ONGOING PROJECT REPORT

Project Title:
“PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE WITH RECYCLE COARSE AGGREGATE
WITH CEMENT REPLACEMENT”

Submitted to:
SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Engineering (Civil Engineering)

Submitted by:
MOHAMMAD ABDULLAH ABDUL MALIK [27159924K]
SYYED SHAMA JAHAN MOHD HUSSAIN [72221630M]
MOMIN SAIF JAMAL NASIR [72221621B]
MOMIN JUNAID MOHAMMED IBRAHIM [72221620D]

Under the Guidance of:

Prof. UASAMA ANSARI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MAULANA MUKHTAR AHMAD NADVI TECHNICAL CAMPUS
A.Y. 2023-2024

ABSTRACT
This project focuses on the partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate with recycled
coarse aggregate, along with partial cement replacement. The aim is to analyze the
properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) compared to conventional concrete.
Currently, literature has been reviewed and the methodology has been planned.
Experimental work is ongoing, where tests are being conducted on cement, natural
aggregate, recycled aggregate, and concrete mixes. The outcomes are expected to highlight
the optimum percentage replacement of aggregates for better strength, durability, and
sustainability.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW
Concrete is the main material used in construction, composed of water, fine aggregate,
coarse aggregate, and cement. The aggregates, sourced from nature, are depleting rapidly
due to excessive use for development, creating a future shortage. To address this, it's
essential to find alternatives. Demolition waste, a byproduct of construction and renovation,
accumulates in large quantities, often ending up in disposal sites. This not only limits
available land but also raises environmental and transportation concerns. The need for
sustainable solutions is crucial in light of increasing demolition waste, limited dumping
sites, and growing environmental awareness.

BACKGROUND HISTORY

As cities and industries expand rapidly, there's a concerning increase in waste generation,
posing a threat to the environment. In India, the urban population has grown by 27.8%
since 1947, a significant 13.8% rise. The development of new infrastructure has led to a
substantial shortfall of 55,000 million cubic meters in aggregate, indicating a growing
demand for the future. To cater to the road sector's needs, an extra 750 million cubic meters
of aggregate is required.

The current scenario highlights a significant imbalance between the high demand for
aggregates in modern construction and transportation and their limited supply.
Construction waste, ranging from 40 to 60 kilograms per square meter, adds to this
challenge. Remodelling, repair, and maintenance projects produce between 40 and 50
kilograms per square meter. The highest amount of waste is generated during the
demolition of buildings, with permanent structures yielding around 300 kilograms per
square meter and semi-permanent ones producing 500 kilograms per square meter. The
need for sustainable practices is evident in managing this growing waste issue.

RECYCLE AGGREGATE

Recycled aggregates are materials made from old building stuff, like concrete or bricks.
They're created by crushing or grinding down things like gravel and sandstone. We get a lot
of these recycled aggregates during construction and demolition projects, such as building
roads, bridges, or remodelling.

The waste from these activities, which includes non-biodegradable stuff like concrete,
metal, wood, and plastics, often ends up in regular trash bins. This waste is bulky, heavy,
and takes up a lot of space. During big construction projects, you might see large piles of this
waste on the roads, causing traffic issues.

Even smaller projects, like home renovations, contribute to this waste. People often toss
their debris into local waste bins. This extra waste makes the whole amount heavier and
harder to deal with.

In India, the construction industry produces about 10 to 12 million tons of garbage every
year. The housing sector alone needs a lot of aggregates, and there's a big gap between what
we have and what we need. The road sector also needs a huge amount of aggregates to meet
its goals. So, finding better ways to manage this waste is essential.

Recycling aggregate from demolition and building waste could help balance out the demand
and supply in both sectors. However, despite the presence of recyclable materials like
bricks, wood, metal, and tiles, concrete and masonry waste, which makes up over 50% of
the waste from construction and demolition activities, is not currently recycled in India.

Recycling techniques for concrete and masonry waste are used in nations including the
United Kingdom, the United States, France, Denmark, Germany, and Japan. The Technology
Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) research, however, found that
just 70% of the building sector is aware of these recycling techniques. The report suggests
creating standards for recycled aggregate concrete and components to remedy this.
Enabling manufacturers to produce goods of the desired quality and assuring consumers of
a minimum standard, would promote consumer adoption.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DEMOLITION WASTE

Depending on the particular materials and structures involved, demolition waste can have a
variety of different properties. Nevertheless, some typical traits of demolition waste
include:

Demolition waste often consists of a variety of materials, including concrete, bricks, wood,
metal, plaster, glass, plastics, and other building supplies.

Due to the size and composition of the materials used, such as concrete blocks, beams, and
major structural components, demolition materials can be bulky and take up a lot of room.

Non-biodegradable: A large portion of demolition waste is made up of non-biodegradable

materials including plastic, metal, and concrete that do not break down over time.

Contamination: Particularly in older buildings, demolition waste may contain contaminants

like asbestos, lead-based paint, or dangerous chemicals. To prevent environmental and
health problems, these contaminants must be handled and disposed of properly.

Concrete and metal are two examples of materials that can be heavy and dense and
contribute to the weight and volume of demolition waste.

Recoverable Materials: Despite its varied composition, demolition waste frequently

contains salvageable components that can be recycled or utilized again in different
manufacturing or construction processes, such as wood, metal, and bricks.

Potential for Hazardous Waste: Debris from demolished structures could also contain
hazardous waste, such as chemicals, batteries, or electrical parts, which calls for specific
management and disposal techniques.
It's crucial to remember that different nations and regions may have different rules and
procedures for handling and managing demolition waste materials. To reduce the negative
effects on the environment and maximize the recovery of valuable materials from
demolition waste, proper sorting, recycling, and disposal techniques should be used.

NEED FOR RECYCLED AGGREGATE

1. Natural resources are being depleted at a rapid rate due to urbanization and population
increase.

2. Due to the lack of inexpensive, high-quality aggregates that are readily available, the
building sector is experiencing difficulties.

3. Expensive compared to recycled aggregates for high-quality crushed aggregates.

4. A significant increase in waste production and a lack of disposal facilities.

5. The price of transportation and disposal have significantly increased as a result of the
scarcity of dumping sites.

6. Increased disposal costs result from the need to remove demolished material from
construction sites quickly.

SCOPE OF RECYCLE AGGREGATE

Beyond ordinary levels of waste output, the building industry is expanding quickly all over
the world. However, this waste can be recycled and changed into useful forms, which have a
positive impact on the environment either directly or indirectly. Examples of available
recycled aggregates include the following:

1. As the disposal of waste from demolished structures declines, there is more land that is
becoming available.

2. When building roads, recycled aggregate can be used as fill material.

3. Rigid pavements can be built effectively using recycled aggregate.

4. Ballast for railroads can be made from recycled aggregates.

5. Natural aggregate can be replaced with recycled aggregate, which has superior
properties.

1.7. PRODUCTION OF RECYCLE AGGREGATE

A. Recycling Process

Long boom arm mechanical hydraulic crusher: The concrete and steel reinforcing are
broken down by the crushers using a long boom arm equipment
Fig 3 Long Boom Arm Hydraulic Crusher

Destroying ball:

The Destroying ball, which is suspended from a crawler crane, uses its impact energy to
destroy the building

Fig 4 Destroying Ball

B. Transportation

Buildings and cement pavements are torn down, and the discarded concrete is then
processed at recycling plants. The building and demolition materials are transported using
7 roll-off containers and dump body trailers since they are economical and effective. Closed
box trucks and covered containers are frequently used for this.

Fig 5 The Roll-off Container

C. Crushing Plant

The first step in turning construction and demolition waste into repurposed material is
crushing. In this procedure, fragments of the concrete waste are crushed. Jaw crushers or
impacting mill crushers are typically the equipment used for the crushing operation. The
primary jaw crusher will reduce the concrete waste to a size of around 3 inches.

The materials will be crushed to their largest size, which varies between 34 and 2 inches,
using the secondary cone crushers. Extract all the scrap metal, and magnetic conveyors
installed in every recycling crusher. Fig 1.6 Load in the Primary Crusher.

Fig 6 Load in the Primary Crusher

d. TECHNIQUES FOR CLEANING AND CLASSIFYING

RECYCLABLE AGGREGATE

Electromagnetic Separation

In the primary and secondary crushers, the reinforcing steel is removed using the
electromagnetic separation process using a magnet installed across the conveyor belt.

Fig 7 Process of Electromagnetic Separation.

Dry Separation

By blowing air, lighter particles are separated from heavier stony in the dry separation
process.

Wet Separation
With the help of water jets and a float-sink tank, wet separation is a technique that produces
very clean aggregate by removing low-density contaminants.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

“Nazir Ahmad Siddiqui” et al. (2023). Concrete That Makes Use of Recycled Demolition
Debris as Coarse Aggregate American journal of Engineering Volume 01, issue 05, 2023
ISSN: 2993-2637

The aim of the author for this investigation is to determine whether the aggregate used in
buildings is currently in low supply. Forty percent of all garbage is generated by the
construction industry every year. Landfill problems and other environmental dangers result
from this. Several environmental concerns and landfill difficulties can be mitigated by using
recycled concrete aggregate in place of natural aggregate. The experimental outcomes of
using recycled concrete aggregate as opposed to natural concrete aggregate are presented
in this research. In both recycled and ordinary concrete, the fine aggregate is entirely
natural. The aggregate was salvaged from the demolition of two buildings in Padappai. The
M25 variety of concrete always uses the same w/c ratio, maximum aggregate size, and mix
proportion. Strength changes in recycled aggregate concrete are studied when tested at 7,
14, and 28 days.

“Mohammed Sarfaraz” et al. (2023). Demolished Concrete Waste as Aggregate in Structural

Concrete Journal IJARST ISSN: 2457-0362

In major cities, there is a surge in construction and demolition waste (CDW) quantities
hurting the environment. The use of such waste as recycled aggregate in concrete can be
useful for both environmental and economic aspects in the construction industry. This
study discusses the possibility of replacing natural coarse aggregate (NA) with recycled
concrete aggregate (RCA) in structural concrete. An investigation into the properties of RCA
is made using crushing and grading of concrete rubble collected from different demolition
sites and landfill locations. Aggregates used in the study were: natural sand, and crushed
concretes obtained from different sources.

“Abdul Razi” (2023) Demolished waste as coarse aggregate in concrete. Journal IJARST
ISSN:2457-0362

In this experimental study, they calculate the effect of partial replacement of coarse
aggregate by demolished waste on the workability and compressive strength of recycled
concrete. Compressive strength was observed for 7 and 28 days. The compressive strength
thus, observed was compared with the strength of conventional concrete. Test results
showed that the compressive strength of recycled concrete up to 30% replacement of
coarse aggregate by demolished concrete at the end of 28 days is similar to the conventional
concrete.
“Syed Mohd. Arif” et al. (2021). Experimental investigation of the strength of concrete using
recycled demolished construction materials as coarse aggregate Journal ELSEVIER

In this research paper, The Authors Aim to the performance of recycled demolished
construction material by analyzing its compressive strength for non-load bearing
components of structures like boundary walls and non-load bearing walls. The crushed
pieces of demolished construction material having size 10 mm– 60 mm were used as an
option over coarse aggregate. In this paper, the crushed demolished construction material
was used as 10% to 100% of weight with coarse aggregate for systematic preliminary
investigation. The Performance of the recycled coarse aggregate in the concrete mix was
analyzed by comparing the 28 days' compressive strength of the different concrete mix
samples prepared with the Indian Standard (IS) recommended design mix. In this paper,
they observed that the maximum compressive strength was found at 60 percent usage of
the demolished concrete waste, and strength results were comparable to the control mix up
to 80 percent usage of the demolished concrete waste aggregate.

Khaldoun Rahal et (2021). Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Recycle Coarse

Aggregate Journal ELSVIER Science Direct

The aim of the Author from the study work is to systematically discover the fundamental
characteristics needed to build concrete mixtures with coarse tire rubber chips as
aggregate. For the experimental examination, M20 grade concrete was chosen as the
reference material, and rubber chips from scrap tires were used in place of the usual coarse
aggregate.

A R Krishnaraja et al. (2021). Comparative Study on addition of carbon fiber in Concrete

with partial replacement of demolished concrete waste in structural concrete Journal
ELSEVIER

In this study, they investigated the possibility of replacing a portion of the fine aggregate
with crusher dust at the following percentages: 6%, 12%, 18%, and 24%. Additionally, they
kept the sand content constant while partially replacing the gravel in the M20 concrete with
waste tiles at percentages of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Compression, tensile, and flexural
strength tests were performed on a total of 96 specimens. Based on the findings, they draw
the conclusion that discarded tiles and crusher dust can be used in place of sand and gravel
in concrete. According to their research, the ideal replacement rates for sand and gravel are
24% for crusher dust and 15% for waste tiles.

“Noureddine Arabi” (2020). Mechanical and durability properties of concrete based on

recycled coarse and fine aggregates produced from demolished concrete Journal ELSVIER

In this research paper, The Author faces aggressive environments, and the durability of
recycled aggregate concretes constitutes one of the most unknown aspects. The
employment opportunities of recycled concrete aggregates will inevitably remain cautious
due to the absence of well-established performance criteria. In this paper, they investigate
the influence of different granular compositions (recycled coarse and fine aggregate) on the
mechanical characteristics and durability of concrete. Five series of concrete mixes,
manufactured with various granular combinations (natural/recycled), were studied the
formulation of the reference concrete was based on a constant quantity of 400 kg/m3 of
cement and a constant workability of fresh concrete securing S2 class of flowability and
C25/30 concrete class, according to European standards. The experimental program
consisted of comparing the long- term mechanical strength of concrete conserved in
different types of water baths: fresh tap water sourced directly from the supply network,
deionized water, and salt water. Also, the durability indicators were observed, such as
capillary water absorption, porosity accessible to water, helium gas permeability, and an
ammonium nitrate leaching test. The obtained results have highlighted the superiority of
concrete composed of natural aggregate over concrete incorporating recycled aggregate for
mechanical behavior, observed with three types of water used as a conservation bath. The
replacement of natural aggregate by recycled aggregate does not provide any substantial
improvement in terms of durability. The use of recycled sand in concrete increases its
porosity and vulnerability to an aggressive environment.

“Mohammed Monish” (2020). Utilization of demolish waste as fine aggregate in concrete et

al. Journal of Academia and industrial Research ISSN:2278-5213

This experimental study looks into the use of recycled aggregates made from construction
and demolition waste (CDW) in concrete mixtures to encourage upcycling. A thorough
analysis of current research and pertinent UK lawsabout the manufacture of concrete blocks
is included in the paper. Using a sample of CDW recycled aggregates from a factory in
Swansea as a case study, the initial tests were carried out. Two samples' compositions were
determined by visual inspection and sieving tests, and the results were then contrasted with
the original aggregates. According to the examination, more than 70% of the sample was
made up of excavated soil waste, and the remaining portion was made up primarily of
mortar, concrete, and ceramic waste with traces of organic material, glass, and plaster. Two
concrete mixtures with different water-to-cement ratios were created, each

including 80% recycled aggregates. Slump, absorption, density, and compressive strength
were all tested for. The results showed a considerable loss in quality for both blends when
compared to a reference sample. However, the debate identifies several issues, including
heterogeneity and composition, that must be resolved to successfully use these recycled
aggregates in the manufacture of concrete blocks. By using mixed CDW as recycled
aggregates in concrete mixtures, the study's findings can improve the upcycling process.

“Mohammad Akhtar” (2019) et al. Utilization of Demolished Waste as Coarse Aggregate in

Concrete Journal CEJ

In this paper, The Author intends to explore the work in which Demolishing concrete
buildings usually produces huge amounts of remains and wastes worldwide that have
promising possibilities to be utilized as coarse aggregate for new mixes of concrete. They
Calculate the High numbers of structures around the world that currently need to be
removed for several reasons, such as reaching the end of the expected life, being replaced
by new investments, or were not built by local and international standards. Maintaining or
removing such structures leads to large quantities of concrete ruins. Reusing these concrete
wastes will help in saving landfill spaces in addition to more sustainability in natural
resources. The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of using old recycled
concrete as coarse aggregate to make new concrete mixes and its effect on the evolution of
the compressive strength of the new concrete mixes. They collect the Core samples for
demolished concrete were tested to determine its compressive strength. The core test
results can be thought of as aggregate properties for the new concrete. Then, the
compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of the new recycled aggregate concrete
(RAC) were determined experimentally by casting cubes and cylinders, respectively. It was
found that the evolution of compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete is similar in
behavior to the concrete with natural aggregate, except that it is about 10% lower in value.
It was also seen that water absorption for recycled aggregate is noticeably higher than that
for natural aggregate, and should be substituted for in the mix design.

“Rakesh Kumar” (2017) . Influence of recycled coarse aggregate derived from construction
and demolition waste (CDW) on abrasion resistance of pavement concrete Journal

In this research paper, Coarse aggregate has a notable influence on concrete properties.
Sustainability in concrete is generally achieved through reduced mining of natural
resources required for the manufacturing of its basic constituents, and by recycling suitable
industrial by-products or post-consumer materials including construction and demolition
waste (CDW). CDW is composed of several materials depending on its locality of origin.
Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is obtained by crushing the concretized components of
CDW. RCA is inhomogeneous concerning its dynamic properties unlike natural coarse
aggregate (NCA). Pavement concrete has to possess proper strength and adequate abrasion
resistance to resist surface wearing due to moving traffic. This study presents the influence
of using RCA as a replacement for NCA in paving concrete. Two series of concrete mixes, at
two different water-cement ratios, that is, 0.44 and 0.38, were used in this study. The study
exhibited that RCA reduces the abrasion resistance significantly yet it could be effectively
used in pavement concret.

“Yadhu G and S Aiswarya Devi” (2015). An Innovative Study on Reuse of Demolished

Concrete Waste Journal of civil and environment Engineering

As the Author Expresses in this paper in today’s time the greatest crisis faced by the
construction industry is the availability of sand. They discussed digging of river sand
destroys the river bed and causes danger for people using the river, digging of river sand
has been made illegal in most rivers. As they get river sand is really expensive nowadays as
its availability is very limited. They found that it is more important to replace river sand
with fine aggregate. The most used nowadays in Kerala is M-Sand. In their project work,
they are trying to replace sand with crushed used (demolished) concrete. The concrete
created with this aggregate showed almost the same strength as concrete with natural sand.
They figured out that this sand is much cheaper than river sand and M sand,
but also helps to decrease the disposal of construction wastes, which environmentalists say
degrades the land. In conclusion, the Author's use of this crushed concrete is beneficial not
only to the contractor but also to our environment. This is an experimental study to see the
feasibility of C&D wastes as fine aggregate in concrete.

“Sumaiya Binte Huda, M. Shahriar Alam” (2014). Mechanical behavior of three generations
of 100% repeated recycled coarse aggregate concrete Journal ELSVIER

The Author intended to explore the Demolished concrete generates a significant volume of
construction and demolition (C&D) waste worldwide that has huge potential for concrete
coarse aggregate. This study discusses the use of recycled coarse aggregate in concrete in a
repeated fashion and investigates the fresh and hardened properties of this green concrete
type. Although they propose the three different generations (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) of repeated
recycled concrete were produced using 100% recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) as a
replacement of natural coarse aggregate where RCA was recycled 3 times over its life span.
i.e., the 3rd generation recycled concrete was made with RCA, which was produced after 3
repeated casting of recycled concrete with 100% RCA and then demolishing the hardened
concrete. In conclusion, the Author shows that the repeated recycled concrete experienced
slightly lower compressive strength than the control concrete; however, all mixes
successfully achieved their target strength on the 56th day except the 3rd generation
concrete. Also, another interesting finding of this study shows that even the 3rd generation
concrete could surpass the target strength by at least 25% while considering long-term
strength gain. The stress-strain curves of repeated recycled concrete are also presented and
discussed

“Asif Husain” (2013). Utilization of Demolished Concrete Waste for New Construction
Journal CEJ

In this paper, the author expresses that in recent years demolished concrete waste handling
and management is the new primary challenging issue faced by countries all over the world.
It is a very challenging and hectic problem that has to be tackled in an indigenous manner, it
is desirable to completely recycle demolished concrete waste to protect natural resources
and reduce environmental pollution. In this research paper, anexperimental study is carried
out to investigate the feasibility and recycling of demolished waste concrete for new
construction. The present investigation to be focused on recycling demolished waste
materials to reduce construction costs and resolve housing problems faced by the low-
income communities of the world. The crushed demolished concrete wastes are segregated
by sieving to obtain the required sizes of aggregate, several tests were conducted to
determine the aggregate properties before recycling it into new concrete. This research
shows that the recycled aggregate that is obtained from the site makes good-quality
concrete. The compressive strength test results of partial replacement and fully recycled
aggregate concrete are found to be higher than the compressive strength of normal concrete
with new aggregate.
“Ashraf M. Wagih” (2012). Recycled construction and demolition concrete waste as
aggregate for structural concrete Journal HBRC ISSN: 1687- 4048

In major Egyptian cities, there is a surge in construction and demolition waste (CDW)
quantities hurting the environment. The Author uses such waste as recycled aggregate in
concrete can be useful for both environmental and economic aspects in the construction
industry. Here, they discussed the possibility of replacing natural coarse aggregate (NA)
with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in structural concrete. An investigation into the
properties of RCA is made using crushing and grading of concrete rubble collected from
different demolition sites and landfill locations around Cairo. Aggregates used in the study
were: natural sand, dolomite, and crushed concrete obtained from different sources. A total
of 50 concrete mixes forming eight groups were cast. Groups were designed to study the
effect of recycled coarse aggregate quality/content, cement dosage, and use of
superplasticizer and silica fume. They conducted the tests carried out for compressive
strength, splitting strength, and elastic modulus. They found results that showed the
concrete rubble could be transformed into useful recycled aggregate and used in concrete
production with properties suitable for most structural concrete applications in Egypt. A
significant reduction in the properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) made of 100%
RCA was seen when compared to natural aggregate concrete (NAC), while the properties of
RAC made of a blend of 75% NA and 25% RCA showed no significant change in concrete
properties.

“Kou Shi-Cong, Zhan Bao-Jian” (2011). Feasibility study of using recycled fresh concrete
waste as coarse aggregates in concrete Journal ELSVIER

In Hong Kong, a large amount of fresh concrete waste (FCW) is generated from ready- mix
concrete plants every day. Up to now, these wastes are usually delivered to landfills for
disposal. The landfill areas in Hong Kong will be saturated in 6–8 years, as a result, there is a
need to develop a new technique for utilizing the FCW. In this study, FCW was crushed into
coarse aggregate, and then it was used to replace natural coarse granite at percentages of
0%, 15%, 30%, and 50%, in producing new concrete mixes. They produce concrete with
water/cement ratios of 0.35 and 0.50. The effect of using the normal mixing approach and
the two-stage mixing approach on the properties of concrete was also compared. The
results indicated that the density, strength, and static modulus of elasticity of new concrete
were decreased with an increase in FCW content. Due to the lower density and higher water
absorption of FCW, the water absorption, chloride ion permeability, and dry shrinkage of
the new concrete were increased with the increase in FCW content. Moreover, the two-stage
mixing approach (TSMA) only improved the strength of the FCW concrete when the
concrete was prepared with a lower water-to-cement of 0.35. Their results demonstrated
that the FCW can be used to replace natural aggregates for the production of non-structural
concrete.

“M. Chakradhara Rao • S. K. Bhattacharyya” (2010). Influence of Field Recycled Coarse

Aggregate on Properties of Concrete Journal ELSVIER
In this research, they investigate the influence of different amounts of recycled coarse
aggregates obtained from a demolished RCC culvert 15 years old on the properties of
recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). A new term called ‘‘coarse aggregate replacement ratio
(CRR)’’ they introduced and identified as the ratio of the weight of recycled coarse
aggregate to the total weight of coarse aggregate in a concrete mix. The Author analyses the
behavior of concrete in both the fresh and hardened state, a coarse aggregate replacement
ratio of 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 are adopted in the concrete mixes. The properties namely
compressive and indirect tensile strengths, modulus of elasticity,

water absorption, the volume of voids, the density of hardened concrete, and depth of
chloride penetration are studied. From the experimental results, they observed that the
concrete cured in the air after 7 days of wet curing showed better strength than concrete
cured completely underwater for 28 days for all coarse aggregate replacement ratios. The
volume of voids and water absorption of recycled aggregate concrete are 2.61 and 1.82%
higher than those of normal concrete due to the high absorption capacity of old mortar
adhered to recycled aggregates. The relationships among compressive strength, tensile
strength, and modulus of elasticity are developed and verified with the models reported in
the literature for both normal and recycled aggregate concrete. In addition, the non-
destructive testing parameters such as rebound number and UPV (Ultrasonic pulse velocity)
are reported. Their study demonstrates the potential use of field-recycled coarse aggregates
(RCA) in concrete.

“Vivian W.Y. Tama, ∗, K. Wang b, C.M. Tamb” (2007). Assessing relationships among
properties of demolished concrete, recycled aggregate, and recycled aggregate concrete
using regression analysis, Journal ELSVIER

The Author discussed the Recycled demolished concrete (DC) as recycled aggregate (RA)
and recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) is generally suitable for most construction
applications. In this paper, Low-grade applications, including sub-base and roadwork, have
been implemented in many countries; however, higher-grade activities are rarely
considered. This paper examines relationships among DC characteristics, properties of their
RA, and strength of their RAC using regression analysis. The Author collected ten samples
from demolition sites. The results show a strong correlation between the DC samples and
the properties of RA and RAC. It should be highlighted that the inferior quality of DC will
lower the quality of RA and thus their RAC. Prediction of RAC strength is also formulated
from the DC characteristics and the RA properties. From that, the RAC performance from DC
and RA can be estimated. In addition, RAC design requirements can also be developed at the
initial stage of concrete demolition. Recommendations are also given to improve the future
concreting practice

“Khaldoun Rahal” (2005). Mechanical properties of concrete with recycled coarse aggregate
Journal ELSVIER

This paper reports the results of an experimental study on some of the mechanical
properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) as compared to those of conventional
normal aggregate concrete (NAC). The Author chooses to show ten mixes of concrete with
target compressive cube strength ranging from 20 to 50 MPa that were cast using normal or
recycled coarse aggregates. They developed the cube compressive strength and the indirect
shear strength at ages of 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days, they found compressive strength, the
strains at maximum compressive stress, and the modulus of elasticity tested by using
concrete cylinders at 28 days are reported. In the results, They show that the 28-day cube
and cylinder compressive strength and the indirect shear strength of recycled aggregate
concrete were on average 90% of those of natural aggregate concrete with the same mix
proportions. For concrete with cylinder compressive strengths between 25 and 30MPa, the
modulus of elasticity of RAC was only 3% lower than that of NAC. The trends in the
development of compressive and shear strength and the strain at peak stress in recycled
aggregate concrete were similar to those in natural aggregate concrete

“A. Gokcea, *, S. Nagatakib, T. Saekic, M. Hisadad” (2003). Freezing and thawing resistance of
air-entrained concrete incorporating recycled coarse aggregate: The role of air content in
demolished concrete Journal Cement and concrete research

In this study, Authors aim to introduce new information on freezing and thawing resistance
when air-entrained or non-air-entrained concrete is used as recycled coarse aggregate into
air-entrained concrete. The laboratory-produced air-entrained and non- air-entrained
concretes with a water/ cement (w/c) ratio of 0.45 were recycled at the crushing age of 1
year to obtain the coarse aggregates used in the investigations. The Author stated that the
recycling process was performed in three stages to produce recycled coarse aggregates with
different adhered mortar contents. In conclusion, the Author showed that recycled coarse
aggregate produced from non-air-entrained concrete caused poor freezing and thawing
resistance in concrete even when the new system had proper air entrainment. In this paper,
The Microstructural studies indicated that non-air-entrained adhered mortar caused the
disintegration of the recycled coarse aggregate in itself and disrupted the surrounding new
mortar after a limited number of freezing and thawing cycles. Minimizing non-air-entrained
adhered mortar or enhancing the performance of the new surrounding matrix could not
give satisfactory results for a long freezing and thawing exposure

“Dr. S.M. Naik” (2015). Use of demolished concrete waste in partial replacement of coarse
aggregates in concrete” SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE)- volume
3

In this experiment, the authors have made a detailed investigation that there is a large
amount of demolished waste generated every year in India and other developing countries.
The objective of this study is part of a comprehensive carried out to gauge the effect of
partial replacement of coarse aggregate by demolished waste on compressive strength and
workability of (DAC) demolished aggregate concrete. For studies 3,7-, and 28 days
compressive strengths were recorded. In this study, they took the demolished concrete
aggregate 10%,20%, and 30% by weight of the conventional coarse aggregate and the
concrete cubes were cast by that demolished concrete aggregate then further tests were
conducted such as workability, compressive strength for that DAC and the result obtained
are found to be comparable with the conventional concrete.

OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

Primary objective is conducting various tests on the concrete like, compressive strength,

The goal is to find the optimum Recycle Coarse Aggregate content for usage in concrete.

To determine the ideal replacement rate using demolition material.

The Objective of this research is to analyze and contrast the characteristics of newly placed
concrete made with Recycled Concrete Aggregate and traditional concrete.

Experiment with the characteristics of DC (Demolished Concrete), properties of RA

(Recycled Aggregate), and strength of RA (Recycled Aggregate) where samples are collected
from demolition sites.

To determine the effect of demolition material on concrete strength.

Recommend measures to improve concrete quality for future concreting activities.

Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) is a type of concrete made with recycled aggregates, and
its workability, strength, and cost-effectiveness have been compared to ordinary aggregate
concrete in various studies.

To determine the ideal replacement rate using demolition material.

To find the strength of the concrete by mixing the natural coarse aggregate with recycled
coarse aggregate with various percentages like 10 percent, 25 percent, and 50 percent with
two different ages.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY AND MATERIAL

3.1 METHODOLOGY

The main aim of this project is to utilize recycled concrete as a coarse aggregate for the
production of concrete. It is essential to know the replacement of recycled coarse Aggregate
(RCA) in concrete is acceptable for the making of concrete by using coarse aggregate which
has a size of 20 mm, natural river sand, and recycled coarse aggregate. In this project,
various tests were carried out on both natural aggregate and recycled coarse aggregate to
determine the flakiness index, elongation index, crushing value, impact value, specific
gravity, and bulk density. After performing all tests, a mix design is produced following the
properties obtained from test results. Concrete is then produced with the replacement of
0%, 10%, 25%, and 50% replacement of recycled coarse aggregate with the natural
aggregate with the same mix proportion. Tests conducted on these concretes include the
slump of fresh concrete. For the hardened concrete, compressive strength, split tensile
strength, and flexural strength were calculated for 7 days and the results of each testing age
were recorded. The engineering properties of the recycled coarse aggregate were compared
to the natural aggregate. Demolished concrete which is used for carrying goods becomes a
waste after being used and creates environmental problems. Large amounts of demolished
concrete are produced every year. Recycling and reuse of plastic require vast manpower
and processing costs thus a very small amount of concrete is recycled and reused and the
rest goes into landfills, incinerators, and dumps. It is suggested the use of this concrete
debris be used in a block of concrete as a recycled coarse aggregate to improve the
properties of concrete. The use of RCA (recycled coarse Aggregate) has a dual advantage
cost of the material is low also it solves the problem of disposal of Concrete debris up to
some extent. Since we cannot replace the whole natural aggregate so that we need to find an
optimum percentage of recycled coarse aggregate that can be replaced in concrete.

3.1.1 Procedure for making of recycled coarse aggregate:

The procedure for making recycled coarse aggregate involves several steps, which are
crucial to ensure the quality and usability of the recycled material. Here’s a detailed process
with references to the literature:

Separation: The first step is to separate the contaminants like reinforced steel, foundation
material, plastic, wood, bitumen, and soils from the concrete. .

Sieving: The crushed concrete is then sieved to segregate the coarse aggregates from the
finer materials. .

Quality Control: It’s important to conduct tests on the recycled aggregates to determine
their properties such as strength, absorption, and gradation. .

3.3 Experimental testing

In this project work total fifteen cubes, for M25 grade of concrete with five different volume
percentages of Recycle Coarse aggregate (0%, 10%, 25%, 50%) and partial replacement of
cement with sewage sludge and water supply (5%,10%,15%) were cast as recommended
by IS: 10262-2019.

3.3.1 Test on cement:

3.3.1.1 Initial and final setting time of cement:

Initial setting time is the time consumed from the addition of water into dry cement to the
instant to which needle of 1 mm² section fails to pierce the test sample to a depth of 5 mm
from the bottom.
Final setting time is the time consumed from the addition of water into dry cement to the
instant to which needle of 1 mm² with 5 mm diameter attachment makes an impression on
the sample but attachment fails to make it.

Weigh 400 gm of cement and place it an enamel trough.

Add 0.85P % water by weight of cement and mix it thoroughly, where P is normal
consistency of cement.

Fill the mould with cement paste and level off the cement surface with top of mould.

The gauging time should not be less than 3 minutes and should not be more than 5 minutes.

Place the mould on non-porous plate under the needle of apparatus.

Bring the needle in contact with cement surface and release it.

Repeat the above steps after every 2 minutes until the needle fails to pierce the sample for
about 5 mm measured from the bottom of mould note down this time.

It is initial setting time. Replace the needle by needle with an annular attachment.

Bring the needle with attachment near the surface of cement and release it.

Repeat the above steps until the needle makes an impression on surface and attachment
does not make impression. Note down this time also.

OBSERVATION

Type of cement = OPC 53

Grade of cement = 25

Quality of cement sample taken for test = 500

OBSERVATION TABLE

For normal consistency of cement

Table No.1 Consistency of Cement

For initial & final Setting time

Standard consistency of water (p) = 29%

Water to be added to the cement = 0.85xpxw = 98.6

Time at which water is added in cement = 14:45

Initial setting time = 46 minutes

Final setting time = 300 minutes

3.3.1.2 Compressive strength determination:

Compressive strength of cement is the measure of ability of cement mortar specimen to

withstand the compressive load. It enables to distinguish rapid hardening cement from low
heat and ordinary cement.

Weigh 185 gm of cement, 555 gm of sand and mix them rapidly.

Take (P/4+3)% water of total weight of cement and sand mix it in cement and sand. P is
normal consistency of cement.

The quantities are for one specimen only.

Material for each specimen should be mixed separately according to above mentioned
quantities.

Oil the interior surfaces of the mould. Place each mould on vibrator and fill them with
cement sand mix by vibrating.

Keep the mould (cube) at temperature 27 ± 2" C and in 90% relative humidity for 24 hours.

At the end of this period remove the specimens from mould and place them in clear water.

Test the cubes after 7 days and find the compressive strength of cement. This time period of
7 days may change according to quantity of cement.

Compressive strength of cement =

3.3.2 Test on natural and Recycle coarse aggregate:

In this project work, following test on natural and plastic aggregate were carried out.

3.3.2.1 Test for determination of Flakiness Index and Elongation Index:

A minimum of 200 pieces of each fraction to be tested are taken and weighed (W gm)

In order to separate flaky materials, each fraction is then gauged for thickness on thickness
gauge, or in bulk on sieve having elongated slots are as specified.

Then the amount of flaky material passing the gauge is weighed to an accuracy of at least
0.1% of test sample.

Let the weight of the flaky materials passing the thickness gauge be W₂ kg.

Also the weights of the materials retained on elongation gauge are W kg.
Then the flakiness index is the total weight of the flaky material passing the Various
thickness gauges expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the Sample gauged,
Flakiness Index = × 100.

The elongation index is the total weight of the material retain on the gauges expressed as a
percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged.

Elongation Index = × 100.

3.3.3 Test for determination of Specific gravity:

Sieve dry material and reject all material finer than a number four sieve.

Obtain approximately 3 kg of the water soaked material and roll it in a large absorbent cloth
until all visible films of water are removed.

Wipe large particles individually as required to achieve a SSD condition. Weigh the test
sample in his SSD condition to the nearest 0.5 g or 0.05% of the sample weight, whichever is
greater.

Subsequently, place this SSD sample in the sample container and determine its weight in
water. Be sure to take out the sample container (wire basket) prior to placing the sample.
Remove all air before weighing by shaking the basket while immersed.

Dry the sample to constant weight in an oven at 110 C, and then allow cooling to room
temperature. Weigh this dry sample of coarse aggregate.

OBSERVATIN TABLE

Table No.2 Specific gravity of CA by wire & basket method

3.3.4 Test for determination of Bulk density and Voids:

The test shall normally be carried. Out on dry material when determining the voids, but
when bulking tests are required material with a given percentage of moisture may be used.

The measure shall be filled about one-third full with thoroughly mixed aggregate and
tamped with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod.

A further similar quantity of aggregate shall be added and a further tamping of 25 strokes
given.

The measure shall finally be filled to over-flowing, tamped 25 times and the surplus
aggregate struck off, using the tamping rod as a straightedge.

The net weight of the aggregate in the measure shall be determined and the bulk density
calculated in kilograms per liter.

The percentage of voids shall be calculated as follows:

Percentage of voids = × 100

Where

Gs = specific gravity of the aggregate, and

bulk density in kg/liter.

3.3.5 Test for aggregate crushing value:

The aggregate in surface dry condition before testing and passing 12.5 mm sieve and
retained on 10 mm sieve is selected.

The cylindrical measure is filled by the test sample of the aggregate in three layers of
approximately equal depth, each layer being tamped 25 times by tamping rod.

After the third layer is tamped, the aggregate at the top of the cylindrical measure is leveled
off by using the tamping rod as a straight edge. Then the test sample is weighed as W, gm.

Then the cylinder of test apparatus is kept on the base plate and one third of the sample
from the cylindrical measure is transferred in to cylinder and tamped 25 times by round
ends of the tamping rod.

Similarly aggregate in the third layer of approximately equal depth, each layer being tamped
25 times by tamping rod.

Then the cylinder with test sample and plunger in position is placed on compression testing
machine.

Load is then applied through the plunger at a uniform rate of 4 tones per minute until the
total load is 40 tones and the load is released.

Aggregate including the crushed position are removed from the cylinder and sieved on a
2.36 mm IS sieve and material which passes this sieve is collected and weighed as W gm.

The above step is repeated with second sample of the same aggregate. The two tests are
made for same specimen for taking an average value. The aggregate crushing value is
defined as the ratio of weight of fines passing the specified IS sieve to the total weight of the
sample W₁.

Aggregate Crushing Value = 100

3.3.6 Test for aggregate impact value:

Take the test sample consisting of standard aggregate passing through 12.5 mm and
retained on 10 mm I.S. sieves. The aggregate about one third full of the mould and tamped
by 25 strokes by tamping rod. Add further similar quantity of aggregate and tamp it and fill
the measure.
Determine the net weight of aggregate in mould (W1)

Place the whole sample into a steel cylindrical cup fixed on the base of the machine.

Raise the hammer wt. about 14 Kg to the height of 38 cm above the surfaces of aggregate.

The sample was subjected to a total 15 such blows each derive red at an interval of not less
than one sec.

Remove the crushed aggregate from the cup and sieve through 2.36 mm IS sieve and weight
the material passed through 2.36 mm. (W2)

The fraction retained on the sieve also be weighed and recorded as W.

If the total weight f(W2 + W3) is less than the initial weight W1, by more than 1 gm, the
results will be discarded and fresh test is made.

Aggregate Impact Value = 100

OBSERVATIOB TABLE

Table No.3 Impact Value Test for Coarse Aggregate

3.3.7 WATER ABSORPTION TEST

PROCEDURE

Thus, sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer particle and dust, drained and
then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature 22 and 32O
C.

After immersion, the entrapped air should be removed by lifting the basket and allowing it
to drop 25 times in 25 seconds. The and sample should remain immersed for a period of 24
+1/2 hrs afterwards.

The basket and aggregates should then be removed from the water, allowed to drain for a
few minutes, after which the aggregates should be gently emptied from the basket on to one
of the dry clothes and gently surface-dried with the cloths, transferring it to a second dry
cloth should be spread on the second cloth and exposed to the atmosphere away from direct
sunlight till it appears to be completely surface-dry.

The aggregates should be weighed (weighed ‘A’).

The aggregates should then be placed in an oven at a temperature of 1000 to 1100 C for
24hrs. its should then be removed from the oven, cooled and weighed (weight ‘B’). ot should
then be removed from the oven, cooled and weighed (weighed ‘B’).

Fig No. 10 Water Absorption Test on CA

MATERIAL

3.4.1 CEMENT

This grade is currently the most extensively used cement in the country. OPC 43 is used in
the RCC construction when the concrete grade is up to M25. It is also used in non-structural
tasks like flooring and plastering, as well as in the manufacture of precast goods like blocks,
tiles, and asbestos-containing products like sheets and pipes. For the experiment,

regular Ultra Tech Company Portland Cement of Grade 43, a readily available local
commodity, was used. To prevent being impacted by atmospheric conditions, care was
taken to ensure that the procurement was made from a single batching in sealed containers.

Fig 11 Cement Bag

The cement that was obtained in this manner was assessed based on IS: 12269 for physical
requirements. The following Table 1 contains a list of cement's physical characteristics.

Table No.4 Physical properties of cement

3.4.2 FINE AGGREGATE

M Sand is a granular material used in construction that is mostly composed of finely split
mineral and stony pieces. For this reason, it is used in concrete as fine aggregate.

The aggregate's physical specifications, including gradation, moisture content, specific

gravity, fineness modulus, and water absorption, are evaluated.

Fig 12 Fine Aggregate

Table No.5 Test on Fine Sand

3.4.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

Materials big enough to pass through a 4.75mm screen are sometimes Called as “coarse
aggregate”. The coarse aggregate is produced using materials found in the area. In this
experiment, 10 and 20-mm diameter crushed angular material was used.

Fig 12 Coarse Aggregate

The aggregate is subjected to physical requirements tests, including those for water
absorption, specific gravity, moisture content, impact test, unit weight, and abrasion value.

Table N.6 Test on Coarse Aggregate

Table No.7 Test on Recycle Coarse Aggregate

3.5 MIX DESIGN

The concrete mix design recommended as per IS: 10262-2019 was used to prepare test
samples.

1. Target strength for mix proportioning

fck = fck +1.65 × S

Where, fck’ = target strength

fck = characteristic strength at 28 days

S = standard deviation

As per IS: 456-2000 standard deviation for M25 grade of concrete is 4 N/mm2

fck’ = 25 + 1.65 × 4 = 31.6 N / mm2

2. Selection of water-cement ratio

W/C ratio depends upon

Exposure condition

Maximum nominal size of aggregate

Type of concrete (PCC/RCC)

For mild exposure condition and maximum nominal size of aggregate 20 mm. the water
cement ratio 0.5 by referring table no. 9.7.3 of IS: 456 - 2000

Based on experience W/C ration = 0.5

3. Determination of Water Content

From table - 4 of IS 10262:2019 page-5, we get that water content for 20mm coarse
aggregate = 186 kg [for 50 mm slump range]

As per our targeted slump 75mm as slump value,

As per is 10262-2019, cl-5.3, we can increase water, 3% for every addition 25mm slump.

Estimated water 75mm slump = 186 + (3/100*186) = 191.58 ~ 191 Kg.

Note: No any plasticizer is used in the design mix.

4. Calculation of cement content

= 0.5

Cement = 382 kg/m³ from table 9.7.3 of IS: 456-2000 for mild exposure condition
Design cement content > minimum cement content

382kg / m3 > 300kg / m3 Hence ok.

5. Proportion of volume of C .A & F.A

Volume of C.A and F.A for W / C = 0.5 is given in from table no 9.7.5 of clause 4.4 of IS
10262-2009. We select zone I for volume of course aggregate for 20 mm maximum nominal
size of aggregate (MNSA) is equal to the 0.62

Volume of course aggregate = 0.62

Volume of fine aggregate = 1 - Volume of CA

= 1-0.62 = 0.38 m3

6. Mix Calculation

Mix proportion for unit volume of concrete

Specific gravity of sand = 2.6

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate 2.65

Specific gravity of cement - 3.15

Density of water= 1000 Kg/m²

6.1 Assume volume of concrete = 1 m3

6.2 volume of cement (Vc) =

= = 0.1213 m³

6.3 volume of water (Vw) =

= = 0.191 m3

6.4 volume of all aggregate

= volume of concrete - (volume of cement + volume of water)

= 1-(0.1213 + 0.191)

= 0.687 m³

6.5 mass of coarse aggregate

= volume of all aggregate × proportion volume of coarse aggregate × density of coarse

aggregate
= 0.687 × 0.62 × 2.5 × 1000 = 1064.85 Kg/m3

6.6 mass of fine aggregate

= volume of all aggregate x proportion volume of fine aggregate x density of fine aggregate

= 0.687 × 0.38 × 2.65 × 1000

= 691.81 Kg/m3

7. Summary of mix design:

Cement = 382 kg/m3

Fine aggregate = 692 Kg/m3

Coarse aggregate = 1065 Kg/m3

Water contain = 191 liter

W/C ratio 0.5

The mix proportion per cube concrete:

Proportion ratio for M25 grade of concrete 1: 1.814: 2.793 ( for 3 Cube)

Table No.8 Proportion As per Design

Table No.9 MIX Proportion for Sludge ( Water filter plan , Malegaon ) ( for 3 Cube)

Table No10 MIX Proportion for Sludge (Sewage treatment plan, Nashik) (for 3 Cube)

3.3.6 Casting:

For the purpose of casting, all the moulds were properly oiled and cleaned. These were
securely tightened to the correct dimensions before casting. Care was taken to ensure that
there are no gaps left from which there is any possibility of leakage out of the slurry. Careful
procedures were followed in the batching, mixing, and casting operations.

3.3.7 Curing:

After the casting the cube remove from the mould after 24hrs and then put the curing tank
for curing of 28 days after the curing completed. Remove from curing tank and dry to
normal atmosphere at least 2hrs for the surface dry then to check it for compression testing
machine and record the results.

3.4 Test on fresh concrete:

Slump test:
To obtain a representative sample, take samples from two or more regular intervals
throughout the discharge of the mixer or truck. Do not take samples at the beginning or the
end of the discharge.

Dampen inside of cone and place it on a smooth, moist, non-absorbent, level surface large
enough to accommodate both the slumped concrete and the slump cone. Stand or, foot
pieces throughout the test procedure to hold the cone firmly in place.

Fill cone 1/3 full by volume and rod 25 times with 5/8-inch-diameter x 24-inch-long
Hemispherical tip steel tamping rod. (This is a specification requirement which will produce
non-standard results unless followed exactly.) Distribute rodding evenly over the entire
cross section of the sample.

Fill cone 2/3 full by volume. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating into, but not
through first layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire cross section of the layer.

Fill cone to overflowing. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating into but not through,
second layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire cross section of this layer.

Remove the excess concrete from the top of the cone, using tamping rod as a screed. Clean
overflow from base of cone.

Immediately lift cone vertically with slow, even motion. Do not jar the concrete or tilt the
cone during this process. Invert the withdrawn cone, and place next to, but not touching the
slumped concrete. (Perform in 5-10 seconds with no lateral or torsional motion.)

Lay a straight edge across the top of the slump cone. Measure the amount of slump in inches
from the bottom of the straight edge to the top of the slumped concrete at a point over the
original centre of the base. The slump operation shall be completed in a maximum elapsed
time of 2 1/2 minutes. Discard concrete. Do not use in any other tests.

3.5 Test on hardened concrete:

Compression strength test:

Cubes stored in water or a mist chamber shall be tested within one hour of removal from
the water or mist chamber, whilst they are still wet. Surface water and grit on the cube shall
be wiped off and projecting fins removed. All cubes shall be visually inspected. Any cube
which was unprotected on delivery or has unsatisfactory features shall be recorded as such.
A cube having an edge broken for 20 mm or more in any direction shall be recorded as 'a
cube with damaged edge. All cubes shall be checked to ensure that they satisfy the
perpendicular requirement given in Section 7 of this Standard. If the cube checking jig is
used for this purpose, the procedure described below shall be followed. Each cube shall be
placed in the cube checking jig with the trowelled surface upwards, and the contact between
the cube and jig shall be checked with the feeler gauges. The cube shall then be turned
through 90° and the check repeated. Should the perpendicular of the cube not be within 1%
of the cube dimension, the amount of out of perpendicular shall be recorded and the cube
described as irregular. The cube dimensions between the centres of the three pairs of
opposing faces shall be measured with a calliper or other means which provide the same
accuracy of measurement and recorded to the nearest 0.1 millimetre. A cube whose
dimensions differ from the nominal dimensions by more than 1 mm on width or 2 mm on
height as cast shall be recorded as 'oversize' or 'undersize as appropriate. The load shall be
applied steadily and without shock such that the stress is increased at a rate within the
range (0.6 ± 0.2) MPa/s until no greater load can be sustained. The maximum load applied
to the cube shall be recorded. Each cube shall be weighed and the as-received or saturated
density determined in accordance with Section 16 of this Standard

WORK COMPLETED AND WORK REMAINING

Work Completed:
- Literature review of recycled coarse aggregate concrete.
- Collection of demolition waste material and natural aggregate samples.
- Initial tests on cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate (specific gravity, water
absorption, impact value, etc.).
- Preparation of mix design as per IS codes.
- Casting of concrete specimens.

Work Remaining:
- Complete curing of concrete cubes.
- Conducting compressive strength and tensile strength tests at 28 days.
- Data analysis and comparison with conventional concrete.
- Preparation of final results, discussion, and conclusion.

EXPECTED OUTCOMES
The project is expected to demonstrate that recycled coarse aggregate can be effectively
used in partial replacement of natural aggregate in concrete mixes. It is anticipated that a
10–25% replacement may yield comparable strength and workability with significant
environmental benefits. The final results will provide guidelines for sustainable use of
demolition waste in construction.

6 Future Scope

6.1 Sustainability and Environmental Benefits:

The utilization of recycled materials in construction presents a significant advantage in light

of the growing concerns about environmental sustainability. By partially replacing
traditional coarse aggregates with recycled ones, the demand for natural resources such as
gravel and sand is reduced, thereby conserving them for future generations. This reduction
in demand leads to lower energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated
with the extraction and processing of virgin aggregates.
6.2 Waste Reduction and Waste Management:

The incorporation of recycled coarse aggregates into construction projects offers an

effective solution for managing construction and demolition waste. By diverting these
materials from landfills, it helps alleviate the burden on waste management infrastructure
and reduces the environmental impact of waste disposal.

6.3 Cost Efficiency:

Although there may be initial investments required for establishing recycling facilities and
processing equipment, the long-term cost benefits of using recycled aggregates can be
substantial. Recycled materials are often more affordable compared to virgin aggregates,
contributing to cost savings in construction projects.

6.4 Regulatory Support and Standards:

Governments and regulatory bodies worldwide are increasingly promoting the use of
recycled materials in construction through policies, incentives, and standards. The
continued support and development of regulations favouring the use of recycled aggregates
will further drive their adoption in the construction industry.

6.5 Technological Advances:

Ongoing research and development efforts are focused on enhancing the quality and
performance of recycled aggregates through innovative processing techniques and material
treatments. Advancements in technology will result in improved characteristics of recycled
aggregates, making them more suitable for a wider range of construction applications.

CHAPTER 7

REFRENCE