform project execution
 Project managers must use their leadership skills
to handle the many challenges that occur during
project execution
 Table 3-11 lists the executing processes and
outputs. Many project sponsors and customers
focus on deliverables related to providing the
products, services, or results desired from the
project
 A milestone report can help focus on completing
major milestones

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 Milestone Date Status Responsible Issues/Comments

Initiating
Stakeholders May 2 Completed Erica and Joe Empty cell
identified

Project charter
May 10 Completed Erica Empty cell
signed
Project kick-off
May 13 Completed Erica Went very well
meeting held

Planning
Team contract May 13 Completed Erica Empty cell
signed

Scope statement
May 27 Completed Erica Empty cell
completed
WBS completed May 31 Completed Erica Empty cell

List of prioritized Reviewed with

June 3 Completed Erica
risks completed sponsor and team

Schedule and cost

June 13 Completed Erica Empty cell
baseline completed

Executing Poor response so

June 28 Empty cell Erica
Survey completed far!

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 One way to learn about best practices in project
management is by studying recipients of PMI’s
Project of the Year award
 The Quartier international de Montreal (QIM),
Montreal’s international district, was a 66-acre
urban revitalization project in the heart of
downtown Montreal
 This $90 million, five-year project turned a once
unpopular area into a thriving section of the city
with a booming real estate market and has
generated $770 million in related construction

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 Involves measuring progress toward project
objectives, monitoring deviation from the plan, and
taking correction actions
 Affects all other process groups and occurs during
all phases of the project life cycle
 Outputs include performance reports, change
requests, and updates to various plans
 See Table 3-13

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 Involves gaining stakeholder and customer
acceptance of the final products and services
 Even if projects are not completed, they should be
closed out to learn from the past
 Outputs include project files and lessons-learned
reports, part of organizational process assets
 Most projects also include a final report and
presentation to the sponsor/senior management

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 This section demonstrates a more agile approach
to managing the same project
 Differences in using an agile approach are
highlighted
 An agile project team typically uses several
iterations or deliveries of software instead of
waiting until the end of the project to provide one
product.

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  It is not a snap decision whether to use an agile
approach or not, just like flying or driving
somewhere on a trip
 Projects with less rigid constraints, experienced
and preferably co-located teams, smaller risks,
unclear requirements, and more flexible
scheduling would be more compatible with an
agile approach
 The following example uses Scrum roles, artifacts,
and ceremonies

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  Product owner: The person responsible for the
business value of the project and for deciding what work
to do and in what order, as documented in the product
backlog.
 ScrumMaster: The person who ensures that the team is
productive, facilitates the daily Scrum, enables close
cooperation across all roles and functions, and removes
barriers that prevent the team from being effective.
 Scrum team or development team: A cross-functional
team of five to nine people who organize themselves
and the work to produce the desired results for each
sprint, which normally lasts 2-4 weeks.

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  An artifact is a useful object created by people
 Scrum artifacts include:
◦ Product backlog: A list of features prioritized by
business value
◦ Sprint backlog: The highest-priority items from the
product backlog to be completed within a sprint
◦ Burndown chart: Shows the cumulative work
remaining in a sprint on a day-by-day basis

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  Sprint planning session: A meeting with the team to
select a set of work from the product backlog to deliver
during a sprint.
 Daily Scrum: A short meeting for the development team
to share progress and challenges and plan work for the
day.
 Sprint reviews: A meeting in which the team
demonstrates to the product owner what it has
completed during the sprint.
 Sprint retrospectives: A meeting in which the team looks
for ways to improve the product and the process based
on a review of the actual performance of the
development team.
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 • Initiating:
• Determine roles
• Decide how many sprints will compose each release and the scope of software to deliver

• Planning:
• Create product backlog
• Create sprint backlog
• Plan work each day in the daily Scrum
• Document stumbling blocks in a list

• Executing:
• Complete tasks each day during sprints
• Produce a shippable product at the end of each sprint

• Monitoring and Controlling:

• Resolve issues and blockers
• Create and update burndown chart
• Demonstrate the completed product during the spring review meeting

• Closing:
• Reflect on how to improve the product and process during the sprint reflection meeting

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  Not different from PMBOK® Guide
◦ Still create a scope statement and can use a Gantt chart
for the entire project schedule; other planning similar
(risk, etc.)
 Different:
◦ Descriptions of work are identified in the product and
sprint backlogs, more detailed work documented in
technical stories, estimate a velocity or capacity for each
sprint; release roadmap often used for schedule

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 Product Backlog Sprint Backlog
1. User story templates, samples, and point 1. User story templates, samples, and point
person person
2. WBS templates, samples, and point person 2. WBS templates, samples, and point person
3. Project schedule templates, samples, and 3. Project schedule templates, samples, and
point person point person
4. Ability to change customers for some 4. Ability to charge customers for some
intranet products and services intranet products and services
5. Ability to collect user suggestions 5. Ability to collect user suggestions
6. Business case templates, samples, and
point person
7. Ask the Expert feature
8. Stakeholder management strategy
templates, samples, and point person
9. Risk register templates, samples, and point
person
10.Etc.

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  Not different from PMBOK® Guide
◦ Still produce products, lead people, etc.
 Different:
◦ Produce several releases of software - users of the new
software might be confused by getting several iterations
of the product instead of just one
◦ Communications different because the project team
meets every morning, physically or virtually

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  Not different from PMBOK® Guide
◦ Still check actual work vs. planned work
 Different
◦ Names of key reviews are the daily Scrum and the sprint
review
◦ A sprint board is used instead of a tracking Gantt chart or
other tools
◦ Use a burndown chart vs. earned value chart

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  Not different from PMBOK® Guide
◦ Focus is still on acceptance of deliverables and reflection
 Different:
◦ The retrospective is similar to a lessons-learned
report, but it focuses on a shorter period of time. It is
intended to answer two fundamental questions:
 What went well during the last sprint that we should continue
doing?
 What could we do differently to improve the product or process?

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 Table 3-20 lists the templates available on the
companion website and the author’s site at
www.pmtexts.com or www.kathyschwalbe.com

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 The five project management process groups are initiating,
planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing
 You can map the main activities of each process group to
the nine knowledge areas
 Some organizations develop their own information
technology project management methodologies
 The JWD Consulting case study provides an example of
using the process groups and shows several important
project documents
 The second version of the same case study illustrates
differences using agile (Scrum). The biggest difference is
providing three releases of useable software versus just one

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