Opening Remarks
Cybersecurity in Cyber-Physical
Systems Workshop
hosted by
NIST Information Technology Laboratory
April 23-24, 2012
George W. Arnold, Eng.Sc.D.
Director, Smart Grid and Cyber-Physical Systems Program
Office
Engineering Laboratory
National Institute of Standards and Technology
U.S. Department of Commerce
cyber-physical systems
NIST At A Glance
Gaithersburg, MD Boulder, CO
• NIST Research Laboratories ~ 2,900 employees
• Manufacturing Extension Partnership ~ 2,600 associates and facility users
• Baldrige Performance Excellence ~ 1,600 field staff in partner organizations
Award ~ 400 NIST staff serving on 1,000 national
• Technology Innovation Program and international standards committees
cyber-physical systems
The NIST Laboratories
NIST’s work enables
• Advancing manufacturing
and services
• Helping ensure fair trade
• Improving public safety and
security
• Improving quality of life
NIST works with
• Industry
• Academia
• Other agencies
• Government agencies
• Measurement laboratories
• Standards organizations
Providing measurement solutions for industry and the Nation
cyber-physical systems
Norbert Wiener. Cybernetics; or Control and Communication in the
Animal and the Machine (MIT Press, 1961)
cyber-physical systems
Smart Grid: An Example of a CPS
NIST Smart Grid Reference Model
5
cyber-physical systems
Smart Manufacturing: Another CPS
Application
Smart Manufacturing refers to manufacturing
production systems at the equipment, factory,
and enterprise levels that integrate cyber and
physical systems by combining:
• smart operating systems to monitor, control,
and optimize performance
• systems engineering-based architectures and
standards, and
• embedded and/or distributed sensing, computing,
communications, actuation, and control technologies
to enable innovative production, products, and/or
systems of products that enhance economic and
sustainability performance
cyber-physical systems
Definition of Cyber-Physical Systems
Function:
Cyber physical systems are hybrid networked cyber and engineered physical elements co-
designed to create adaptive and predictive systems for enhanced performance*
Essential Characteristics:
• Co-design treats cyber, engineered, and human elements as integral components of a
functional whole system to create synergy and enable desired, emergent properties
• Integration of deep physics-based and digital world models provides learning and predictive
capabilities for decision support (e.g., diagnostics, prognostics) and autonomous function
• Systems engineering-based architectures and standards provide for modularity and
composability for customization, systems of products, and complex or dynamic applications
• Reciprocal feedback loops between computational elements and distributed sensing/
actuation and monitoring/control elements enables adaptive multi-objective performance
• Networked cyber components provide a basis for scalability, complexity management, and
resilience
___________________
*Performance metrics include safety and security, reliability, agility and stability, efficiency
and sustainability, privacy
cyber-physical systems
CPS Application Sectors and Benefits
Application Sectors:
• Manufacturing (includes smart production equipment, processes, automation,
control, and networks; new product design)
• Transportation (includes intelligent vehicles and traffic control)
• Infrastructure (includes smart utility grids and smart buildings/structures)
• Health Care (includes body area networks and assistive systems)
• Emergency Response (includes detection and surveillance systems,
communication networks, and emergency response equipment)
• Warfighting (includes soldier equipment systems, weapons systems and
systems of systems, logistics systems)
Benefits:
• Improved quality of life and economic security through innovative
functions, production, products, and/or systems of products
cyber-physical systems
NIST CPS Context
• Growing demands on NIST for standards associated
with smart systems applications
– Smart Buildings, Smart Grid and Infrastructure, Smart
Manufacturing, Smart Health Care, Smart Transportation, …
• NIST has responded with programs in individual domain
areas
• Significant crosscutting technology gaps and
fundamental research challenges exist
• Potential impact on manufacturing: Innovative new
classes of manufactured products, systems of products,
and production systems
cyber-physical systems
CPS Platform Technology Gaps and
R&D Grand Challenges
• Platform Technology Gaps (Systems-Engineering Based Architectures and Standards)
– Modularity and composability
– Deep-physics and digital world model integration
– Control, communications, and interoperability (adaptive and predictive; time synchronization)
– Cyber-security
– Scalability, complexity management, and resilience (integration with legacy systems)
– Wireless sensing and actuation
– Validation and verification; assurance and certification (software, controls, system)
• R&D Grand Challenges
– Co-designing hybrid networked systems with integrated cyber, engineered, and human elements
– Synthesizing and evolving complex, dynamic systems with predictable behavior (diagnostics,
prognostics); anticipating emergent behaviors arising from interactions
– Multi-scale, multi-physics modeling across discrete and continuous domains
– Incorporating uncertainty and risk into reasoning and decision-making
– Modeling and defining levels of autonomy and optimizing role of the human
– Enabling education and workforce development; technology transfer
cyber-physical systems
NIST CPS Actions
• NIST CPS Working Group (EL, ITL, SCO, OLES; January 2011)
• Cooperative Agreement with UMD for CPS research
(Kick-off December 2011)
– Book assessing state-of-the-art
– Market analysis to guide R&D investments
– Platform-based architecture and standards framework
– Fundamental research in modeling and synthesis
• Short Course for Executives delivered by world class industry and
research leaders (January 19-20, 2012)
• R&D Needs Assessment Workshop: Foundations for Innovation in
CPS (March 13-14, 2012)
• Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems (PerMIS) Workshop – CPS
Theme (March 20-22, 2012)
• Cyber-security for Cyber-Physical Systems Workshop (April 23-24)
• Planned CTO Roundtable (June 2012)
cyber-physical systems
Cybersecurity of CPS: New
Challenges
• Need to address all the
conventional aspects of
cybersecurity, plus
• New issues and threats, e.g.
– Complex software with non-
deterministic behavior
– Precise timing requirements
– Cyber system as a threat vector
for attack on the physical system
rather than the object of attack
cyber-physical systems
