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.
more. Altered and counterfeit notes to the value of $46,004.95 have
been captured, and counterfeit coins to the value of $19,828.47.
The Chief of the Secret Service says that the year has been fruitful in
that class of criminals who alter bills of small denomination to one of
higher value. Any change in a bill renders the maker liable to a fine
of $5,000, or fifteen years in prison, or both.
The walls of the Secret Service office are covered with samples of
counterfeiters' work. The history of each would sound like a dime
novel, but the government is certain to catch any one who persists
in demoralizing the currency. Chief John E. Wilkie, a first-class
Chicago newspaper man, was brought East by Secretary Gage. He
has called to his assistance, as Chief Clerk, Mr. W. H. Moran, who
learned his business from Mr. Brooks, one of the best detectives any
country has yet produced. Other officials tell me the office has never
been more ably conducted than it is at present.
This bureau is urging that for persistent crime a longer penal
sentence shall be given. To illustrate the persistence of two of these
criminals, the following extracts from the Secret Service records are,
by courtesy of the bureau, submitted:
John Mulvey, alias James Clark, arrested October 16, 1883, at New York, N. Y.,
for having in possession and passing counterfeit coin. Sentenced, October
22, 1883, to three years in Auburn, N. Y., penitentiary and fined $1.
William Stevens, alias John W. Murray, alias Jack Mulvey, was again arrested
June 14, 1886, at Baltimore, for passing counterfeit 25c. silver coins, and
was sentenced, September 7, 1886, to serve one year in Maryland
penitentiary and fined $100.
Was again arrested under the same name October 5, 1887, at Philadelphia,
Pa., for passing and having in possession 25c. coins, and sentenced,
December 1, 1887, to eighteen months in the Eastern Penitentiary of
Pennsylvania and fined.
John W. Murray, alias William Stevens, alias Jack Mulvey, was again arrested,
July 10, 1889, at Hoboken, N. J., for passing counterfeit standard $1, 25c.,
and 10c. coins, and sentenced, January 22, 1890, to six months in State
Prison at Trenton, N. J., and pay costs.
 Jack Mulvey, alias James W., alias John Clark, alias John W. Murray, alias "Pants,"
alias Stevens, etc., was again arrested January 12, 1891, at Pittsburg, Pa.,
for having in possession and attempting to pass counterfeit 50c. coins, and
was sentenced, March 5, 1891, to two years in Western Penitentiary at
Allegheny, Pa., and fined $25.
John Murray, alias Jack Mulvey, was again arrested, January 25, 1894, at
Chicago, Ill., for manufacturing counterfeit 25c. and 10c. coins and having
same in possession, and was sentenced, March 12, 1894, to three years
and six months at hard labor in the penitentiary at Joliet, Ill., and to pay a
fine of $1.
James Foley, alias Jack Murray, alias Jack Mulvey, was again arrested, February
24, 1897, at Chicago, Ill., for having in possession and passing counterfeit
silver dimes, and escaped March 22, 1897, but was rearrested, under the
name of John O'Keefe, in New York, N. Y., April 6, 1897, for passing
counterfeit 10c. pieces, and sentenced, May 12, 1897, to seven years in
Clinton Prison and fined $1. Released from this prison February 27, 1902.
Another case from the records of the Secret Service would read as
follows:
One day the doors of the Moundsville, W. Va., prison opened on a
tall, slender, mild-eyed man, upon whose face and form time and
confinement had left their impress, and he passed out to take up
again the broken thread of his life.
This was John Ogle's first day of freedom for more than three years.
On July 4, 1898, he was sentenced to four years' imprisonment for
trying to increase the negotiable value of one-dollar bills by altering
their denominational characteristics.
Little more than a year before his brother, Miles, was released from
the Ohio penitentiary, where he had paid the extreme penalty
imposed by law for spurious money making, only to die two days
later of paralysis, with which he had been hopelessly stricken over a
year before.
The Ogles, father and sons, during the past fifty years have had
much to do with the making of the criminal history of this country.
George Ogle, the father, was a river pirate and farmhouse plunderer,
the Ohio River and its tributaries being the scene of his operations.
The sons, bred in an atmosphere of crime, early embarked in
independent unlawful enterprises. Miles displayed pugnacity,
intrepidity, and skill, while John was shrewd, plausible, and cunning.
After serving five years for killing an officer who attempted to arrest
the family, and when but twenty-six years old, Miles allied himself
with the notorious "Reno" gang of bandits, and became the pupil
and confederate of Peter McCartney, that past master of the
counterfeiter's art. How well he applied himself the records of the
Secret Service will testify. An even dozen skilfully executed spurious
note issues were directly traceable to him, despite the fact that two-
thirds of his manhood were spent behind prison walls.
John Ogle, while not possessed of the dangerous skill of his brother,
was his equal in hardihood, and, in his way, quite as detrimental to
society. For cool daring, ingenuity, and resourcefulness he was
without a peer in his chosen profession, and some of his escapes
from the officers of the law bordered on the miraculous. He was
introduced to prison life in 1864, being sentenced in the fall of that
year to five years in the Jeffersonville, Ind., penitentiary for burglary.
Shortly after his release he was traced to Cairo, Ill., with twenty-
eight hundred dollars of counterfeit money intended for one of Miles'
customers, and, after a desperate fight, was placed in jail. He
managed in some way to effect his escape, but was soon recaptured
at Pittsburg. This time he told the officers that he knew of a big
"plant" of spurious bills and tools near Oyster Point, Md., which he
was willing to turn up if it would benefit him. Being assured of
leniency, he started with a marshal for the hiding-place. En route he
managed to elude the watchfulness of his guard, and jumped from
the car-window while the train was at full speed. At Bolivar, Tenn.,
Ogle was arrested, January 8, 1872, with five hundred dollars of
counterfeit money in his pocket. A sentence of ten years was
imposed; but John had a reputation to sustain, so he broke from the
jail where he was temporarily confined awaiting transportation to the
penitentiary. Several months later he was arrested and indicted at
Cincinnati for passing bad five-dollar bills. Pending trial, he was
released on five thousand dollars bail, which he promptly forfeited,
and was again a fugitive.
February 18, 1873, one Tom Hayes was detected passing counterfeit
money at Cairo, Ill., but it was not discovered that "Tom Hayes" was
none other than the much-wanted John Ogle until after he had
made good his escape. So chagrined were the officers over this
second break that all the resources of the department were
employed to effect his capture, and but a week had passed before
he was found in Pittsburg and taken to Springfield, Ill., for trial. This
time there was no escape, and he served five years in Joliet. As he
stepped from the prison door Marshal Thrall, of Cincinnati,
confronted him with an order for his removal to answer the
indictment of May, 1872. The Cincinnati jail was undergoing repairs.
A painter had left his overalls and hickory shirt in the corridor near
the cage where Ogle was placed. Adroitly picking the lock of his cell
with his penknife, he donned the painter's clothes, took up a paint-
bucket, and coolly walked down-stairs, past the gate (which the
guard obligingly opened for him), through the jailer's office, and into
the street. Proceeding leisurely until out of sight of the prison, the
daring criminal made his way to the river, which he crossed at
Lawrenceburg, and, discarding his borrowed apparel, struck across
the country, finally bringing up at Brandenburg, Ky., where he
obtained employment as a stonecutter. Respectability was, however,
inconsistent with Ogle's early training; so about a week after his
arrival he broke into a shoe-house of the town, stole $200 worth of
goods, and was arrested three days later while trying to dispose of
his plunder in Louisville. Fearing a term in the Frankfort prison for
some reason, he informed the Kentucky officers that a large reward
was offered for his return to Cincinnati. This had the desired effect,
and he was sent to the Ohio penitentiary to serve five years.
Returning to Cincinnati at the expiration of this enforced
confinement, he met his brother, who had just been released from
an eight-year "trick" in the Western Pennsylvania penitentiary, and,
altho no real affection existed in the breast of either for the other,
John needed money, and Miles had money and required assistance
in a contemplated enterprise. An understanding was soon reached,
and these two dangerous lawbreakers joined forces in another
scheme to debase their country's currency. Using the same
conveyance employed by their father in his plundering expedition (a
house-boat), they started from Cincinnati and drifted down the Ohio
River, John steering and keeping watch while Miles plied the graver.
When the plates for a twenty-dollar silver note and a ten-dollar issue
of the Third National Bank of Cincinnati were complete, Miles took
the helm and John went below to do the printing. $150,000 of the
"coney" had been run off by the time they reached the mouth of the
Wolf River, and here the trip ended. Disposing of the boat, the
brothers started back to Cincinnati. En route they quarreled over the
division of the notes, and separated with the understanding that
John was to receive $500 of the proceeds of the first sales.
Miles did not keep faith, and John subsequently assisted the
government officers in locating and securing his brother, who was
arrested in Memphis, Tenn., on Christmas day, 1884, with $6,000 of
the counterfeits in his pockets.
For a number of years thereafter John steered clear of offenses
penalized by the federal statutes, and successfully feigned insanity
when he could not escape punishment for crimes against the State
by any other means.
This is what happened to one town marshal who caught Ogle in the
act of burglarizing a store and failed to appreciate the character of
his prisoner. It was between two and three o'clock in the morning
when the capture was made, and as the lockup was located about a
mile from the scene of the crime, the officer decided to keep the
rogue in his room until morning. Carefully locking the room door and
handcuffing John, he lit his pipe and made himself as comfortable as
possible—so comfortable, in fact, that he was soon fast asleep.
When he awoke his bird had flown, and the officer's watch and
purse were missing.
 XVII
POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT

very man and woman in the republic has a personal

interest in this department of the government. You pay
two cents for a stamp, throw a missive into a box, and
start the machinery which requires 100,000 persons to
run it. If your letter is for the Philippines, you use the
railroad and the ocean steamer, with many relays of men and
engines to perform your bidding. If your letter is for Alaska, you use
the railroad, the steamship, and the reindeer team to deliver it. Not
an hour, day or night, the entire year through, but men are toiling to
hurry your mail to its destination. If your letter is for one of the large
cities, skilful men board the train, and as it approaches its
destination distribute the mail for each district, so that your letter
will not lie for hours in the central office. If your letter is to a busy
farmer who may be in the midst of his harvest and has no time to go
for his mail, one of the government's faithful servants takes that
letter to him. Yet we are much more likely, withal, to growl at Uncle
Sam than to remember the faithful service we receive for so little
money.
The Post-office Department is one which is not yet self-supporting.
The last annual report of the Postmaster-General shows that the
receipts from ordinary postal revenue amounted to
$191,478,663.41. Figures are not at hand for a further revenue to
the department from money-order business, including post-office
orders which were uncalled for. The government expended
$16,910,278.99 more than it received. This deficit is occasioned by
the second-class matter, which includes newspapers and magazines
paying less than cost of transportation. It is also due partly to the
glaring abuse of the franking privilege by members of the Senate
and House. If a description of what some of these men commit to
Uncle Sam to carry for them free of charge were published they
would hide their heads in shame. While this abuse continues we are
not likely to get a one-cent rate on letters, a rate which would
greatly benefit the entire country. Poor people are paying the
postage for these Congressmen.
The United States Post-office Department and the post-office for the
City of Washington are in a building on Pennsylvania Avenue, which
extends over an entire square from Twelfth to Thirteenth Streets, N.
W.
The Postmaster-General is a member of the President's Cabinet. He
receives $12,000 per annum for giving to his country services which
a railroad or great newspaper would consider cheap at $25,000 per
annum. There are four Assistant Postmaster-Generals who receive
each about half as much as their chief. These are appointed by the
President and confirmed by the Senate.
The Postmaster-General makes postal treaties with foreign
governments, by and with the advice of the President, awards
contracts, and directs the management of the domestic and foreign
mails.
The First Assistant Postmaster-General has charge of the salary and
allowance division, free delivery system, post-office supplies, money-
order division, dead-letter office, and the general correspondence.
The Second Assistant Postmaster-General has charge of the contract
division, division of inspection, railway adjustment (which includes
weighing and deciding on what pay shall be given railroads), the
mail equipment division, and foreign mails.
The Third Assistant Postmaster-General has charge of postage
stamps and postmasters' accounts, registry office, and the special
delivery system.
The Fourth Assistant Postmaster-General has the appointment of
many postmasters and of post-office inspectors, and has charge of
the bonds and commissions for postmasters. This last place was
formerly filled by Mr. J. L. Bristow, of Kansas. During the first year of
Mr. Roosevelt's Presidency Mr. Bristow officially decapitated as many
as fifty postmasters a day, and it is claimed it was a slow year in the
business. Of course, for every one who lost his place some other
fellow was made happy. Mr. P. V. De Graw now has the office.
No impure books, pamphlets, or papers are allowed transportation
by the United States mail. Men in this employ have a right to insist
that their work shall not include indecent matter. As far as possible
the government tries to prevent advertisers of dishonest businesses
from using the mails for fraudulent gain. It is to be hoped that the
time may soon come when all financial schemers who now defraud
the wage-earning class by circulars on mining, oil, or industrial stock,
or other doubtful enterprises, shall be obliged to prove to the
government officials that the scheme represented is just what the
circular sets forth. All Building Associations and Insurance
Companies should pass under the same law. Good people would be
glad of this inspection, and bad people make it necessary.
The Postmaster-General recommends that the government have
inspectors appointed who shall see that neither telegraph nor
express companies be permitted to carry matter for lotteries or any
known fraudulent enterprise. The McKinley and Roosevelt
administrations will be noted for the improvement and extension of
the rural delivery system.
The dead-letter office is one of great interest, and is found in the
general post-office building. Of unclaimed letters there were last
year nearly six million; of misdirected letters, 454,000; and of letters
without any address, 39,837. Any letter which is unclaimed at a post-
office after a few weeks is sent to the dead-letter office. Here it is
opened, and if it contains the name and address of the writer, the
letter is returned; but letters signed "Your loving Amy," "Your
devoted mother," "Your repentant son," fail to reach the eyes and
hearts of those who wait for them in vain. Last year 526,345
unclaimed letters written in foreign countries, probably to loved ones
in the United States, were sent to the dead-letter office. Think of the
heartaches which that means! Think of the loves and friendships
wrecked thereby!
Letters whose envelopes display the business card of the writer are
returned to the sender by the local postmaster after a certain period.
Papers, magazines, and books with insufficient postage are sent to
the dead-letter office, held for a short time, and then distributed to
hospitals, asylums, and penal institutions.
Wherever "Old Glory" floats, there the servants of Uncle Sam carry
his mail. Of this department every citizen should be proud, for its
speed and efficiency is equaled by no other mail service in the world.
 XVIII
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

bout fifty years ago, at the request of Hon. H. E.

Ellsworth, the sum of one thousand dollars was set
apart in the interest of agriculture; now there is a
Department of Agriculture, and its Secretary is a
member of the President's Cabinet.
The present Secretary of this department is Hon. James Wilson, of
Iowa. He served several terms in Congress, was Regent of the State
University of Iowa, and for six years prior to his present appointment
was Director of the Iowa Experimental Station and professor of
agriculture at the Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa.
The Department of Agriculture consists of twenty different divisions,
each one of which is worthy of a complete chapter. The department
has many buildings, but the main one stands within the grounds of
the Smithsonian Institution, in a bower of blooming plants and
clinging vines. Every kind of plant from the tropics to the Arctic
Circle which can be made to grow in this climate can be found in this
department.
Studies in ornamentation, best methods of grafting, pruning,
budding, hybridizing, and treating diseases of plants, trees, and
animals are thoroughly investigated at its experimental stations.
Vegetable and flower seeds, grass seeds, plants, trees, bulbs, and
grape-vines are distributed in the department through the Senators,
members, and delegates of Congress. By this means the best
varieties of the vegetable kingdom are carried throughout the United
States. During the coming year the country will be more carefully
districted, and only such seeds and plants as have been thoroughly
acclimated will be sent to the several districts.
Members of Congress from cities exchange their quota of vegetable
and crop seeds for flower seeds, thus leaving more of the former for
members with a farming constituency.
The following statement shows the amounts of seeds, bulbs, plants,
and trees, so far as the allotments have been made, for a recent
fiscal year:
Each Senator, member, and delegate will receive—
Vegetable Seed 12,000 packages, 5 papers each.
Novelties Vegetable 500 packages, 5 papers each.
Seed
Flower Seed 500 packages, 5 papers each.
Tobacco Seed 110 packages, 5 papers each to districts
growing tobacco.
Cotton Seed 70 packages, 1 peck each, to districts
growing cotton.
Lawn Grass Seed 30 packages.
Forage Crop Seed Allotment not yet made.
Sorghum Seed Allotment not yet made.
Sugar Beet Seed Allotment not yet made.
Bulbs 10 boxes, 35 bulbs each; or 20 boxes, 17
bulbs each.
Grape-vines 8 packages, 5 vines each.
Strawberry Plants 10 packages, 15 plants each.
Trees 20 packages, 5 trees each.
For seed distributed alone the government appropriates $270,000.
Think of the beneficence of that! The rarest and best seeds that
money can buy will be planted in every State and Territory of this
country. Experts are continually sent abroad to find new cereals,
fruits trees, animals, and flowers.
The department has at least one correspondent in every county of
the United States through whom the statistics on acreage, quality of
crops, and success of experiments are reported at stated times.
All questions pertaining to farming are answered by this department.
If a man desires to buy a farm in Kansas or Alaska, a portion of the
country of which he knows little, the department will tell him of the
climate, the crops likely to be remunerative, and the obstacles of soil
or climate to overcome. A chemist will analyze the soil for him, tell
him what it contains, and what it needs to produce certain crops. An
entomologist will tell him the insects prevalent which may destroy
his crops. The scientist will also tell him how to destroy the inserts,
what birds to encourage and what to banish.
At Summerville, S. C., the government has a tea farm with a fully
equipped factory, and the tea produced is claimed by experts to
equal the best imported article. This year one thousand acres of rice
land near Charleston, S. C., will be put in tea. The cost of producing
American tea is about fifteen cents a pound; the yield is four
hundred pounds to the acre, the wholesale selling price forty to fifty
cents per pound, and the retail price seventy-five cents to one dollar
per pound.
In the wheat-growing States the government is trying a fine variety
of macaroni wheat, in order to compete successfully with the
imported article, of which $8,000,000 worth enters this country
annually.
In the cotton States the government is trying Egyptian cotton, which
is now imported to the value of $8,000,000 annually.
In Arizona and other dry tracts dates and other Egyptian fruits are
being successfully acclimated. In the hot states rubber, coffee,
bananas, and cocoa are being tried.
Our fruit markets are being extended into Europe, and special
agents and consuls are using every influence to enlarge this market.
At the Paris Exposition our pears, apples, peaches, and plums were a
never-ending surprise to people of all lands. Californians made us all
proud of them by their lavish generosity, and the result has been
that pears and apples have been sent in large quantities to Southern
Europe, also to Russia and Siberia.
New cottons are being sent throughout the South, new prunes and
plums along the Pacific Coast. Important experiments are being
made in sugar producing. Pineapples are being acclimated in Florida,
plants which produce bay rum and various perfumes are being
introduced in several states, and olives from Italy are being tried in
Porto Rico and the Philippines.
In many different States soils have been examined. In Lancaster
County, Pennsylvania, it was found certain soils contain ingredients
to produce the finest Cuban tobacco, and other soil regarded as
useless was shown to be capable of producing certain rare plants.
Every state should call for this kind of analytic help, until we make
the United States the garden of the world.
 XIX
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY ON PURE FOODS
 DIETETICS
his subject of the relative value of foods is one that
interests every individual. The Department of Agriculture
is making a brave effort to secure a law regulating
interstate and international commerce, requiring that all
foods sent from one state to another, or to foreign
countries, shall be labeled for just what they are, and shall conform
to the government standard in excellence.
For instance, renovated or "process" butter is now passing its ordeal.
"Process" butter means that a large quantity of butter has been sent
to a factory or elsewhere, and there worked together and colored to
secure uniformity of appearance, and then placed on the market.
The government requires that it shall be properly labeled. It is of
less nutritive value than either oleomargarine or butterine. A
government leaflet gives householders and merchants full directions
for discovering the real value of anything called butter. Every farmer
should secure a copy of the Agricultural Year-book.
I remember once, a number of years ago, at a table in London,
discussing with some merchants from South America the subject of
buying their goods in the United States instead of England.
One man from British Guiana said: "It is impossible to deal with the
United States; they have no food-test laws, and we buy one thing
and get another. Then take machinery and implements. The first
three or four purchases will be all right, after which they put off on
us shelf-worn goods which they could not sell at home."
When the government can put an official stamp on each article
exported it will be good for the permanence of our export trade.
No such general law now exists, and the best our government can
do is to certify that the goods comply with the standard of the
country to which they are to be sent. It is believed that many of the
preservatives used with food products are harmless to the human
body, and a scientific test of this was conducted in December, 1902.
The Agricultural Department called upon the young scientists of the
colleges and universities to assist in settling this question. A picked
body of students were supplied with the purest food to bring them
to perfect condition, and soups, meats, vegetables, jellies, etc.,
containing preservatives claimed to be harmless will be given them,
and as soon as a touch of dyspepsia is manifest the test will be
dropped. It was doubtful whether football and baseball managers,
not to mention such insignificant factors as professors and mothers,
would consent that their favorites should be submitted to such
experiments. But scientists are earnest seekers for truth, and
enough subjects were readily found to make the trial.
It is not so much the making of impure foods that is objected to as it
is an effort to provide that goods shall be labeled for what they are—
that is, a can labeled raspberry jam shall not consist of gelatine with
a few raspberry seeds and juice used for coloring, but shall be the
real thing.
In recent testimony before Congress a case of this kind was brought
out. A certain firm made jelly from the refuse of apples—that is,
rotten and wilted apples, peelings and cores, stuff which when made
cost the firm one and a half cents a pound—and this they sold as
apple and currant jelly, selling hundreds of buckets. The government
forced the firm to label the buckets correctly, and the sale became
insignificant. Now, the poor need cheap foods, but it is not fair that
they should have to pay more than a thing is worth; besides, such
frauds interfere with the industry of the farmer's wife who sells pure
jelly.
The government now sends agents into every city, who buy from the
shelves of grocers just what they offer for sale. The grocer, of
course, does not recognize the government agent. The stuff is then
sent to the laboratory, and the grocer and manufacturer notified as
to results. The latter is told that his formula will be published, and
before that is done he will be permitted to offer any statement that
he may think advisable.
We are apt to think the "embalmed" meat agitation during the
Spanish war will injure the trade of the country more than the war
itself, but that agitation was right if it saved the health of even one
soldier, and, above all, if it secures society in the future against
deleterious canned meats.
It is well known, tho not approved by the government, that there
are several canneries in the West where horse-flesh only is used.
The government watches them closely and forces them to label the
goods for just what they are. These goods are sent to such foreign
countries as do not object to the use of horse-flesh.
Most States have stringent food laws, but so much food is sent from
the State in which it is produced to another that State laws become
inoperative.
The government finds glucose (not in itself harmful) to be the basis
of many frauds. Colored and flavored it is sold as honey, and it is the
foundation of very many jams. Cocoas and chocolates are made
from wheat, corn, rice, potatoes; pepper, cinnamon, allspice,
nutmegs, and mustards are made from almost every cereal. Pure
vinegar is rare. Almost any kind of wine can be drawn from the same
spigot, colored and flavored to suit the requirements of the wine
desired.
Sometimes in foreign lands I have thought that London particularly
needs a commission on pure coffee. I think I shall know the taste of
chicory as long as I live from experiences in that city.
Most foreign countries make stringent food laws chiefly on liquors
and butter. Germany draws close lines on meat, including all forms
of sausage, with some restrictions on butter, wine, coloring on toys,
and coloring matter generally.
Every European country has stringent laws on the composition of
beer. I wonder how long American beer which rots the shoes of the
bartender, and brings paralysis to his right hand, would be tolerated
in Germany or Britain? At the Buffalo Exposition, in the government
display, was one sample of "peach brandy," the formula of which
was forty gallons of proof spirits, one-half pound of an essence, one
quart of sugar syrup, and a sufficient amount of coloring matter. The
"bead oil" on the same shelf, it was claimed, was a solution of soap
intended to produce a "bead" on liquors, and thereby give the
appearance of age.
Could anything better prove the need of a government standard
than the above, or the further facts that one man is now in the
penitentiary for fraudulent use of the United States mail in
advertising ground soapstone as a flour adulterant, and that fifteen
cheaper oils are now used to adulterate pure olive oil?
If I were a young college woman I would go in for chemistry, and
make myself a food specialist for grocers, exporters, and importers. I
would make my home in some large institution where the food
question as to what nutriments the body needs, and what will
produce best results at the least cost, could be tested scientifically. I
would take the cook and her helpers into a loving partnership to
improve the dietetics of the establishment, and yet reduce expenses.
There is a new business now ready for earnest college women.
 XX
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

he Department of the Interior was created by act of

Congress in 1849. When the names of its subdivisions
are enumerated, it will readily be seen that no adequate
description of it can be given in one or two chapters.
It comprises the Patent Office, the Pension Office,
General Land Office, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Education,
Commissioner of Railroads, and the Office of the Geological Survey.
Each office is managed by a commissioner or director, who has
under him a large force of officials and clerks.
In the chief building of the Department of the Interior, fronting on F
Street, and extending from Seventh to Ninth, and from F to G
Streets, may be found the Patent Office of the United States. No
other department so well reveals the inventive genius of the most
inventive people on earth.
Once at a table in Paris a Frenchman said to me: "The Americans
are inventors because they are lazy."
"Well," I said, "I have heard many surprising charges against my
countrymen, but that excels all. How do you make that out?"
"Well, I am a manufacturer. I set an American boy to keep a door
open; before half an hour he has invented a machine which will
open and shut it, and I find my boy playing marbles."
 Photo by Clinedinst

THE PATENT OFFICE

"Sensible boy! Yes, with that view of it, maybe we are; we certainly
do not care to do by hand that which a machine can better
perform."
The Patent Office is one of the few departments which is more than
self-supporting. In the year 1836 but one patent was taken out;
during the year ending December 31, 1901, the total number of
applications was 46,449. The total receipts for the year were
$6,626,856.71; total expenditures, $1,297,385.64—leaving a balance
far over five million dollars in favor of the government.
There are divisions for different classes of inventions. When a patent
is applied for, examiners make all necessary investigations, and
carefully look into the invention claimed to be new, comparing it,
part by part, with patents already existing before determining
whether a patent can be granted. They have a library with plates
and descriptions of about everything under the sun. From this library
inventors can have books and plates sent them in order to compare
their work with inventions now existing.
The Secretary of the Interior is a member of the President's Cabinet,
and receives $12,000 per year. He has charge of the Capitol
(through the architect), the Insane Asylum, and the College for
Mutes—indeed, it would seem that his work is sufficient for ten
Secretaries.
There is an Assistant Secretary of the Interior, who receives $4,000
per annum, and commissioners of different divisions and bureaus
who receive from $3,000 to $6,000 annually.
Many officers of this department could command higher salaries in
the commercial world, but these positions secure honor and respect
not only for the man himself but also for his descendants, hence
these commissionerships are very desirable. For that reason men
give up a legal practise or a railroad position, bringing salaries eight
or ten times as large.
The present Secretary, Ethan Allen Hitchcock,[4] of Missouri, great-
grandson of Ethan Allen, of Vermont, has a wide experience in
manufacturing, railroad, and mining interests, and has served as
Ambassador to Russia. He was called to his present place in 1898.
4. Ethan Allen Hitchcock, Secretary of the Interior under Presidents McKinley
and Roosevelt, died April 9, 1909, age seventy-four.
The Secretary in his report for 1901 entreats that at least twenty
more persons of fine mechanical ability be appointed as examiners,
as his force is much behind in their work, altho many labor far over
allotted time.
The Bureau of Education, established in 1867, is probably as little
known to the general public as any branch of the government. It is a
clearing-house.
The Commissioner of Education, Hon. William T. Harris,[5] is one of
the great educators of the world. It is probable if the teachers of the
United States could have a personal vote, their unanimous choice
would fall upon Dr. Harris as their Commissioner. The offices of the
Bureau of Education are in a brick building at the corner of G and
Eighth Streets.
5. In July, 1906, Commissioner Harris retired on a Carnegie pension and Prof.
Elmer Ellsworth Brown, of California, became Commissioner of Education.
The Commissioner has about forty assistants, who are confined to
about twenty-eight rooms. This office collects, tabulates, and reports
on all schools in the United States. Any one who desires to compare
the curriculums of different institutions consults the Commissioner's
report. Or should one desire to know what is being done in Europe,
or any other part of the world, along the line of art in schools, or
manual or industrial training, or the advanced education for women,
all such inquiries can be answered by reference to the
Commissioner's report.
This bureau is held in high estimation in Europe. Many of the South
American republics and some Asiatic countries are trying, through
the reports of Dr. Harris, to model their school systems after that of
the United States.
Miss Frances G. French has charge of the foreign correspondence,
and tabulates statistics and reports on thirty-two foreign countries.
The school work presented by the Department of Education at Paris
in 1900 secured favorable commendation from the best educators of
Europe. Only three commissioners have preceded Dr. Harris: Hon.
Henry Barnard, 1867-1870; Hon. John Eaton, 1870-1886; Hon. N. H.
R. Dawson, 1886-1889. The latter was a brother-in-law of Abraham
Lincoln. Dr. Harris was appointed by President Harrison, September,
1889. The best work of the Bureau of Education lies in bringing
about homogeneity in the work of education throughout the United
States. Without the tabulated work of the Superintendents of States,
how would the Superintendent of, say, one of the Dakotas, know
whether the work of the public schools of his State corresponds with
the work done in New York or Pennsylvania? Yet the boy educated in
Dakota may have to do his life-work in Pennsylvania. Then the
Commissioner's report keeps us informed what the State, Nation, or
Church is doing for the education of the colored race, the Indian, or
the people of our new possessions.
A short extract from the Commissioner's report of 1899 will give an
idea of the tabulated work for women:
The barriers to woman's higher education seem effectually removed, and to-
day eight-tenths of the colleges, universities, and professional schools of the
United States are open to women students. As is stated by ex-President Alice
Freeman Palmer, of Wellesley College, "30,000 girls have graduated from
colleges, while 40,000 more are preparing to graduate." The obtaining of a
collegiate education gives the women more ambition to enter a profession, or,
if they decide to marry, it is stated that—
The advanced education they have received has added to their natural
endowments wisdom, strength, patience, balance, and self-control ... and
in addition to a wise discharge of their domestic duties, their homes have
become centers of scientific or literary study or of philanthropy in the
communities where they live.
It is stated that the advancement of women in professional life is less rapid
than in literature. The training of women for medical practise was long
opposed by medical schools and men physicians. Equally tedious was the
effort to obtain legal instruction and admission to the legal profession, and
even to-day the admission to theological schools and the ministry is seriously
contested; yet all these professions are gradually being opened to women. In
1896-97 there were in the United States 1,583 women pursuing medical
studies to 1,471 in 1895-96; in dentistry, 150 women in 1896-97 to 143 in
1895-96; in pharmacy, 131 in 1896-97 to 140 in 1895-96. In law courses of
professional schools were 131 women in 1896-97 to 77 in 1895-96; in
theological courses 193 women in 1896-97.
The only aggressive work done by this bureau is in Alaska, and of
this Dr. Sheldon Jackson[6] is agent or superintendent. Besides doing
a great work in education, this department has brought about 1,300
deer from Siberia to take the place of dogs, mules, and horses in
transportation, and at the same time to give milk, butter, cheese,
and meat to the population. The reindeer are self-supporting, living
on the moss which grows abundantly.
6. Dr. Sheldon Jackson died May 2, 1909.
These animals are loaned to individuals or missions, and at the end
of five years the government requires an equivalent number to be
returned. The Eskimo, the Lapp, and the Finn become expert in
handling these herds, now numbering many thousands. By them
mails are carried, and whalers, sealers, miners, and soldiers rescued
from starvation, danger, or death.
The education as well as religious training of Alaska is up to this time
conducted through the mission stations, all of which are visited,
encouraged, and assisted by Dr. Jackson.
The Youth's Companion tersely states the present condition of
things:
When the churches first planned to send missionaries and teachers into
Alaska, representatives of the several denominations met and divided the
territory among them. Should the traveler ask the ordinary Alaskan miner
what is the result of effort, he would probably be answered that there has
been no result. The miner, in the words of Dr. Sheldon Jackson, is
unconscious that the very fact of his presence there at all is the direct
outcome of Christian missions. In 1877 Sitka and St. Michaels were armed
trading-posts, out of which the soldiers shut the natives every night, that the
inhabitants might rest in safety. For ten years not a single whaler dared to
stay overnight at Cape Prince of Wales, so savage was the native population.
Now, in all those ports, the miner and whaler and traveler can dwell in safety,
because of the civilizing work of the missionaries. Probably ten thousand
natives have been brought under Christian influences, and many public as
well as mission schools have been opened.
Among the Moravian missions of the Yukon Valley few of the natives can read
or write. At bedtime a bell rings, and the entire population goes to the
churches. A chapter in the Bible is read, a prayer offered, a hymn sung; and
the men, women, and children return to their homes and go to bed. Where in
the United States can be found a better record?
In introducing religion with the arts, sciences, and conveniences of
civilization, Dr. Jackson's work reminds one of the words of Whittier: