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Section13 3 Slides

The document outlines the objectives and methods for calculating the length and curvature of space curves defined by vector functions in both 2D and 3D. It includes formulas for arc length, curvature, and examples demonstrating the calculation of these properties for specific curves. Additionally, it discusses the principal unit normal vector and binormal vector related to the curvature of a curve.

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7 views9 pages

Section13 3 Slides

The document outlines the objectives and methods for calculating the length and curvature of space curves defined by vector functions in both 2D and 3D. It includes formulas for arc length, curvature, and examples demonstrating the calculation of these properties for specific curves. Additionally, it discusses the principal unit normal vector and binormal vector related to the curvature of a curve.

Uploaded by

siekierskikyle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATH 251

Section 13-3
Instructor: Xiaochuan (Brooks) Tang
Objectives

• Determine the length of the space curve defined by a vector function


• Define and calculate the curvature of a curve at a point
• Find the principal unit normal vector
Arc Length in 2D

• 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 = 1 + 𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑦 ′2 𝑑𝑥

• 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 = 𝑑𝑥 Τ𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

In ℝ², the length of a curve 𝑦(𝑥) where 𝑥1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥2 was given by:


𝑥2
𝐿=න 1 + 𝑦 ′2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1

In ℝ², the length of a parametric curve (𝑓(𝑡), 𝑔(𝑡)) where 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏 was given by:
𝑏
𝐿=න 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑎
Arc Length in 3D

• 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑧 2

• 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 Τ𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑑𝑧Τ𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

In ℝ3, the length of a parametric curve (𝑥 𝑡 , 𝑦 𝑡 , 𝑧(𝑡)) where 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏 was given by:
𝑏 𝑏
𝐿=න 𝒓′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑑𝑧/𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑎
Examples 1-2
1. Find the length of the curve 𝒓 𝑡 = 2t𝐢 + 𝑒 𝑡 𝒋 + 𝑒 −𝑡 𝒌 from 𝑡 = 𝑎 to 𝑡 = 𝑏

2. Find the length of the curve 𝒓 𝒕 = 𝑡 3 Τ3 𝒊 − (2𝑡 2 )𝒋 + (8𝑡)𝒌 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.


Curvature
• How quickly a curve changes direction without having to refer to a parameter
• A curve changing direction would change the direction of the unit tangent vector
• The rate of change of 𝑻 𝑡 with respect to change in the arc length 𝑠

𝑑𝑻 𝑑𝑻Τ𝑑𝑡 𝑻′ (𝑡)
𝜅 𝑡 = = = ′
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠Τ𝑑𝑡 𝒓 (𝑡)
• For a circle/sphere with the radius 𝑟, the curvature is a constant 𝜅 = 1Τ𝑟

′
𝑑𝑠
′
𝑑2 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝒓 = 𝒓 𝑻= 𝑻, 𝒓 = 2 𝑻 + 𝑻′
′′
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑻2 = 1 ⟹ 𝑻′ ∙ 𝑻 = 0 ⟹ 𝑻′ ⊥ 𝑻
𝒓′ (𝑡) × 𝒓′′ (𝑡)
Thorem: 𝜅 𝑡 = 𝑑𝑠
2
𝑑𝑠
2
𝒓′ (𝑡) 3 𝒓′ × 𝒓′′ = 𝑻 × 𝑻′ ⟹ 𝒓′ × 𝒓′′ = 𝑻 𝑻′ = 𝒓′ 2
𝑻′
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Note: If 𝒓(𝑡) is known, use this formula
𝒓′ × 𝒓′′ 𝑻′ (𝑡)
= ′ =𝜅
𝒓′ 3 𝒓 (𝑡)
Principal Normal Unit Vector and Binormal Vector
• Review: for any vector function 𝒗(𝑡)2 = 𝒗(𝑡) 2 = 𝑐 (constant)
𝒗 𝑡 ∙ 𝒗′ 𝑡 = 0 ⟹ 𝒗 𝑡 ⊥ 𝒗′ 𝑡
• 𝑻(𝑡)2 = 1 ⟹ 𝑻 𝑡 ⊥ 𝑻′ 𝑡 , define the unit normal vector 𝑵(𝑡) for the curve
𝑵 𝑡 = 𝑻′ 𝑡 Τ 𝑻′ 𝑡
• Unit normal vector indicates the direction the curve is turning at each point
• Binormal vector 𝑩 𝑡 = 𝑻 𝑡 × 𝑵 𝑡

The parabola and its curvature


Examples 3

3. Consider the vector function 𝒓 𝑡 = 3 2𝑡, 𝑒 3𝑡 , 𝑒 −3𝑡


(a) Find the unit tangent vector 𝑻(𝑡) and unit normal vector 𝑵(𝑡)

(b) Use the formula 𝜅 𝑡 = 𝑻′ (𝑡) Τ 𝒓′ (𝑡) to compute the curvature


Example 4
4. Find the curvature of 𝒓 𝑡 :
𝒓 𝑡 = 6𝑡, 4 cos 𝑡 , 4 sin(𝑡)
Hint: Using 𝜅 𝑡 = 𝒓′ (𝑡) × 𝒓′′ (𝑡) Τ 𝒓′ (𝑡) 3

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