ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

3 rd
SEMESTER
LABORATORY (21ECL35)
MANUAL
3RD SEMESTER B.E

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Smt. Kamala and Sri. Venkappa M Agadi College of Engineering and Technology,
Lakshmeshwar
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

LABORATORY MANUAL
21ECL35
SEMESTER – III (EC) CBCS scheme

Prepared By: 1)Prof.Shashidhar P K

2)Mr. Amarappa Pagi

2022-23
 SKSVMA Charitable Trust (Regd.)

Smt. Kamala & Sri Venkappa M Agadi College of Engineering & Technology
Lakshmeshwar 582116 Dist: Gadag
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to VTU Belagavi, ISO 9001:2015 Certified)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Laboratory Name: ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY

Subject Code: 21ECL35

Branch : ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Semester: 3
 ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB (21ECL35)
SEMESTER – III (EC)
[As per NEP, OBE & CBCS scheme]

CONTENTS

Sl. PARTICULARS Page

No. No.
i Laboratory Safety Information 02
ii Circuit Trouble Shooting Hints 03
iii Component Symbol and Description 04
iv Bread Board Connection Diagram and Standard Resistor Values - Color Coding 06
v CIE Marks Scheme of Evaluation 07
v General Procedure to be followed by the student 08
vi VTU Syllabus 09

PART A : Analog Electronics Experiments using Discrete components

1. Design and set up the BJT common emitter voltage amplifier with and without feedback and
02
determine the gain- bandwidth product, input and output impedances.
2. Design and set-up BJT/FET i) Colpitt’s Oscillator, and ii) Crystal Oscillator iii) RC phase shift 06
Oscillator
3. Design and setup the circuits using Op-Amp i) Adder, ii) Integrator, iii) Differentiator and iv) 11
Comparator
4. Obtain the static characteristics of SCR and test SCR Controlled HWR and FWR using RC 15
triggering circuit.
5. Design 4 bit R – 2R Op-Amp Digital to Analog Converter (i) using 4 bit binary input from 20
toggle switches and (ii) by generating digital inputs using mod-16 counter.
6. Test the precision rectifiers using opamp: i) Half wave rectifier ii) Full wave rectifier 23
7. Design Monostable and a stable Multivibrator using 555 Timer. 25
PART-B : Digital Electronics Experiments using ICs
8. Design and implement: (a) Half Adder & Full Adder using basic gates and NAND gates,
(b) Half subtractor & Full subtractor using NAND gates, 30
(c) 4-variable function using IC74151(8:1MUX).
9. Realize: (i) Binary to Gray code conversion & vice-versa (IC74139), (ii) BCD to Excess-3 code
35
conversion and vice versa
10. a) Realize using NAND Gates: (i) Master-Slave JK Flip-Flop, ii) D Flip-Flop and iii) T Flip-Flop
b) Realize the shift registers using IC7474/7495: 40
(i) SISO (ii) SIPO (iii) PISO (iv) PIPO (v) Ring counter and (vi) Johnson counter.

11. Realize: (a) Design Mod – N Synchronous Up Counter & Down Counter using 7476 JK Flip- 47
flop, (b) Mod-N Counter using IC7490 / 7476 & (c) Synchronous counter using IC74192
12. Pseudorandom sequence generator using IC7495 52

Pin Configurations of Digital and Analog ICs 54

1
 Laboratory Safety Information
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

To work safely, it is important that you understand the prudent practices necessary to
minimize the risks and what to do if there is an accident.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Electrical Shock
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Avoid contact with conductors in energized electrical circuits.

Electrocution has been reported at de voltages as low as 42 volts. Just 100 mA of

current passing through the chest is usually fatal.

Muscle contractions can prevent the person from moving away while being
electrocuted.

Do not touch someone who is being shocked while still in contact with the electrical
conductor or you may also be electrocuted.

Make sure your hands are dry.

The resistance of dry, unbroken skin is relatively high and thus reduces the risk of
shock. Skin that is broken, wet or damp with sweat has a low resistance.

When working with an energized circuit, work with only your right hand, keeping your
left hand away from all conductive material. This reduces the likelihood of an accident
that results in current passing through your heart.

Be cautious of rings, watches, and necklaces. Skin beneath a ring or watch is damp,
lowering the skin resistance.

Shoes covering the feet are much safer than sandals.

2
 Circuit Trouble Shooting Hints
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Be sure that the power is turned on.

 Be sure the ground connections are common.

 Be sure the circuit you built is identical to that in the diagram. (Do a node-by-node
check)

 Be sure that the supply voltages are correct.

 Be sure you plug in cable to the right terminal in the multimeter to measure the
voltage/resistance (upper terminal) or the current (lower terminal).

 Be sure that the equipment is set up correctly and you are measuring the correct
parameter.

 Be sure the BJT’s collector and emitter terminals are in correct orientation.

 If steps 1 through 5 are correct, then you probably have used a component with the
wrong value or one that doesn't work.

 It is also possible that the equipment does not work (although this is not probable) or
the bread-board you are using may have some unwanted paths between nodes.

 To find your problem you must trace through the voltages in your circuit node by
node and compare the signal you have to the signal you expect to have.

 Finally, ask your lab assistant.

3
 Component Symbol and Description

Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component

Wire To pass current from one part of a circuit to another.

Wires connected at junctions should be staggered slightly

Wires joined
to form two T-junctions, as shown.

Wires crossing even though they are not

Wires not joined
connected.
The Fuse reacts as safety element to protect circuit
Fuse
against large current and sudden urges of current.

Switch
SPST = Single Pole, Single Throw. An on-off switch allows
(SPST) current to flow only when it is in the closed (on) position.

Cell Supplies electrical energy. The larger terminal is

Cell
positive (+). A single cell is often called a battery, but
strictly a battery is two or more cells joined together.
Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more than one cell.
Battery
The larger terminal is positive (+).

AC Supply This represents AC supply in the circuit.

This represents the DC power supply. It applies DC supply

DC Supply
to the circuit.

It is equivalent to theoretical 0 V and is used as zero

Ground potential reference. It is the potential of perfectly
conducting earth.
Fixed Resistor OR It is a device that opposes the flow of current in a circuit.
These two symbols are used to represent fixed resistor.
It is a two terminal variable resistor. They are generally
OR used to control the current in the circuit. Generally used in
Rheostat
tuning circuits and power control applications like heaters,
ovens etc
Capacitor stores the charge in the form of electrical
Capacitor
energy. It can be used in both AC and DC circuits.
Almost all electrolytic capacitors are polarized and hence
Electrolytic
used in DC circuits. It can also be used as a filter, to block
Capacitor
DC signals but pass AC signals.

4
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component

A coil of wire which creates a magnetic field when current

Iron Core Inductor
passes through it.
Two coils of wire linked by an iron core. Transformers are
used to step up (increase) and step down (decrease) AC
Transformer
voltages. Energy is transferred between the coils by the
magnetic field in the core. There is no electrical
connection between the coils.
A device which only allows current to flow in one
Diode
direction.

LED A transducer which converts electrical energy to light.

LDRs or photo-resistors are often used in circuits where it

LDR is necessary to detect the presence or the intensity level
of light.
A special diode which is used to maintain a fixed voltage
Zener Diode
across its terminals.
Transistor
A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other
(NPN)
components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.

A voltmeter is used to measure voltage. The proper name

Voltmeter
for voltage is 'potential difference', but most people
prefer to say voltage!

Ammeter An ammeter is used to measure current.

N-channel JFET is made by n-type silicon bars which form

JFET
two PN junctions at the side. Majority charge carriers here
N- Channel
are electrons.

MOSFET
The enhancement MOSFET structure has no channel
P-Channel
formed during its construction. Voltage is applied to the
gate, so as to develop a channel.

An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a DC-coupled high-

OPAMP gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input
and, usually, a single-ended output.

5
 Bread Board Connection Diagram
Internal Wire Connection

External Pin Connection

Standard Resistor Values and Color Coding

6
 LAB Class Internal Examination (CIE) Marks: 50

1 Lab wise Assessment Marks

a. Record 10M
Aim & apparatus -1 M
Circuit diagram and procedure -3 M
Theory -2 M
Design/Calculations and tables -3M
Result -1 M
b. Write-up / Design for every
experiment 05M
c. Observation /conduction/result 10M
d. Viva-voce 05M 30M
2 Lab Test Assessment
a. Test – 1 10M
b. Test - 2 10M 20M
Total: 50M

Semester End Examination (SEE) Marks: 50

7
 GENERAL PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED BY THE STUDENT

Minimum of 85% to be maintained. [Attendance at your regularly

scheduled lab period is required. An unexpected absence will result in loss
Attendance
of credit for your lab. If for valid reason a student misses a lab, or makes a
reasonable request in advance].
Punctuality Late entry to the lab NOT permitted.
Dress Code Should wear formal dress and shoe, No slippers.
No eating or drinking is allowed. Unnecessary roaming around the lab to
Conduct
be avoided. Noise level is to be kept to the absolute minimum.
Safety Students are to observe safety regulations at all times.
Equipment All mains and electrical equipment are to be switched off when not in use
Usage or when the lab session ends. Equipments need to handle smooth.
House Keeping Students should keep their work station neat and clean.
Record will be written individually. Please complete the cover Page and
certificate page: Include your name, USN, Subject Code, subject Code,
Lab records
Semester, Academic year. Fill Inside pages with Experiment No., Date and
Page No.
Each laboratory station is equipped with a Power supply, CRO, Function
Hardware
generator, Digital Multi-meter, components and PCBs. Students work in
Laboratory
groups of two, but maintain individual lab Observation books and submit
Usage
individual records.

8
 VTU SYLLABUS

ANALOG & DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

LABORATORY (21ECL35)

CIE Marks 50 SEE Marks 50

Teaching Hours/Week (L:T:P: S) 0:0:2:0

Course objectives:
This laboratory course enables students to
 Understand the electronic circuit schematic and its working
 Realize and test amplifier and oscillator circuits for the given specifications
 Realize the opamp circuits for the applications such as DAC, implement mathematical functions and
precision rectifiers.
 Study the static characteristics of SCR and test the RC triggering circuit.
 Design and test the combinational and sequential logic circuits for their functionalities.
Use the suitable ICs based on the specifications and functions.

LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

PART A : ANALOG ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENTS

1. Design and set up the BJT common emitter voltage amplifier with and without feedback and
determine the gain- bandwidth product, input and output impedances.
2. Design and set-up BJT/FET: i) Colpitts Oscillator, ii) Crystal Oscillator and iii) RC Phase shift oscillator
3. Design and set up the circuits using opamp: i) Adder, ii) Integrator, iii) Differentiator and iv)
Comparator

4. Obtain the static characteristics of SCR and test SCR Controlled HWR and FWR using RCtriggering
circuit.
5. Design 4 bit R – 2R Op-Amp Digital to Analog Converter (i) using 4 bit binary input from toggle
switches and (ii) by generating digital inputs using mod-16 counter.
6. Test the precision rectifiers using opamp: i) Half wave rectifier ii) Full wave rectifier
7. Design Monostable and a stable Multivibrator using 555 Timer.

PART-B : DIGITAL ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENTS

1. Design and implement

(a) Half Adder & Full Adder using basic gates and NAND gates,
(b) Half subtractor & Full subtractor using NAND gates,
(c) 4-variable function using IC74151(8:1MUX).
2. Realize
(i) Binary to Gray code conversion & vice-versa (IC74139),
(ii) BCD to Excess-3 code conversion and vice versa

9
 3. (a) Realize using NAND Gates:
i) Master-Slave JK Flip-Flop, ii) D Flip-Flop and iii) T Flip-Flop
b) Realize the shift registers using IC7474/7495:
(i) SISO (ii) SIPO (iii) PISO (iv) PIPO (v) Ring counter and (vi) Johnson counter.
4. Realize
a) Design Mod – N Synchronous Up Counter & Down Counter using 7476 JK Flip-flop
b) Mod-N Counter using IC7490 / 7476
(c) Synchronous counter using IC74192
5. Pseudorandom sequence generator using IC7495

Course outcomes (Course Skill Set):

At the end of the course the student will be able to:
1. Design and analyze the BJT/FET amplifier and oscillator circuits.
2. Design and test Opamp circuits to realize the mathematical computations, DAC and precision
rectifiers.
3. Design and test the combinational logic circuits for the given specifications.
4. Test the sequential logic circuits for the given functionality.
Demonstrate the basic electronic circuit experiments using SCR and 555 timer.

Conduct of Practical Examination:

• All laboratory experiments are to be included for practical examination.
• Students are allowed to pick one experiment from the lot.
• Strictly follow the instructions as printed on the cover page of answer script for breakup of marks.
• Change of experiment is allowed only once and Marks allotted to the procedure part to be made zero.

Suggested Learning Resources:

1. Fundamentals of Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab Manual, David A Bell, 5 th Edition, 2009, Oxford
University Press.
2. Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, Ramakant A Gayakwad, 4th Edition, Pearson Education,
2018. ISBN: 978-93-325-4991-3.
3. Fundamentals of Logic Design, Charles H Roth Jr., Larry L Kinney, Cengage Learning, 7th Edition.

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 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

PART - A

ANALOG ELECTRONICS
EXPERIMENTS
1) Design and set up the BJT common emitter voltage amplifier with and without feedback and
determine the gain- bandwidth product, input and output impedances.

2) Design and set-up BJT/FET i) Colpitt’s Oscillator, and ii) Crystal Oscillator iii) RC phase shift
Oscillator

3) Design and setup the circuits using Op-Amp i) Adder, ii) Integrator, iii) Differentiator and iv)
Comparator

4) Obtain the static characteristics of SCR and test SCR Controlled HWR and FWR using RC
triggering circuit.

5) Design 4 bit R – 2R Op-Amp Digital to Analog Converter (i) using 4 bit binary input from toggle
switches and (ii) by generating digital inputs using mod-16 counter.

6) Test the precision rectifiers using opamp: i) Half wave rectifier ii) Full wave rectifier

7) Design Monostable and a stable Multivibrator using 555 Timer.

1
ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
EXPERIMENT: 01:
Design and set up the BJT common emitter voltage amplifier with and without
feedback and determine the gain- bandwidth product, input and output impedances

AIM: To obtain the frequency response characteristics of a Current Series amplifier with and without
feedback and Obtain the bandwidth.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED :
Power supply 0-30V
CRO 20MHz 1No.
Signal generator 1-1MHz
Resistors 1kΩ, 4.7k, 8.2k, 2.2k, 33k,10K
Capacitors 10µF
Transistors SL100
Bread board CRO Probes

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: BJT amplifier without feedback

DESIGN

Let Vcc = 12V ; IC = 4mA ; VE = 2V ; VCEQ = 6V ; hfe (βDC) = 100.

To find RE :
Given VE = 2V. Therefore, RE = VE / IE  VE / IC = 500Ω Let RE = 470 ( standard)

To find RC :
From the collector loop writing KVL we get
VCC = ICRC + VCE + VE
 RC = (VCC – VCE – VE) / IC
RC = 1k RC = 1k ( standard)

2
ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
To find R1 and R2 :
The base current IB = IC / hfe = 4mA / 100 = 0.04mA
Let I1 be current through R1 and I1 be 10 times of IB
Writing the base loop KVL we get VB = VE + VBE = 2 + 0.7= 2.7V VB = 2.7V

Now, R1 = (VCC – VB) / I1

R1 = (12 - 2.7)/0.4m = 23.25 k R1 = 33 k (standard)
Also R2 = VB / (I1 – IB)

R2 = 2.7/0.36m =7.5 k R2 = 8.2 k (standard)

Input impedance ( Zin) :

In order to calculate the input impedance first calculate the value of Zin (base).
Zin (base) = re  where r e is the resistance of emitter diode.
re  25mV / IC = 25mV / 4mA = 6.25
Zin(base) = re = 100 * 6.25 = 625
The input impedance of an amplifier is the input impedance seen by the A.C. source driving the amplifier.

Therefore the biasing resistor R1 and R2 are included as follows Zin = (1+re)  R1  R2 Zin = 558 k

Output impedance (Zo) :

The output impedance is given by Zo = RC  RL
Let RL = 10 k. Therefore, Zo = 909 

To find CC1 , CC2 and CE :
Let FL = 100Hz (Lower cut-off frequency)
Input coupling capacitor: CC1 = 1 / ( 2**Zin*FL) = 1/( 2**558*100) =2.85 F CC1 = 4.7 F ( standard)
Output coupling capacitor: CC2 = 1 / ( 2**(RC + RL)*Fin) =1/(2**(1k + 10k)*100)= 0.144F

CC2 = 0.1F ( standard)

Design of bypass capacitors: CE
Emitter bypass capacitor CE = 1 / ( 2** re * FL) = 1/(2** 6.25 * 100)=254.6µF
CE =100F ( standard)

PROCEDURE

1. Rig up the circuit as per the given circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the D.C. power supply = 12V is given to the circuit.
3. Check the D.C. conditions without any input signal and record in table 1.
4. Select sine wave input and set the input signal amplitude to 20mV frequency at 1kHz
constant, and observe the input / output waves on the CRO and adjust the input amplitude
such that the output is undistorted waveform. Calculate mid-band gain using AV =
Vo(p-p) / Vin(p-p).
5. Keeping the input amplitude constant, vary the frequency from 100Hz to 2MHz and note
down the corresponding output voltage (p-p) in the table 2.
3
ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
6. Calculate gain in dB and plot the frequency response curve and find the bandwidth.

4
ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
[NOTE: The circuit with feedback = without bypass capacitor (CE)
The circuit without feedback = with bypass capacitor]

OBSERVATIONS: Table 1 : D.C. Conditions :

Parameter VRC VCE VE VBE VB

Theoretical 4 6 2 0.7 2.7

Practical

[NOTE: Use the tabular column separately for with and without feedback circuit]

Table 2: Frequency response with feedback Vin (P-P) = 20mV

Frequ Frequ
AV (dB) = AV (dB) =
ency Vo(p-p) AV = Vo(p-p) ency Vo(p-p) AV = Vo(p-p)
/ Vin(p-p) 20*log AV / Vin(p-p) 20*log AV
Hz Hz

100 50K

200 100K

300 300K

500 500K

700 600K

1K 700K

3K 800K

5K 900K

10K 1M

20K 2M

Measurement of Input Impedance

5
ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
PROCEDURE

1) Connect the circuit of Fig(1).

2) Set the following: i) DRB to zero. ii) Input (Vin) sine wave amplitude of 20mV. iii) Input sine wave
frequency to any mid band frequency (say,100 KHz).
3) Measure Vo(p-p).
4) Increase DRB till VO = Vo(p-p)/2. The corresponding DRB value gives the input impedance Zi.

Measurement of Output Impedance

PROCEDURE

1) Connect as in Fig(2).
2) Set the following: i) DRB to maximum value ii) Input (Vin) sine wave amplitude to 20mV. iii)
Input sine wave frequency to any mid band frequency (say, 100 KHz)
3) Measure Vo(p-p).
4) Decrease DRB till Vo = Vo(p-p)/2. The corresponding DRB value gives the output impedance Zo.

Bandwidth= fl-fh

Results:

With CE (Without feedback): Without CE: (With feedback):

Av (Mid-band) =. . . . . . Av (Mid-band) = . . . . . .
Bandwidth = ..................... Hz Bandwidth = ..................... Hz
Input impedance = ....... Ω Input impedance = ........Ω
Output impedance = .......... Ω Output impedance = .......... Ω
The RC-coupled amplifier was designed and rigged up and the parameters were found.

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Connections must be made with proper polarity.

2. Avoid loose and wrong connections.

6
ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
EXPERIMENT: 02
Design and set-up of Colpitt’s, Crystal Oscillator and RC Phase shift Oscillator using BJT

COLPITT’S OSCILLATOR

Aim: Design and set-up the Colpitt’s oscillator to determine the frequency of oscillation f o=100KHz
Using BJT

Components and equipments required:

Transistor SL 100,
Resistors 470Ω, 1KΩ 10KΩ and 33 KΩ;
Capacitors 0.1µf - 3nos,
Discrete inductances 100 µH – 2 nos,
Capacitor 470 pF – 2nos, Power supply, CRO,
Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Colpitt’s Oscillator

DESIGN:

Let Vcc = 12V ; IC = 4mA ; VE = 2V ; VCEQ = 6V ; hfe (βDC) = 100.

To find RE :
Given VE = 2V. Therefore, RE = VE / IE  VE / IC = 500Ω Let RE = 470 ( standard)
To find RC :
From the collector loop writing KVL we get
VCC = ICRC + VCE + VE
 RC = (VCC – VCE – VE) / IC
RC = 1k RC = 1k ( standard)

7
ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
To find R1 and R2 :
The base current IB = IC / hfe = 4mA / 100 = 0.04mA
Let I1 be current through R1 and I1 be 10 times of IB
Writing the base loop KVL we get VB = VE + VBE = 2 + 0.7= 2.7V VB = 2.7V
Now, R1 = (VCC – VB) / I1
R1 = (12 - 2.7)/0.4m = 23.25 k R1 = 33 k (standard)
Also R2 = VB / (I1 – IB)
R2 = 2.7/0.36m =7.5 k R2 = 8.2 k (standard)
To find CC1 , CC2 and CE :

Let FL = 100Hz (Lower cut-off frequency)

Input coupling capacitor: CC1 = 1 / ( 2**Zin*FL) = 1/( 2**558*100) =2.85 F CC1 = 4.7 F ( standard)
Output coupling capacitor: CC2 = 1 / ( 2**(RC + RL)*Fin) =1/(2**(1k + 10k)*100)= 0.144F
CC2 = 0.1F ( standard)
Design of bypass capacitors: CE
Emitter bypass capacitor CE = 1 / ( 2** re * FL) = 1/(2** 6.25 * 100)=254.6µF
CE =100F ( standard)

PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the Power Supply and check the D.C conditions.
2. Check for the sinusoidal waveform at output. If the output is distorted adjust 1KΩ Potentiometer
to get perfect SINE wave.
3. Measure the period (T) of oscillation and calculate the frequency (fo) of oscillation.
4. Compare the measured frequency with re-computed theoretical value for the component values
connected.

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ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

9
ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
TABULATION
CAPACITANCE Theoretical
Inductance µF T fo=1/T Amplitude
Sl.No.
(L) Henry sec Hz Volts
C1 C2 Ceq
1
2
3

Model graph

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

Aim: Design and set-up the crystal oscillator and determine the frequency of oscillation.
Components and equipments required:
Transistor SL 100,
Crystal – 2MHz,
Resistors 470Ω, 1KΩ 10KΩ and 33 KΩ;
Capacitors 0.1µf - 2nos,
Power supply, CRO, Connecting wires
Theory: Crystal oscillators are used in order to get stable sinusoidal signals despite of variations in temperature,
humidity, transistor and circuit parameters. A piezo electric crystal is used in this oscillator as resonant tank
circuit. Crystal works under the principal of piezo-electric effect. i.e., when an AC signal applied across the crystal,
it vibrates at the frequency of the applied voltage. Conversely if the crystal is forced to vibrate it will generate
an AC signal. Commonly used crystals are Quartz, Rochelle salt etc.

(Design of amplifier using BJT is same as Colpitt’s oscillator excluding feedback circuit)

PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the Power Supply and check the D.C conditions.
2. Check for the sinusoidal waveform at output. If the output is distorted adjust 1KΩ Potentiometer
to get perfect SINE wave.
3. Measure the period (T) of oscillation and calculate the frequency (fo) of oscillation.
4. Compare the measured frequency with re-computed theoretical value for the component values
connected.

10
ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM : Crystal Oscillator

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

Aim: Design and set-up the RC Phase-shift oscillator and determine the frequency of oscillation.

Components and equipments required:

Transistor SL 100,
Resistors 470Ω, 1KΩ 10KΩ and 33 KΩ; 6.8 KΩ (3 nos),
Capacitors 0.01µf - 3nos, 0.1µf - 1no., 1µf – 1no.
Power supply, CRO, Connecting wires

Theory:
The amplifier part is an opamp. The output is 180⁰ out of phase with the input. The RC network has three
identical sections. Each section consists of a capacitor C and resistor R. The feedback network must produce a
phase shift of 180⁰. Each section must therefore produce a phase shift of 60⁰. The three-stage feedback

11
ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
network would have an attenuation of 1 /29 and to satisfy the Barkhausen criterion for oscillation, theamplifier
should have a gain of 29 or more. If the gain is just above 29, a pure sine wave will be generated. If the gain is
too high, there may be distortions in the output waveform.

DESIGN
The attenuation β of the three section RC feedback network is β = 1 /29. To meet the greater than unity loop
gain requirement, the closed loop voltage gain of opamp must be greater than 29. Given frequency, f = 1 kHz.
Also we know that, frequency of oscillations is given by,

Let R1 = R2 = R3=R and C1 = C2 = C3= C

Assume C = 0.01μF.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

RESULT: Observed the waveform and measured the frequency of oscillations.

Frequency of output waveform = ............. kHz

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ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
EXPERIMENT: 03:
Design Adder, Integrator, Differentiator and comparator circuits using Op-Amp

PIN DIGRAM of OPAMP:

Aim: i) Design an adder circuit using opamp and verify

ii) Design a differentiator circuit using opamp and verify
iii) Design an integrator circuit using opamp and verify
iv) Design an comparator circuit using opamp and verify

Components Rquired:
1. IC 741
2. Resistors as per design
3. Function generator
4. Regulated power supply
5. IC bread board trainer
6. CRO / Patch cards / CRO probes

THEORY:

ADDER: Op-amp can be used to design a circuit whose output is the sum of several input signals. Such a
circuit is called a summing amplifier or an adder. Summing amplifier can be classified as inverting & non-
inverting summer depending on the input applied to inverting & non-inverting terminals respectively. Circuit
Diagram shows an inverting summing amplifier with 2 inputs. Here the output will be amplified version of the
sum of the two input voltages with 1800 phase reversal.
Differentiator: It is an opamp circuit which performs the mathematical operation of differentiation. That is
the output waveform is the derivative or differentia l of the input voltage. That is Vo= - RfC d(Vin)/dt. The
differentiator circuit is constructed from basic inverting amplifier by replacing the input resistance Ri with
capacitor C. This circuit also works as high pass filter.
Integrator: It is a closed loop op-amp circuit which performs the mathematical operation of integration. That
is the output waveform is the integral of the input voltage and is given by Vo = ( -1/RfC) ∫ Vindt. The integrator
circuit is constructed from basic inverting amplifier by replacing the feedback resistance Rf with capacitor C.
This circuit also works as low pass filter.
Comparator: A voltage comparator is a two-input circuit that compares the voltage at one input to the voltage
at the other input. Usually one input is a reference voltage and the other input a time varying signal. If the time
varying input is below or above the reference voltage, then the comparator provides a low or high output
accordingly (usually the plus or minus power supply voltages, since the op-amp is used in the open loop
configuration, a small difference ( − ) makes the output to saturate).

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ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
Design an adder circuit using opamp and verify

Design: Vo = - if R1 = R2 = RF = R

Vo = - (V1+V2 ) ≡ output voltage is proportional to the algebraic sum of the input voltages, V1, V2

CIRCUIT DIGRAM: ADDER

PROCEDURE

Summing/Adder Amplifier:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Input DC voltages V1 and V2 are given and the corresponding output voltage Vo is measured
from Multi-meter or CRO.
3. Output varies as Vo = - (V1 + V2), since RF = R.

TABULATION
R1 R2 RF V1 V2 Vo (practical)
Sl.No Vo = - volts
Ω Ω Ω volts volts volts
1 1K 1K 1K 1 2

2 1K 3.3K 2.2K 1 2

Differentiator Integrator

Vout = - Rf C {dVin / dt}

The output Vout is Rf C times the differentiation of The output Vout is CRin times the integration of the input
the input voltage. voltage Vin.
The product Rf C is called as the RC time constant The product CRin is called as the RC time constant

Design: Design:

Given f = 1 KHz, sothat, T = 1/f = 1ms Given f =1 KHz So T = 1/f = 1ms

Design equation is T = 2πRfC Design equation is T = 2πRiC
Let C = 0.01µF Let C = 0.01µF
Then, Rf = 15KΩ Then Ri = 10KΩ Take Rf = 10Ri = 100KΩ
Let Ri = Rf/10 = 1.5KΩ

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ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
EX: Given Vp = 1 V and f = 1K Hz, CIRCIUT DIAGRAM
input voltage is Vi = Vp sin ωt
We know ω = 2πf
Hence Vo = - Rf C (dVi /dt ) = - 0.94 cosωt

CIRCIUT DIAGRAM

Tabulation

Type of circuit Input Square wave Output Wave

Amplitude Time period Amplitude Time period
Differentiator
Integrator

Expected Waveforms (Differentiator) (Integrator)

PROCEDURE

Differentiator/ Integrator:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. A square wave/ triangle wave of 4V (p-p) and frequency of 1KHZ from function generator is
applied to the inverting terminal (2) as input.
3. Using both channels of CRO, observe and record the corresponding amplitude and time period
for input/output for the frequencies of 500 Hz and 1kHz.
4. With the above data plot the output graphs with time on X-axis and voltage on Y-axis. Compare
this with the Equations given above.

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 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
COMPARATOR

Circuit diagram

Transfer characteristics

Expected Waveforms

PROCEDURE

1. Set up the circuit as shown in the diagram.

2. Set the input voltage 10 V peak to peak, 1 kHz in function generator, and apply this as input
signal to the circuit. Observe the output waveform in CRO.
3. Obtain the response for different Vr (say, Vr = 0V,±2V). Also, obtain the transfer characteristics.

RESULT: Theoretical and practical output values for adder and input/output waveforms/values of integrator,
differentiator and comparator are observed using opamp.

Viva questions 4. Define slew rate.

5. What are the applications of differentiator?
1. What are the ideal characteristics of an OP-AMP? 6. What are the applications of integrator?
2. Define OP-AMP. 7. What is a difference between inverting and non-
3. What do you mean by CMRR? inverting amplifier?
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ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
EXPERIMENT: 04
Static characteristics of SCR and SCR controlled
HWR and FWR using RC triggering circuit

AIM: 1) To plot the static characteristics of an SCR and to test the performance of HWR & FWR by
using RC triggering Circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1 SCR TYN604/612 (1)

2 Resistors 2.2KΩ, 300Ω 1 each
3 Ammeter (0-60mA) (1)
4 Voltmeter (0-60V) (1)
5 Regulated Power supply (0-30V) (2)
6 Transformer 230/12-0-12 V
7 CRO Probe -
8 Diode- BY127 6

THEORY:
An SCR is a 4-layer, 3-junction, 3-terminal device. When anode is positive w.r.t cathode, the curve
between VAK and IA is called the forward characteristics. During forward bias condition, the junction J2 is reverse
biased and when across J2 above break over voltage (VBO), J2 breaks down and heavy current will flow in the
device. Hence a load resistance is always connected in series with the SCR to limit the anode current to safe
value. Latching current is the minimum anode current required to turn ON SCR without gate current. Holding
current is the maximum anode current at which SCR turns OFF from ON condition, with gate open. SCR is used
as protection circuits, current limiting circuit and control circuits.
The Performance of FWR is significantly improved compared with that of a HWR. During the positive
half-cycle of the input voltage power is supplied to the load through diodes D1 & D2. During negative half-
cycle diode D3 & D4 conducts.

Circuit diagram:

Fig.5.1

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 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
DESIGN:
Anode-to-cathode Voltage,

VAK = VAA – IA RA
Where, VAA = RSP-2, RA = Anode resistance (Ω), IA = Anode current (amps)
RA = (VAA – VAK) / IA
Assume VAAmax = 30 V, VAKon = 0.7 V, and IA = 100 mA

Then RA = 293  Choose RA = 300  and

Rating Anode Power, PRA = ( VAAmax – VAKon ) 2 / RA = 2.86 W
Therefore, RA = 300  / 10 W

TABULATIONS:

IG1 = mA VBO1 = V IG2 = mA VBO2 = V

VAK (V) IA( mA) VAK (V) IA( mA)

MODEL GRAPH

Fig.5.2

CALCULATION:

On state resistance =   

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ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)

ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)



PROCEDURE
1. Connection are made as shown in fig. 5.1.
2. Both RPS-1 and RPS-2 should be in zero position and switch ON the main supply.
3. To find Gate current ( IG): Fix the anode voltage VAK = 20V (using RPS-2).
4. Increase, IG gradually using RPS-1 until the SCR turns on (VAK value drops approximately to
0.7V).
5. Note down the break over voltage (VBO1) and IG = IG1 required to turn on the SCR.
6. By varying RSP-2, note down the voltage (VAK) and current (IA).
7. Set IG = IG2 and repeat steps 5 and 6.
8. Plot a graph between VAK and IA is plotted.
9. The on state resistance RON can be calculated from the graph by using a formula (5.1).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SCR CONTROLLED FWR

Fig.5.3

TABULATION

NOTE: Vm = voltage when α =0o Vn = voltage when α ≠0o (during the variation of α)
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 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
MODEL GRAPH
When Rmax (α > 900) When Rmin (α < 900)

Fig.5.4
PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram- (fig.5.3).

2. Connect 100Ω rheostat as a load. Keep all resistances in max position. Connect CRO across the
load.
3. Now vary the firing angle by increase the value of control pot. in steps, observe the waveforms
and note down the corresponding values of Vn and Vm from CRO and Vodc from the DC voltmeter.
The readings are tabulated in the tabular column.
4. The firing angle ranges from 0 to 90º, then the firing angle α is calculated by

in degrees.
5. The conduction angle β is calculated using the formula, β = 180- α.
6. The current and power is calculated by

7. A graph of Vo vs α, Vo vs β, VT vs α, VT vs β are to be plotted.

8. Compare the practical output voltage with the theoretical output voltage (Voth),

RESULT:

The on state resistance of SCR Ron = 

At gate current IG1 = ma
IG2 = ma
Break over voltage VBO1 = V
Break over voltage VBO2 = V

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 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
Viva questions:
1. What is an SCR?
2. How many terminals of SCR and name them.
3. Why is it called Silicon controlled rectifier?
4. What is rectification?
5. How can SCR control the rectification?
6. How to trigger SCR?
7. What are operating modes or operating regions of SCR?
8. What is forward blocking mode. Explain?
9. What is forward conduction mode. Explain?
10. What is reverse blocking mode. Explain?
11. How many junctions in SCR?
12. Explain holding current?
13. Explain latching current?

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ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
EXPERIMENT: 05
4-Bit R-2R Digital to Analog Converter

(i) Using 4 bit binary input from toggle switches

Aim : To design 4 bit R-2R ladder DAC using Op-Amp for an output & reference voltage of 5 V.

Apparatus :
1. IC μA741
2. Resistors As per design
3. Multimeter -
4. Base board + connecting wires -

Theory:
What is DAC? Digital to analog converter (DAC) is used to get analog voltage corresponding to an input digital
data. Data in binary digital form can be converted to corresponding analog form by using a R-2R ladder (binary
weighted resistor) network and a summing amplifier. It is more common and practical. Below is the circuit and
output simulated waveform of R-2R ladder network DAC. This circuit also uses an op amp (741) summing
amplifier circuit.
The resolution of the converter will be equal to the value of the least significant bit (LSB) which is given as:

Then the smallest step change of the analogue output voltage, V OUT for a 1-bit LSB change of the digital input
of this 4-bit R-2R digital-to-analogue converter example is: 0.3125 volts. That is the output voltage changes in
steps or increments of 0.3125 volts and not as a straight linear value.

DESIGN

To design a 4 bit R-2R DAC for an output voltage, Vo = 5V, let Ri = input equivalent resistance of the ladder
network, RF = feedback resistance.
From the circuit diagram, Iout = I0+I1+I2+I3 (using KCL), then finding each current terms from Ohm’s law

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 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

R= input equivalent resistance

Therefore, above equation becomes,

If Ω

For example, (1010)2 =(10)10 is applied from toggle switches then,

D3 = 1 (MSB), D2 = 0, D1 = 1, D0 = 0 (LSB) and Vref =5V, Vout = -3.125V

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Digital input data is given at D3, D2, D1, D0 and corresponding analog output voltage V0 is
measured using millimeter.
3. Compare practical and theoretical values of analog output voltage corresponding to binary input
combination and find the error value.
3. Tabulate the readings & plot the graph between Vo on y-axis Vin on X-axis.

NOTE :

1. D0, D1, D2 & D3 are binary inputs (digital) applied from toggle switches.
2. Vo is the analog output.
3. Binary inputs Do, D1, D2 & D3 can take either the value ‘0’ or ‘1’ (Logic 0  0 Logic 1  +5V).
4. Binary input Di (i = 0 to 3) can be made ‘0’ by connecting the i/p to ground. It can be made ‘1’ by
connecting to +5 V.

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 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
TABULATION

Decimal Binary inputs (switches) Analog Analog Error

Value D3 D2 D1 D0 V(Practical) volts (X) V(Theoretical)volts (Y) X-Y
0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 1

2 0 0 1 0

3 0 0 1 1

4 0 1 0 0

5 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0

7 0 1 1 1

8 1 0 0 0

9 1 0 0 1

10 1 0 1 0

11 1 0 1 1

12 1 1 0 0

13 1 1 0 1

14 1 1 1 0

15 1 1 1 1

Ideal 4-bit R-2R DAC Transfer Characteristics

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ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

(ii) by generating digital inputs using mod-16 counter

Components Required:
1. Resistors (1KΩx4, 2KΩx5)
2. 741 Op Amp
3. 7493 Counter IC
In this circuit the IC 7493 is a counter simply it provides digital binary inputs (0000 to 1111) to OPAMP inputs
D3D2D1D0 and observe & note down the display on CRO screen.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Model Graph

RESULT: 4 bit R-2R DAC is verified using toggle switches and counter IC 7493.
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ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
EXPERIMENT: 06
Test the precision rectifiers using OPAMP: i) Half wave rectifier ii) Full wave rectifier

AIM : To test precision rectifiers using op-amp.

EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS REQUIRED

Dual power supply,
CRO,
Function generator,
Bread board,
Op-amp (2 nos),
Diodes 1N4007, and
Resistors (10KΩ 4nos).

THEORY
In a normal diode rectifier, the cut in voltage across the diode will result in reduction of output voltage and
inaccuracy of rectification. If ideal rectifier is needed in an application, a precision rectifier as shown Figure
may be used. In the circuit, when the input is greater than zero, D1 will conduct and D2 is OFF, so the output
is zero because the other end of R2 is connected to the virtual ground and there is no current through R2. When
the input is less than zero, D2 is on, and D1 is off, and the output is similar to that of an inverting amplifier with
gain (–R2/ R1). The value of R1 and R2 are selected in such a way that the circuit has reasonable level of input
impedance and the gain is unity. Diode D1 and D2 are signal diodes.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR HALF WAVE PRECISION RECTIFIER

Expected waveforms

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 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR FULL WAVE PRECISION RECTIFIER

Expected waveforms

(a) Input output waveform (b) Transfer characteristics

PROCEDURE

1. Set up the circuit as shown in figure. Give a sine wave of ±5V peak magnitude and 1 kHz
frequency at the input and observe the input and output simultaneously on CRO.
2. Put the CRO into X-Y mode and connect input signal to X and output signal to Y. Select suitable
volt per division in both channels and observe the characteristics.

RESULT: Precision HW & FW rectifiers using op-amp is tested.

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ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
EXPERIMENT: 07
Design Monostable and Astable Multivibrator Using 555 Timer

MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

AIM: To construct and study the operation of a monostable multivibrator using 555IC timer.

APPARATUS:

1. 555 IC timer
2. Capacitors (0.1μF, 0.01μF)
3. Resistors 1KΩ

THEORY

Monostable multivibrator is also known as triangular wave generator. It has one stable and one quasi stable
state. The circuit is useful for generating single output pulse of time duration in response to a triggering signal.
The width of the output pulse depends only on external components connected to the op-amp. Timer IC 555
is also used as one shot or monostable operation. Since there are many real life application wheremany
applications needs to operate for only specific time interval for such application one shot or monostable
operation is suitable. When negative going pulse is applied to pin 2 which leads to output pin 3 goes to high.
The negative edge of the trigger pulse causes the internal comparator 2 trigger the flip flops leads to output
high at pin 3. The voltage across capacitor rises to 2VCC/3 through supply and resistor R1. When the voltage
across capacitor reaches to 2VCC/3 the internal comparator 1 triggers the flip flop from and which send the
output from high to low. Figure shows the waveforms associated with the operation of the IC 555 as a
monostable. The output waveform shows that the wide range from microsecond to many seconds can be
possible with appropriate values of R and C. This flexibility of time period makes IC 555 versatile for many real
life applications. The time period is given by Tp = 1.1 RC.

DESIGN: Waveforms

Output pulse width (T) = Delay time is given by

T = 1.1 R C ……(1)

Let T = 1ms ; C = 0.1µF

R = 10KΩ (std)

Apply input square-wave signal from the signal

generator of f = 1KHz (T = 1ms) and Vpp =5V

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 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Setup negative triggering using triggering circuit & it is applied at the terminal 2 of IC 555.
3. Observe the output waveforms and measure the output voltage (VO) and voltage across capacitor
(Vc). Calculate the theoretical values of above measured parameters.
4. Theoretically the time period (T) is calculated by T=1.1R1C1 where R1 =10KΩ C1=0.1μF.
5. Practical and theoretical charging and discharging timers are measured.
6. Plot the wave forms as per the scale.
TABULATION

Parameter Theoretical Practical

T (ms) 1 m sec
t (ms) 6 m sec

RESULT: Monostable multivibrator using timer IC 555 is designed, setup and the waveforms are obtained.

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

AIM: To construct and study the operation of Astable multivibrator using 555 timer

APPARATUS:
1. IC 555 Timer
2. Resistors as per design
3. Capacitors (0.1μF, 0.01μF)
4. CRO

THEORY: The capacitor charges through resistors RA and RB the voltages across capacitor rises to 2VCC/3. This
voltage acts as a threshold voltage at pin 6 which is input to internal comparator which finally trigger the internal
flip flop so that output pin 3 goes low. Also flip flop drives the internal discharge transistor to ON allowing
capacitor to get discharge from RB this lead to decrease in capacitor voltage to VCC/3 and the flip flopget trigger
and discharge transistors gets off and output set to high. This leads to charging of capacitor through RA and RB
to VCC. A diode D1 is connected between the discharge and threshold terminals (as also across RB). Thus the
capacitor now charges only through RA (since RB is shorted by diode conduction during charging) and
discharges through RB. Another optional diode D2 is also connected in series with RB in reverse direction for
better shorting of RB.
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Design:
The time for charging C from 1/3 to 2/3 Vcc = ON Time = 0.693 (RA + RB) C
The time for discharging C from 2/3 to 1/3 Vcc = OFF Time = 0.693 RB C
fosc = 1/ Tosc = 1.44/(RA + RB)C
Duty Cycle = RA/ (RA + RB)
Min. Duty Cycle = R1/(R1 + RX + R2) Max. Duty Cycle = (R1 + RX)/(R1 + RX + R2)
To vary the duty cycle from about 0 to 100%, a potentiometer, RX, is used. Thus a variable duty cycle is
achieved.

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUIT DIGRAM and WAVEFORMS

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the DC power supply to provide VCC=5V .
3. Connect output pin (3) of 555 to channel 1 of CRO and pin (2/6) to channel 2 of CRO.
4. Observe the output waveforms and measure the output voltage (VO) and voltage across capacitor
(Vc). Calculate the theoretical values of above measured parameters.
5. Plot the output voltage waveforms for output voltage and voltage across capacitor.
Frequency, f= 1.45/ (RA+2RB)C and % of Duty cycle = (TH/ (TH+TL))*100
6. Practically TL and TH are measured and theoretical values are verified with practical values.

TABULATION

TH (ms) TL (ms) T (ms) F (Hz) Duty

Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Cycle
60%
50%
40%
RESULT: Astable multivibrator using timer IC 555 is designed, setup and the waveforms are obtained.
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 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

PART - B
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
EXPERIMENTS
8) Design and implement: (a) Half Adder & Full Adder using basic gates and NAND
gates,
(b) Half subtractor & Full subtractor using NAND gates,
(c) 4-variable function using IC74151(8:1MUX).
9) Realize: (a) (i) Binary to Gray code conversion & vice-versa (IC74139),
(ii) BCD to Excess-3 code conversion and vice versa
10) (a) Realize using NAND Gates:
(i) Master-Slave JK Flip-Flop, ii) D Flip-Flop and iii) T Flip-Flop
(b) Realize the shift registers using IC7474/7495:
(i) SISO (ii) SIPO (iii) PISO (iv) PIPO (v) Ring counter and (vi) Johnson counter.
11) Realize: (a) Design Mod – N Synchronous Up Counter & Down Counter using 7476
JK Flip- flop, (b) Mod-N Counter using IC7490 / 7476 & (c) Synchronous counter
using IC74192
12) Pseudorandom sequence generator using IC7495

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Always for ICs connect ground first and then connect VCC.

2. The kit should be OFF before changing the connections.

3. Switch-off the trainer kit after completion of the experiment.

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 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
EXPERIMENT: 08
Design and Implementation of Half/Full Adder and Subtractor Using Logic Gates /
Universal Gates

AIM: To design and verify

i. Half adder and Full adder
ii. Half subtractor and Full subtractor using basic and NAND gates.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

IC 7400,
IC 7408,
IC 7486, and
IC 7432,
Patch cards and IC Trainer Kit

THEORY:

Half-Adder: A combinational logic circuit that performs the addition of two data bits, A and B, is called a half-
adder. Addition will result in two output bits; one of which is the sum bit, S, and the other is the carry bit, C. The
Boolean functions describing the half-adder are:
S =A ⊕ B C=AB
Full-Adder: The half-adder does not take the carry bit from its previous stage into account. This carry bit from
its previous stage is called carry-in bit. A combinational logic circuit that adds two data bits, A and B, and a
carry-in bit, Cin, is called a full-adder. The Boolean functions describing the full-adder are:S
= (x ⊕ y) ⊕ Cin C = xy + Cin (x ⊕ y)
Half Subtractor: Subtracting a single-bit binary value B from another A (i.e. A –B) produces a difference bit D
and a borrow out bit B-out. This operation is called half subtraction and the circuit to realize it is called a half
subtractor. The Boolean functions describing the half Subtractor are:
D =A ⊕ B Br = A’ B

Full Subtractor: Subtracting two single-bit binary values, B, Cin from a single-bit value A produces a difference
bit D and a borrow out Br bit. This is called full subtraction. The Boolean functions describing the full-subtracter
are: D = (x ⊕ y) ⊕ Cin Br = A’B + A’ (Cin) + B (Cin)

HALF ADDER USING BASIC GATES TRUTH TABLE

Inputs Outputs
A B Sum(S) Carry©

0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1

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 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
HALF ADDER USING ONLY NAND GATES

FULL ADDER CIRCUIT USING BASIC GATES

TRUTH TABLE

Inputs Outputs
A B Cin Sum (S) Carry (Cout)
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1

33
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 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
HALF SUBTRACTOR USING BASIC GATES TRUTH TABLE

Inputs Outputs
A B Difference Borrow
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0

PROCEDURE
1. Verify the all gates according to respective truth tables.
2. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
3. Switch on VCC and apply various combinations of input according to the truth table.
4. Note down the output readings for half and full adder sum and the carry bit for different
combinations of inputs.

RESULT: Half adder, Full adder, Half subtractor and Full subtractor using basic/NAND gates are
verified.

4 VARIABLE FUNCTION USING IC 74151

AIM: To Realize the 4 variable function using IC 74151 (8:1 Multiplexer).

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Digital Trainer Kit

NOT Gate IC 7404
8x1 MUX IC 74151
Patch chords / Connecting wires

THEORY
The TTL/MSI SN54/74LS151 is a high speed 8:1 digital multiplexer. It provides, in one DIP package, the
ability to select one bit of data from 8 data inputs. The LS151 can be used as a universal function generator to
generate any logic function of 4 variables.
Basic multiplexer has several data inputs and a single output line. The selection of a particular input line
is controlled by a set of selection line. There are 2n input lines & n is the number of selection line whosebit
combinations determines which input is selected.
Example: S2 S1 S0 = 010 code which corresponds to D2 input data line. Now apply D2 =0/1, this data 0/1 is
transmitted to Y.
The given function is in terms of min-terms and is to be implemented using a 8:1 MUX. An 8:1 MUX has
three select lines, whereas the given function is a 4 variable function. Hence, a logic is needed to give
combination of A as inputs while only B, C and D as select line inputs. The method for the same is described
below.

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ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

Design Example: To implement the following function: F(A,B,C,D) = Σ (0,1,3,4,8,9,15).

Step-1: Using K-map Boolean terms are determined for the variable A as shown below.

Step-2: Construct digital circuit for the given 4 variable function F(A,B,C,D) = Σ (0,1,3,4,8,9,15), such that a logic
is needed to give combination of A as inputs (1, 1, 0, Ā, Ā, 0, 0, A) while only B, C and D as select line inputs.

Fig.(a) Basic pin Description of IC 74151 Fig. (b) IC74151 designed for F(A,B,C,D) = Σ (0,1,3,4,8,9,15)

Step-3: Connect the circuit as shown in the fig. (b) and verify the following truth table.

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ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
A B C D Enable Decimal Y = F(A,B,C,D)
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 2 0
0 0 1 1 0 3 1
0 1 0 0 0 4 1
0 1 0 1 0 5 0
0 1 1 0 0 6 0
0 1 1 1 0 7 0
1 0 0 0 0 8 1
1 0 0 1 0 9 1
1 0 1 0 0 10 0
1 0 1 1 0 11 0
1 1 0 0 0 12 0
1 1 0 1 0 13 0
1 1 1 0 0 14 0
1 1 1 1 0 15 1

Result: 4 variable function F(A,B,C,D) = Σ (0,1,3,4,8,9,15) using IC 74151 (8:1 Multiplexer) is realized.

36
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 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
EXPERIMENT: 09
Binary to Gray code conversion & vice versa (IC 74139)

Aim: To realize binary to gray code conversion and vice versa using IC74139 (2-4 Decoder).

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Digital Trainer Kit

NOT Gate IC 7404
DeMux IC 74139
NAND Gage (4 inputs) IC 7420
Patch chords / Connecting wires

THEORY:
The logical circuit which converts binary code to equivalent gray code is known as binary to gray codeconverter.
The gray code is a non-weighted code. The successive gray code differs in one bit position only that means it is a
unit distance code. It is also referred as cyclic code. It is not suitable for arithmetic operations. It is the most
popular of the unit distance codes. It is also a reflective code. An n-bit Gray code can be obtained by reflecting
an n-1 bit code about an axis after 2n-1 rows, and putting the MSB of 0 above the axis and the MSB of1 below the
axis.
Binary to gray code conversion
Following steps are required in this conversion:
(1) The MSB of the gray code is equal to MSB of binary number.
(2) Second bit of the gray code will be exclusive-or of the first and second bit of the given binary number.
(3)The third bit of gray code will be equal to the exclusive -or of the second and third bit of the given binary
number.
Thus the Binary to gray code conversion goes on.
One example given below can make your idea clear on this type of conversion.

PIN DIAGRAMS

37
ECE, SKSVMACET
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
Truth Table: Binary to Gray conversion
Binary Gray Conversion
Decimal (Input) (Output) operation Min-terms
B2 B1 B0 G2 G1 G0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
G0 = Σ (1,2,5,6)
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 G2 = B2
2 0 1 0 0 1 1
3 0 1 1 0 1 0
G1 = Σ (2,3,4,5)
4 1 0 0 1 1 0
5 1 0 1 1 1 1
6 1 1 0 1 0 1
G2 = Σ (4,5,6,7)
7 1 1 1 1 0 0

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Gray code to binary conversion

Following steps are required in this conversion:
1) The MSB of the binary number will be equal to the MSB of the given gray code.
2) Start with MSB of Binary number and EXOR it to the second bit of gray number to get next bit of binary.
3) This step is continued for all the bits to do Gray code to binary conversion.

One example given below can make your idea clear on this type of conversion

ECE,SKSVMACET 38
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

Truth Table: Binary to Gray conversion

Gray Binary Conversion
Decimal (Input) (Output) Min-terms
operation
G2 G1 G0 B2 B1 B0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B0 = Σ (1,2,4,7)
1 0 0 1 0 0 1

2 0 1 1 0 1 0

3 0 1 0 0 1 1
B1 = Σ (2,3,4,5)
4 1 1 0 1 0 0

5 1 1 1 1 0 1

6 1 0 1 1 1 0
B2 = Σ (4,5,6,7)
7 1 0 0 1 1 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

1) Check all the components for their working.

2) Insert the appropriate IC into the IC base.
3) Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
4) Verify the Truth Table and observe the outputs.

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 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

CODE CONVERSION

AIM: To realize BCD to Excess-3 code conversion and vise versa using IC 7483

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Digital Trainer Kit

EXOR Gate IC 7486
4-bit binary full adder IC 7483
Patch chords / Connecting wires

THEORY

Code converter is a combinational circuit that translates the input code word into a new corresponding word. In
this code each decimal digit is represented by a 4 -bit binary number. BCD is a way to express each of
the decimal digits with a binary code. In the BCD, with four bits we can represent sixteen numbers
(0000 to 1111). But in BCD code only first ten of these are used (0000 to 1001). The remaining six code
combinations i.e. 1010 to 1111 are invalid in BCD.
To Construct a BCD-to-excess-3-code converter with a 4-bit adder feed BCD code to the 4- bit adder as the first
operand and then feed constant 3 (0011) as the second operand. The output is the corresponding excess-3 code.
To make it work as a excess-3 to BCD converter, we feed excess-3 code as the first operand and then feed 2's
complement of 3 as the second operand. The output is the BCD code.

Excess-3 Code - It is non-weighted code used to express decimal numbers. The Excess -3 code words
are derived from the 8421 BCD code words adding (0011) 2 or (3) 10 to each code word in 8421.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: BCD to EXCESS -3 / EXCESS -3 to BCD Conversion

NOTE: Neglect Cout in the circuit

ECE,SKSVMACET 40
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

TRUTH TABLES

PROCEDURE

1) Check all the components for their working.

2) Insert the appropriate IC into the IC base.
3) Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
4) Verify the Truth Table and observe the outputs.

RESULT: BCD to Excess-3 code conversion and vise versa using IC 7483 are realized.

ECE,SKSVMACET 41
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
EXPERIMENT: 10
Realize Master Slave JK Flipflop, D-Flipflop & T-Flipflop Using NAND Gates

AIM: To realize Master Slave JK flip-flop, D-flip-flop & T-flip-flop using NAND gates

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Digital Trainer Kit

2 input NAND Gates IC 7400
3 input NAND Gates IC 7410
Patch chords / Connecting wires

THEORY
Flip-Flops are binary cells capable of storing one bit of information. A Flip Flop has two outputs, one for the normal
value and one for complement value of the bit stored in it.

JK FLIP-FLOP is basically an SR flip flop with feedback which enables only one of its two input terminals, either
SET or RESET to be active at any one time under normal switching thereby eliminating the invalid condition of
SR flip flop. However, if J = K = 1 and clock input is applied the circuit will “toggle” as its outputs switch and
change state complementing each other. This timing problem called “race”. The master-slave flip- flop eliminates
all the timing problems by using two SR flip-flops connected together in a series configuration. One flip-flop
acts as the “Master” circuit, which triggers on the leading edge of the clock pulse while the other acts as the
“Slave” circuit, which triggers on the falling edge of the clock pulse. This results in the two sections, the master
section and the slave section being enabled during opposite half-cycles of the clock signal.

D FLIP-FLOP: It has only one data input (D) and clock input (CP). The outputs are labeled Q and Q’. The data (0
or 1) at the input 0 is delayed one clock pulse from getting to output Q. SD and CD are active low input (Negative
edge trigger) to set and reset the Flip-Flop i.e. these inputs will be effective when logic 0 is applied. A D Flip-flop
is a bi-stable circuit whose 0 input is transferred to the output after a clock pulse is received.

T FLIP-FLOP This T Flip-Flop is obtained from a JK type if both inputs are tied together. The designation T
shows ability of Flip-Flop to toggle. Regardless of the present state of the Flip-Flop, it assumes the complement
state when the clock pulse occurs while input T is logic1. When T=0, both AND gates are disabled and hence there
is no change in the previous output. When T=1, (J=K=1) output toggles.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MASTER SLAVE JK FF

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 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

FUNCTION TABLE

T FLIP-FLOP:
The T flip-flop is a single input version of the JK flip-flop. The T flip-flop is obtained from the JK type if both
inputs are tied together.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Same as Master-Slave JK flip-flop with J = K = 1

Till CLK = 0, the output is in hold state (three input AND gate principle).
When CLK = 1, for T=0, previous output is memorized by the circuit.
When T = 1 along with the clock pulse, the output toggles from the previous value as given in the characteristic
table below.
Truth Table
Clock T Output
Q Ǭ
0 1 0 Q Ǭ
0 1 1 Ǭ Q
1 0 X Q Ǭ

D FLIP-FLOP

D flip-flop is a controlled Bi-stable latch where the clock signal is the control signal. when D = 1 and CLOCK =
HIGH, Output : Q = 1, Ǭ = 0. Working is correct.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Truth Table
Clock D Output
Q Ǭ
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 X Q Ǭ

ECE,SKSVMACET 43
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

PROCEDURE

1) Turn on power to the circuit.

2) For each input combination, note the logic state of the normal (Q) and complementary (Ǭ) outputs
as indicated by the LEDs (ON = 1; OFF = 0), and record the results in a table.
3) Compare your results with the truth tables.

RESULT: Master Slave JK flip-flop, D-flip-flop & T-flip-flop using NAND gates are verified.

SHIFT REGISTERS

AIM: To realize different types of shift registers Serial In Serial Out [SISO], Serial In Parallel Out [SIPO],
Parallel In Parallel Out [PIPO] and Parallel In Serial Out [PISO] using IC 7495 and to verify function
table.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED
Trainer Kit
IC 7495 01
Ic 7404 01
Patch chord 20

THEORY

The binary information (data) in a register can be moved within or into or out of the register upon application
of clock pulses. This type of bit movement or shifting is essential for certain arithmetic and logic operations
used in microprocessors. This gives rise to group of registers called shift registers. They are very important in
applications involving the storage and transfer of data in a digital system.
Types of shift registers:
Serial In Serial Out [SISO]:
In this type of register, the output of one flip-flop is connected to the input of the next flip-flop. Output of the
register is obtained from the last flip-flop. Depending on the direction of the input given shifting takes place
in this. Bit by bit loading and shifting takes place with every clock pulse.
Serial In Parallel Out [SIPO]:
This is similar to SISO except that the output is taken from each flip-flop. Thereby the shifted value is shown at
once.
Parallel In Parallel Out [PIPO]:
Upon giving clock pulse, data is loaded in parallel in all flip-flops. Output is taken from each of the flip-flop.
Parallel In Serial Out [PISO]:
Here we use a control input Load/ (Shift) such that if Load/ (Shift) = 1, data is loaded in all flip-flops in parallel
and when the Load/ (Shift) = 0, data is shifted with every clock pulse. Output is obtained from the last flip-flop.

3 Modes of Operation of IC 7495: Parallel, Shift right and Shift Left

Parallel Shift right Shift Left

Mode control = 1 Mode control = 0 Mode control = 1
Clock-2 = HIGH to LOW Clock-1 = HIGH to LOW Clock-2 = HIGH to LOW

ECE,SKSVMACET 44
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

Pin Diagram of IC 7495

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.

2. Apply the data at serial i/p (pin-1)
3. Apply one clock pulse at clock 1 (Right Shift) observe this data at QA.
4. Apply the next data at serial i/p.
5. Apply one clock pulse at clock 2, observe that the data on QA will shift to QB and the new data
applied will appear at QA.
6. Repeat steps 2 and 3 till all the 4 bits data are entered one by one into the shift register.

ECE,SKSVMACET 45
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.

2. Load the shift register with 4 bits of data one by one serially.
3. At the end of 4th clock pulse the first data ‘d0’ appears at QD.
4. Apply 5th clock pulse; the second data ‘d1’ appears at QD.
5. Apply 6th clock pulse; the third data appears at QD.
6. Application of next clock pulse will enable the 4th data ‘d3’ to appear at QD.
Thus the data applied serially at the input comes out serially at QD.

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.

2. Apply the desired 4-bit data at A, B, C and D.
3. Keeping the mode control =1 apply one clock pulse. The data applied at A, B, C and D will
appear at QA, QB, QC and QD respectively.
4. Now mode control = 0. Apply clock pulses one by one and observe the data coming out serially
at QD.

ECE,SKSVMACET 46
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.

2. Apply the 4 bit data at A, B, C and D.
3. Apply one clock pulse at Clock 2 (Note: Mode control =1).
4. The 4 bit data at A, B, C and D appears at QA, QB, QC and QD respectively.

RESULT: shift registers using IC 7495 for SIPO/SISO, PISO/PIPO are verified.

RING COUNTER

AIM: To realize Ring counter and Johnson counter using IC 7495

COMPONENTS REQUIRED
Trainer Kit
IC 7495
Ic 7404
Patch chord

THEORY

A ring counter is a circular shift register which is initiated such that only one of its flip-flops is the state one while
others are in their zero states. A ring counter is a Shift Register with the output of the last one connected to the
input of the first, that is, in a ring. Typically, a pattern consisting of a single bit is circulated so the state repeats
every n clock cycles if n flip-flops are used. It can be used as a cycle counter of n states.

RING COUNTER:

Function Table

JOHNSON COUNTER
THEORY:
A Johnson counter (or switch tail ring counter, twisted-ring counter) is a modified ring counter, where the
output from the last stage is inverted and fed back as input to the first stage. The register cycles through a
ECE,SKSVMACET 47
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
sequence of bit-patterns, whose length is equal to twice the length of the shift register, continuing indefinitely.
These counters find specialist applications, including those similar to the decade counter, digital-to-analog
conversion, etc. They can be implemented easily using D- or JK-type flip-flops.

JOHNSON COUNTER:
Function Table

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as shown in the respective circuit diagram.

2. Initial condition is set by setting up the circuit as shown in the figure.
3. Apply clock and observe the output after each clock pulse, record the observations and verify that
they match the expected outputs from the truth table.
4. Verify the operation of ring counter/Johnson counter circuit as per the function tables

RESULT: Ring counter and Johnson counter using IC 7495 are verified

ECE,SKSVMACET 48
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
EXPERIMENT: 11
REALIZE: i) Design MOD-N synchronous up counter & down counter using IC 7476 (JK
FF) ii) MOD-N counter using IC 7490/7476 iii) Synchronous counter using IC 74192

MOD-N synchronous up counter & down counter using IC 7476 (JK FF)

AIM: i) Design and study (MOD-7) 3 bit synchronous counter (Up counter & Down counter) using
JKflip flops.

COMPONENTS

IC 74LS76A (-Ve edge triggered Dual J-K Flip-Flops),

IC 7408 (Dual I/P Quad AND gates)
Trainer kit
Patch cards

THEORY

Counters : counters are logical device or registers capable of counting the no. of states or no. of clock pulses
arriving at its clock input where clock is a timing parameter arriving at regular intervals of time, so counters can
be also used to measure time & frequencies. They are made up of flip flops. Where the pulse are counted to be
made of it goes up step by step & the o/p of counter in the flip flop is decoded to read the count to its starting
step after counting n pulse incase of module counters.
Counter are of two types:
1) Asynchronous counter 2) Synchronous counter.
Asynchronous counter commonly called ripple counter, the first flip-flop is clocked by the external clock pulse &
then each successive flip-flop is clocked by the Q or Q’ output of the previous flip-flop. Therefore in an
asynchronous counter the flip-flop’s are not clocked simultaneously.
When counter is clocked such that each flip flop in the counter is triggered external clock at the same time, the
counter is called as synchronous counter. Ex:- Ring counter & Johnson counter
Types of synchronous counter:
1) Up counter 2) Down counter.

Decision for number of flip-flops

Example : If we are designing mod N counter and m number of flip-flops are required then m can be found
out by this equation.
N <= 2m
Here we are designing Mod-7 counter Therefore, N= 7 and number of Flip flops or bits (m) required is, for
m =3, 7<=8, which is TRUE.

3 bit Synchronous up counter:

The up counter counts from 0 to7 (000 - 111) for this MS JK flip flop IC 74LS76 is used, 2 MS J-K flip flops are
available. It is observed that the AND gate inputs are fed by the non-complement outputs of FF A and FFB. The
clock pulse is given at pin 1 & 6 of the 1st IC & pin 1 of 2nd IC, respectively to apply clock to all flip flop at a time.
3 bit Synchronous down counter:
This is used to count from 7 to 0 (111-000) for this also 2 IC’s of 74LS76 are required & hence we use 3 MS JK
flip flops. It is observed that the AND gate inputs are fed by the complement outputs of FF A and FFB. The clock
pulse is given at pin 1 & 6 of the 1st IC & pin 1 of 2nd IC, respectively to apply clock to all flip flop at a time.

ECE,SKSVMACET 49
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

UP COUNTER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.
2. Connect 𝑃𝑅𝐸 ¯¯¯¯¯¯ input to the logic 1 (+5V).
3. Connect 𝐶𝐿𝑅 ¯¯¯¯¯¯ input to the logic 0 (0V) or ground to reset counter.
4. Connect 𝐶𝐿𝑅 ¯¯¯¯¯¯ input to the logic 1.
5. Apply the clock pulse to CLK input.
6. Observe the output and verify the observation table.

ECE,SKSVMACET 50
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

DOWN COUNTER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

ii) MOD – N COUNTER USING IC 7490

AIM: ii) Realization of (MOD-10) counter using IC7490

THEORY

If N=10, it is said to be a decade counter (MOD-10 counter). Its operation is as follows:

1. The output of MOD-2 is externally connected to the input B which is the clock input of the internal
MOD-5 counter.
2. Hence QA toggles on every falling edge of clock input whereas the output QD,QC,QB of the MOD-5 counter
will increment from 000 to 100 on low going change of QA output.
3. Due to cascading of MOD-2 and MOD-5 counter, the overall configuration becomes a MOD-10.
4. The reset inputs Ro(1), Ro(2) and preset inputs R9(1), R9(2) are connected to ground so as to make
it inactive.
ECE,SKSVMACET 51
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)

Mod-10 Counter Circuit

OBSERVATION TABLE

iii) SYNCHRONOUS COUNTER USING IC 74192

AIM: iii) Realization of synchronous counter using IC74192

THEORY:

A 74192 IC is a pre-settable synchronous 4-bit Up/Down decimal counter, capable of reset to zero, preloading
with a specified value, as well as generating carry and borrow signals that allow one to construct multi-digit
counters. The result of the synchronization is that all the individual output bits of each FF changing state at
exactly the same time in response to the common clock signal with no ripple effect and therefore, no
propagation delay.

ECE,SKSVMACET 52
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
PROCEDURE

1. Check all the components for their working.

2. Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Clock pulses are applied one by one at the clock input and output is observed at QA, QB, QC & QD
4. Verify the Truth Table from the outputs.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: COUNT UP FROM 3 TO 8

OBSERVATION TABLE PIN DIAGRAM

RESULT: The functioning of MOD-7using JK FF, MOD-10 using IC 7490 & Synchronous counter
using IC74192 are verified.

ECE,SKSVMACET 53
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
EXPERIMENT: 12
Design Pseudo Random Sequence Generator Using IC 7495

AIM: To design and study the operation of a pseudo random Sequence generator using 7495.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
IC 7495,
IC 7486,
Patch Cords &
IC Trainer kit.

THEORY

The generation of pseudo-random bit sequences is particularly useful in communication and computing
systems. An example of application is in the construction of data scramblers for either spectrum whitening or as
part of an encryption system. In this type of application, the sequence must be pseudo-random, otherwise the
original data would not be recoverable. Pseudo-random sequences are normally generated using a circuit called
linear-feedback shift register (LFSR). As illustrated in figure below it consists simply of a tapped circular shift
register (IC 7495) with the taps feeding an XOR gate whose output is fed back to the first flip-flop. The shift
register must start from a nonzero state so the initialization can be done.

DESIGN

1) Let the random sequence to be generated

= 100010011010111
2) Sequence length (no. of binary bits) = 15, therefore, 4-FFs
having 4 inputs A, B, C and D & 4 outputs QA, QB, QC and QD
are required.
3) Treat the random sequence to be generated
(100010011010111) as QA bits (see the observation table).
The first bit of QB will be the last bit of QA. Similarly, the first
bit of output of next FF will be the last bit of preceding FF.
4) From K-map, output Y is EXOR between QC and QD.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

ECE,SKSVMACET 54
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
OBSERVATION TABLE

PROCEDURE

1. Truth table is constructed for the given sequence, and Karnaugh maps are drawn in order to obtain a
simplified Boolean expression for the circuit.
2. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Make Mode M = 0 and clock pulses are fed through Clk-1& 2 (pin 8 & 9).
4. Clock pulses are applied and the output values are noted down, and checked against the expected
values from the truth table.

RESULT: The functioning of the circuit as a random sequence generator using IC 7495 is verified.

ECE,SKSVMACET 55
 SEMESTER – III (CBCS) and (OBE)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (21ECL35)
IC 7490

It is an asynchronous (decade) mod-10

counter. It consists of 4 flip flops that are
internally connected so as to provide mod 2
& mod 5 counter functions. It can count the
binary numbers from 0000 to 1001. After1001
it gets reset and again starts counting.

IC 7476
Master—slave JK Flip Flop, has two JK
flip flops inside it and each can be used
individually based on application.
74LS76 is a negative edge-triggered J-
K flip-flop. It has a preset and clear
function which allows the IC to bypass
the clock and inputs and give the
different outputs.

IC 7483

It is a digital adder IC that can add two

4 bit binary numbers. IC 7483 consists
of four individual full adder circuits
which are internally connected. It has
also input and output carry circuit.

IC 7495

It is a 4-Bit shift register with serial and

parallel synchronous operating modes.
The serial shift right and parallel load
are activated by separate clock inputs
which are selected by a mode control
input. The data is transferred from the
serial or parallel inputs to the Qoutputs
synchronous with logic 10
transition of clock input.

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IC 74139

Dual 2-to-4 line separate Decoder /

Demultiplexer in DIP-16 Package. The
active-low enable input can be used as
a data line in demultiplexing
applications. Decoder can be used as
Code a converter.

IC 74151

It is an 8: 1 multiplexer which provides

two complementary outputs Y & Ȳ. The
LS151 can be used as a universal
function generator to generate any
logic function of four variables.

IC 74192

The SN54/74LS192 is an UP/DOWN

BCD Decade (8421) Counter and the.
SN54/74LS193 is an UP/DOWN
MODULO-16 Binary Counter. These
chips also have parallel data input
leads that can be used to preset the
counter. Two clock inputs are available;
one for an UP count and the other for
a DOWN count.

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IC µA 741 (OPAMP)

The 741 Operational Amplifier IC is a

monolithic integrated circuit,
comprising of a general purpose
Operational Amplifier. It was first
manufactured by Fairchild
semiconductors in the year 1963. The
number 741 indicates that this
operational amplifier IC has 7
functional pins, 4 pins capable oftaking
input and 1 output pin.

IC 555 TIMER

It is an integrated circuit used in a

variety of timer, delay, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications.
The 555 Timer IC got its name fromthe
three 5KΩ resistors that are used inits
voltage divider network. It is first
introduced in early 1970.

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PIN CONFIGURATION OF DIGITAL ICs

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