REMINDER

Sec. 15 (R.A. 11131)

Areas for the Licensure Examination:
●Criminal Law and Jurisprudence
●Law Enforcement Administration
●Crime Detection and Investigation
●Forensic
●Correctional Administration
●Criminal Sociology
 PERCENTAGE WEIGHT & NO. OF ITEMS & DISTRIBUTION
TOPICS DISTRIBUTION

1. Introduction to Criminology 3% 15

2. Theories of Crime Causation 3% 15

3. Human Behavior and Victimology 3% 15

4. Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards 2% 10

5. Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice System

3% 15

6. Dispute Resolution and Crisis/Incident Management

2% 10

7. Criminological Research 1 and 2 4% 20

TOTAL 20% 100

 01
chapter
UNDERSTANDING
CRIMINOLOGY
.
Learning outcomes
After discussing this chapter, the students are
expected to:
Explore the various definitions of criminology;
Discuss the nature, scope, and divisions of the
study of criminology;
Describe the various approaches in the study of
criminology;
Identify the allied sciences in the study of
criminology; and
Distinguish criminology from criminal justice and
forensic science
Intro to criminology

What is criminology?

Is criminology considered
as a science ?
 Etymology
The etymology of the word CRIMINOLOGY is
derived from the Latin term 'crimen’, which
means accusation; and the Greek word
‘logos’, which means study.
 Defining Criminology
In a simple sense, criminology refers to the scientific study
of crimes and criminal behaviors.
It is the scientific study of the nature, extent, causes, and
control of criminal behavior in both the individual and in
society.
Criminology is both an interdisciplinary and a
multidisciplinary field in the behavioral sciences, dealing with
the study of crimes and criminal behaviors in society. It gathers
and analyses data on various aspects of crime and criminal
behavior.
According to Edwin H. Sutherland&
DONALD CRASSEY
“Criminology is the entire body of knowledge
regarding crime as a social phenomenon.
It includes within its scope the process of
making laws, of breaking laws, and the
society’s reaction towards the breaking of
laws.”

DEAN OF MODERN CRIMINOLOGY

 Donald Taft, refers to criminology in a
general sense as the study of crime and
criminals.
In a specific sense, it seeks to study criminal
behavior; its goal is to reform the criminal
behavior or conduct of the individual that
society condemns.
 Origin of the word
“Criminology”

In 1885, Rafael Garofalo, an

Italian Law Professor coined
the term “Criminologia”
 Origin of the word
“Criminology”
In 1889, Paul Topinard, French
Anthropologist, usedthe term
“Criminologie” in French for the first
time.
CRIMINOLOGY AS A
SCIENCE
Merriam-Webster dictionary
defines criminology as a scientific study of
crime and criminals.
It is commonly defined as a scientific study of the
nature, extent, causes, and control of criminal
behavior in both the individual and in society.
 Thus, modern criminologists agree that
criminology is best described as a social
science dealing with the functional aspects
of human behavior, and in which, scientific
methods and approaches are used to
discover criminogenic causes and
correlations.
Arguments against criminology
as a science
Edwin H. Sutherland and Donald
Cressey
-both American Criminologists
-argued that criminology is not a
science but it has hope of becoming
a science due to the fact that it lacks
universal validity and acceptance.
Arguments against criminology
as a science
George L. Wilker argued that anti-social
behavior in society cannot be scientifically
interpreted.
According to him, general propositions of
universal validity are the essence of a
science.
Such propositions can only be made regarding
stable and homogenous units.
Crime is not a stable homogenous unit but
varies from place to place and from time to time.
Arguments against criminology
as a science

Max Weber, a German criminologist, argued that

criminology as a branch of sociology merely
researches into components of human behavior
without providing solutions, unlike normal
sciences
Arguments against criminology
as a science

Herman Manheim argued that criminology is

not a science as it has no techniques and
methods of its own and that it borrows heavily
from others fields.
 Arguments against criminology
as a science

REPUBLIC ACT 11131

Section 3(c) – Definition of Terms
“Criminology” refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and victims.
It also deals with the making of laws, the breaking of laws, and the reaction to laws,
and the scientific study of the human behavior as it is related to criminality.
 CRIMINOLOGY VS CRIMINAL
JUSTICE

Criminology is a more theoretical Forensic science utilizes scientific

practice, seeking to understand the disciplines (dactyloscopy, ballistics,
cause of crime, and studying questioned documents, DNA
criminal behavior in the context of analysis) in relation to specific
societal impacts and responses. questions of law.
 CRIMINAL JUSTICE
Criminology
 SCOPE OF
CRIMINOLOGY
1.Making of laws
-Laws are formulated based on the consensus will of the people.
They are enacted out of public sentiments and as responses to social
deviance and criminality.
2.Breaking of laws
– Violations of laws are deemed violations of the consensus will of the
society. Criminologists study and investigate why people commit crimes
or violate the law.
3.Reaction towards the breaking of laws

– Society reacts by punishing the lawbreaker.

 Scope in the Study of
Criminology
1.Criminal sociology – study of the effects of social conditions on crime and criminals
including the machinery of justice and the evolution of criminal law and punishment.
2.Criminal psychiatry – the study of the human mind in relation to criminality.
3.Criminal ecology – the study of criminality in relation to spatial distribution
in a community.
4.Criminaldemography – study of the relationship between crime and population. It includes
demographic profiles such as age, gender, education, work, etc.
5. Criminal epidemiology – study of the relationship between environment and criminality.
Epidemiology is the science of why and how diseases spread through different populations.
It uses carefully designed research studies and statistics to identify patterns and determine links
between cause and effect. Criminology, meanwhile, is the scientific study of crime and criminals.
6.Criminal physical anthropology – the study of criminality in relation to the physical
constitution of men.
 Nature of criminology
.Applied
1 science – It can be said that criminology is an applied
science because of its practical or empirical use in every life in
society. Its theoretical principles are instrumental to social
security, peace and order, and public safety.
2.Social science – Criminology is basically a social science.
Since crime is the main object of the study of criminology as a
social phenomenon
3.Dynamic – The study of criminology is dynamic. Its
approaches may change as social conditions change.
4.Nationalistic – the study of criminology is jurisdictional or
nationalistic. This means that the study of crimes must be in
relation to the existing criminal law within a given territory or
country.
 Divisions of Criminology
1.Criminal Etiology – Refers to the scientific study of how and why people
commit crimes.
2.Sociology of Law –. The study of law and its application. It deals with the
scientific analysis of the conditions under which laws have developed as a
process of social control.
3.Penology –The study that deals with the punishment and the treatment of
criminals.
4.Victimology – The study of the victimization process. It deals with the
scientific analysis of the role of the victim in the development and
commission of a crime.
5.Criminalistics – Refers to the application of scientific techniques in collecting and
analyzing physical evidence in criminal cases. Also known as the study of criminal things.
Modern Branches of Criminology
1.Peacemaking criminology – It is a perspective on crime that suggests that alternative
methods can be used to create peaceful solutions to crime. Peacemaking criminology is a
non-violent movement against oppression, social injustice, and violence as found
within criminology, criminal justice, and society in general.

2.Critical criminology – It is a theoretical perspective in criminology that focuses on challenging

traditional understandings and uncovering false beliefs about crime and criminal justice, often but not
exclusively by taking a conflict perspective, such as Marxism, feminism, political, economy theory, or
critical theory.
3.Green criminology – Green criminology is also known as environmental criminology.
4.Cyber Criminology – Refers to the study of the causation of crimes that occur
in cyberspace and its impact on the physical space.
Perspectives of Criminology
1.Legal perspective – Initially, criminology examines crime from a legal point of view.
This means that the criminal behavior is examined as it is in violation of the law.
Sometimes this means that criminologists will evaluate the law themselves, while other times
this means that criminologists will examine how criminal laws are created by criminal
activities.
2.Political perspective – In this regard, crime is deemed to be caused by breaking laws
created by powerful political groups. Those who support this point of view indicate that
laws exist to further the interest of the politically powerful. Crimes consist of activities that
the powerful believe to be a threat to their interests. As a result, the laws do not always relate
to what one might naturally think of as right and wrong.
3.Sociological perspective – This view focuses on the social, demographic, and economic
problems that give rise to crime. For example, this perspective considers an offender's
home situation, employment, race, education level, social situation, and more to assess why
an offender committed a crime.
4.Legal perspective – Initially, criminology examines crime from a legal point of view. This
means that the criminal behavior is examined as it is in violation of the law.
Sometimes this means that criminologists will evaluate the law themselves, while other times
this means that criminologists will examine how criminal laws are created by criminal
activities.
5.Political perspective – In this regard, crime is deemed to be caused by breaking laws
created by powerful political groups. Those who support this point of view indicate that
laws exist to further the interest of the politically powerful. Crimes consist of activities that
the powerful believe to be a threat to their interests. As a result, the laws do not always
relate to what one might naturally think of as right and wrong.
6.Sociological perspective – This view focuses on the social, demographic, and
economic problems that give rise to crime. For example, this perspective considers an
offender's home situation, employment, race, education level, social situation, and more to
assess why an offender committed a crime.
 Allied Sciences in Criminology
1.Sociology – The study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society.
Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions. A social science that
studies human societies, their interactions, and the processes that preserve and change them.
The sociology of crime refers to the study of the making, breaking, and enforcing of criminal
laws. It aims to understand empirically and to develop and test theories explaining criminal
behavior, the formation and enforcement of laws, and the operation of the criminal justice
system.
2.Psychology – The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those
affecting behavior in a given context. Psychology is the study of mind and behavior.
Criminal psychology, also referred to as criminological psychology, is the study of the views,
thoughts, intentions, actions, and reactions of criminals and all who participate in criminal
behavior. The science that studies behavior and the mental processes of the criminal.
3.Psychiatry – The science of diagnosing and treating mental disorders. It is a branch of
medicine concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illness. The science
that deals with the study of crime through forensic psychiatry, is the study of criminal behavior
in terms of motives and drives. Psychiatric criminology also called forensic psychiatry, is the
application of the scientific process to the study of crime. It deals with the examination of
offenders from a psychiatric standpoint.
4.Biology – It is a branch of science that deals with living organisms and their vital
processes. Biology primarily deals with the structure, function, growth, evolution,
and distribution of organisms. Biological theories within the field
of criminology attempt to explain behaviors contrary to societal expectations
through examination of the individual. Biology claims that the genetic
disposition is responsible for criminal behavior.
5.Law – Law and criminology are intertwined in the study of crime, criminal
behavior, and punishment. Law provides a legal definition of what is crime, the
processes involving law violation, and the punishment and treatment of law
violators
6.Forensic science – Refers to the application of the methods of the natural and
physical sciences to matters of law. Any science used within the criminal justice
system. The application of scientific principles and techniques to matters of
criminal justice especially as relating to the collection, examination, and
analysis of physical evidence. The application of scientific knowledge and
methodology to legal problems and criminal investigations.
THANK Y OU F OR
L IS TE NING
 02
THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
CRIMINOLOGY
 Learning Outcomes
After discussing this chapter, the students are expected to:
1.Explain the evolution of the development of criminology
2.Identify the notable pioneers in the development of criminology and
their contributions
3.Describe the social condition of the European empire before the age of
enlightenment.
4.Illustrate the extent of the influence of Beccaria’s “On crimes and
punishments” in the modern world.
Bowling and Ross in their paper on the evolution
of criminology as an academic discipline state
that criminology is one of the fastest growing
academic fields around the world.
 Four major eras of human civilization
1.Dark Ages
– Refers to the classical or date of antiquity in
the European civilization. Human beings in this
era are mostly governed by their belief and
instinctive behavior.
During this period, the demonological theory
was the popular explanation of crime wherein
the offender is believed to be succumbed or
subdued by the demon or devil spirit. To get free
of the devil, people resorted to rituals to drive
away the evil spirit in their bodies.
2.Middle Ages
– In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or
medieval period lasted approximately from the
5th to the late 15th centuries. It began with the fall
of the Western Roman Empire and transitioned into
the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery.
Christianity spread throughout Europe and the
Mediterranean area during the Middle Ages.
The popular explanation of crime during this period is
the divine theory. Under this theory, people are
assumed to conduct themselves in accordance with
the divine will. Thus, when someone behaves badly,
he will be punished to exonerate him of his
wrongdoing.
3.Age of Enlightenment
– The Age of Enlightenment-era may also
be referred to as the Age of Discovery, the
Age of Reason, or the golden era. Towards
the 17 century scientists begun to use logic
th

and reason to explain existing phenomena,

including crime and criminal behavior.
4.Modern Age – The modern age in criminology refers to
the 21st-century approach to studying crime and
criminal behavior. Most of the modern criminologists use
integrative methods in analyzing crime causation.
Criminologists also seemed to narrow down the playing field
and try to focus on a specific object of interest like focusing
on crimes perpetrated through computer and cyberspace,
which is now called “cyber criminology”; and the study of
crimes against nature and the environment, which now
called “green criminology”.
 Notable personalities in the development of
criminology and their contributions
The development of criminology gained its foundation
in the late 18th century, when various movements,
imbued with humanitarianism, questioned the cruelty,
arbitrariness, and inefficiency of the criminal justice
and prison systems, such as the following notable
personalities and their contributions:
Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)
– On crimes and punishments
best known for his essay, “On Crimes and Punishment”
which presented key ideas on the abolition of torture as torture
as legitimate means extracting confession.
His book contains almost all modern Penal reforms but its
 Portfolio
What can you say about your projects? Share it here!

Elaborate on what
you want to discuss.
 Let's Use Some Percent
Elaborate on the featured statistic

Elaborate on what
you want to discuss.

Elaborate on the Elaborate on the Elaborate on the

featured statistic. featured statistic. featured statistic.
 Specialist
s
Elaborate on what
you want to discuss.

Name Name
Elaborate on what Elaborate on what
you want to discuss. you want to discuss.
 0
About Us
3
Elaborate on what you want to discuss.
Key Points To Remember
Presentations are communication
tools that can be used as
demonstrations, lectures, speeches,
reports, and more. It is mostly
presented before an
audience.Presentations are
communication tools that can be used
as demonstrations, lectures,
speeches, reports, and more. It is
mostly presented before an audience.
 Timeline Page

Add a main point Add a main point

Elaborate on what Elaborate on what
you want to Add a main point you want to Add a main point
discuss. discuss.
Elaborate on what Elaborate on what
you want to you want to
discuss. discuss.
Write an original
statement or
inspiring quote
— Include a credit, citation, or supporting message
Contact Us
Elaborate on what
you want to discuss.

123 Anywhere St., Any City,ST 12345

123-456-7890

[email protected]

@reallygreatsite

reallygreatsite.com
Resource Page
Use these design resources in
your Canva Presentation.
This presentation
template uses the
following free fonts:

1.Titles: Permanent Marker

2.Headers: Permanent Marker
3.Body Copy: Roboto Mono

You can find these fonts online

too. Happy designing!

Don't forget to delete this page

before presenting.
 Credits

This presentation template is free for

everyone to use thanks to the following:
SlidesCarnival for the presentation template
Pexels for the photos

Happy designing!