Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies- AP.

(Catering to the Educational Needs of Gifted Rural Youth of Andhra Pradesh)

1 Functions of severable, Limit of the function

2 Continuity of the two variable function.

3 Partial derivatives and their geometrical interpretation

4 Differentiability of the two variable function

5 Partial derivatives of Homogeneous functions, Euler's theorem, and

Harmonic function
6 Chain rule-Total Derivatives of Composite function and Implicit function,

7 Jacobian function.

D Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor

Department of Mathematics
RGUKT-Nuzvid
AP-521202

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 1 of 47

Functions of several Variables:
A function which depends on more than one independent variables are called functions of several
variables.
Example: Volume of the triangle 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

Limit of functions of two variables: Let f(x, y) be a function of two independent variables x and y.
f(x,y) is said to have the limit L as (x, y) tends to (x0, y0), if for every 𝜖 > 0 (however small it may be),
there exist 𝛿 > 0 such that |f(x, y) − L| < ϵ whenever |𝑥 − 𝑥0 | < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 𝑦0 | < 𝛿 and it is denoted by
lim f(x, y) = L (or) x→x
lim f(x, y) = L
(x,y)→(x0 ,y0 ) 0
y→y0

Note:
1. The limit of the function f(x, y) if exist, is always finite and unique. If not unique then limit
does not exist.
2. In two variables function f(x, y) we can approach the point (x0, y0) from any direction/path
such as by taking a line y=mx, y=mx2, curve 2y-3x=mx3, etc. If limit does not unique through
any one of the path/directions, then lim f(x, y) does not exist.
(x,y)→(x0 ,y0 )
𝑦
3. If x = rcosθ & y = rsinθ then x 2 + y 2 = r 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = tan−1 𝑥 then the definition of the limit

is |f(r, θ) − L| < ϵ whenever 𝑟 < 𝛿, 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 θ

lim f(x, y) = L
r→0

Properties of Limits of Functions of Two Variables:

If lim f(x, y) = L and lim g(x, y) = M then the following rules hold:
(x,y)→(x0 ,y0 ) (x,y)→(x0 ,y0 )

1. lim (f ± g) = L ± M
(x,y)→(x0 ,y0 )

2. lim (f ∗ g) = L ∗ M
(x,y)→(x0 ,y0 )

f L
3. lim (g) = M 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑀 ≠ 0
(x,y)→(x0 ,y0 )

4. lim (kf) = kL
(x,y)→(x0 ,y0 )
𝑟 𝑟
5. lim (f)𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠 ≠ 0
(x,y)→(x0 ,y0 )

𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚
1. Find the limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )
(𝐱,𝐲)→(𝟏,𝟐) 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝟏

2𝑥 2 𝑦 2(1)2 𝑦 2𝑦 4 2
Sol: lim (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2+1) = lim ((1)2 +𝑦 2 +1) = lim (𝑦 2 +2) = 6 = 3
x→1 𝑦→2 𝑦→2
𝑦→2

𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 +𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 −𝟑
2. Find the limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )
(𝐱,𝐲)→(𝟎,𝟎) 𝟐−𝒙𝒚

𝑥 3 𝑦 2 +𝑥 2 𝑦 3 −3 0+0−3 −3 3
Sol: lim ( ) = lim ( ) = lim ( 2 ) = − 2
x→0 2−𝑥𝑦 𝑦→0 2−0 𝑦→0
𝑦→0

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 2 of 47

 𝐱𝟖𝐲𝟑
3. Check the existence of the limit of 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = 𝟑 at (0,0).
(𝐱 𝟒 +𝐲 𝟑 )

x 8 y3 x 4 + y 3 = 0 ⇒ y 3 = 𝑚x 4
Sol: Given that f(x, y) = (x4 +y3 )3

The limit of f(x,y) along the curve y = 𝑚x 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 ∈ 𝑅 is

x8 y3 x 8 (mx 4 ) 𝑚 𝑚
lim f(x, y) = lim ( 4 3 3
) = lim ( 4 4 3
) = lim ( 3
)=
x→x0 x→0 (x + y ) x→0 (x + mx ) x→0 (1 + m) (1 + m)3
y→y0 y→0

It is dependent on m and hence limit is not unique. The limit of the f(x,y) does not exist.

𝒙(𝐱 𝟐 −𝐲 𝟐 )
4. Check whether the limit of the function 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = exist or not at (0,0).
𝐱+𝐲

𝑥(x2 −y2 )
Sol: Given that f(x, y) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ y = 𝑚𝑥
x+y

Take the limit along the curve y = 𝑚𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 ∈ 𝑅 is

𝑥(x 2 − y 2 ) 𝑥(x 2 − (mx)2 ) x 2 (1 − m2 )
lim f(x, y) = lim (
x→x0
) = lim ( ) = lim ( )=0=𝐿
y→y
x→0 x+y x→0 x + mx x→0 1+m
0 y→0

The limit value exists and unique for the path y=mx. But by the definition, limit should be existed
for all paths. Here we don’t consider the other paths (we have not checked) Thus we cannot say
by this test that limit exists or not.
To check whether the limit exist or not, we can proceed always like the following way.
Let 𝜖 > 0, ∃ 𝜕 > 0 ∋ |𝑥 − x0 | < 𝛿, |𝑦 − y0 | < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥| < 𝛿, |𝑦| < 𝛿
𝑥(x 2 − y 2 ) (x 2 − y 2 ) (x − y)x + y
|f(x, y) − L| = | − 0| = |x| | | = |x| | |
x+y x+y x+y
|f(x, y) − 0| = |x||x − y| ≤ |x|{|x| + |y|} = 𝛿(2𝛿) = 𝜖 |𝑥𝑦| = |𝑥||𝑦|
|f(x, y) − 0| < 𝜖 when ever |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿 |𝑥 − 𝑦| ≤ |𝑥| + |𝑦|
𝑥(x2 −y2 )
Hence limit of the function exists and is 0. i.e lim =0
x→0 x+y
y→0

𝟏 𝟏
5. Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝐱 ) + 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒚)) = 𝟎
(𝐱,𝐲)→(𝟎,𝟎)

Sol: Let 𝜖 > 0, ∃ 𝜕 > 0 ∋ |𝑥 − x0 | < 𝛿, |𝑦 − y0 | < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥| < 𝛿, |𝑦| < 𝛿
1 1 1 1
|f(x, y) − L| = |f(x, y) − 0| = |ysin ( ) + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) − 0| ≤ |ysin ( )| + |𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )|
x 𝑦 x 𝑦
1 1
|f(x, y) − 0| ≤ |𝑦| |sin ( )|+|𝑥| |𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )|
x 𝑦 |𝑥𝑦| = |𝑥||𝑦|
|f(x, y) − 0| ≤ |y| + |x| = 𝛿 + 𝛿 = 2𝛿 = 𝜖 |𝑥 + 𝑦| ≤ |𝑥| + |𝑦|
Hence we have |f(x, y) − 0| < 𝜖 when ever |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿 1
|𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )| ≤ 1
1 1
𝑥
Thus lim (ysin (x) + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑦)) = 0
(x,y)→(0,0)

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 3 of 47

 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝑥4 + 𝑦2 = 0
6. Evaluate the limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )
(𝐱,𝐲)→(𝟎,𝟎) 𝒙𝟒 +𝒚𝟐
𝑦 2 = −𝑥 4 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 2
Sol: Take the limit along the curve y = 𝑚x 2
2𝑥 2 𝑦 2𝑥 2 . 𝑚x 2 2𝑚 2𝑚
lim ( 4 2
) = lim ( 4 2 2
) = lim ( 2
)=
(x,y)→(0,0) 𝑥 +𝑦 x→0 𝑥 + (𝑚x ) x→0 1 + 𝑚 1 + 𝑚2
It is dependent on m and hence limit is not unique
The limit of the function does not exist.
𝒙𝒚𝟑
7. Check existence of the limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟔 )
(𝐱,𝐲)→(𝟎,𝟎) 𝑥2 + 𝑦6 = 0
Sol: Take the limit along the curve y 3 = 𝑚x ⇒ 𝑦 6 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ y 3 = 𝑚x; 𝑚 ∈ 𝑅
xy3 x(mx) m m
lim (x2 +y6 ) = lim (x2 +(mx)2 ) = lim (1+m2 ) = 1+m2
(x,y)→(0,0) x→0 x→0

Hence limit is not unique. limit does not exist.

𝒙𝟐
8. Check existence of the limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙𝟐 −𝒚)
(𝐱,𝐲)→(𝟎,𝟎)

Sol: Take the limit along the curve y = 𝑚x 2

x2 x2 1
lim ( 2
) = lim ( 2 2
)=
(x,y)→(0,0) x −y x→0 x − 𝑚x 1−𝑚
∞; 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 = 1
x2
lim ={ 1
(x,y)→(0,0) x 2 − y ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 ≠ 1
1−𝑚
It is dependent on m and hence limit is not unique. The limit of the function does not exist.

𝐲+(𝐱+𝐲)𝟐
9. Evaluate the following limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐱 + 𝐲) (𝐲−(𝐱+𝐲)𝟐 ) y − (x + y)2 = 0
(𝐱,𝐲)→(𝟎,𝟎)
⇒ m𝑦 = (x + y)2
Sol: Take the limit along the curve (x + y)2 = 𝑚𝑦
y+(x+y)2 𝑦+m𝑦 1+m ∞; 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 = 1
lim (x + y) ( ) = lim(√𝑚𝑦) (𝑦−m𝑦) = lim(√𝑚𝑦) (1−m) = {
(x,y)→(0,0) y−(x+y)2 y→0 y→0 0; 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 ≠ 1
Hence limit is not unique. limit does not exist.
(OR)
Let 𝜖 > 0, ∃ 𝜕 > 0 ∋ |𝑥 − x0 | < 𝛿, |𝑦 − y0 | < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥| < 𝛿, |𝑦| < 𝛿
y + (x + y)2 y + (x + y)2
|f(x, y) − L| = |f(x, y) − 0| = |(𝑥 + 𝑦) ( ) − 0| = |𝑥 + 𝑦| | |
y − (x + y)2 y − (x + y)2
y+(x+y)2 y+(x+y)2
|f(x, y) − 0| = (|𝑥| + |𝑦|) | | > |𝑥| + |𝑦| = 𝛿 + 𝛿 = 2𝛿 = 𝜖 since | y−(x+y)2 | > 1
y−(x+y)2

Hence we have |f(x, y) − 0| ≮ 𝜖 when ever |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿

Hence limit does not exist at (0,0).

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 4 of 47

 𝐱𝐲 𝟐
10. Evaluate the following limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐱𝟑 +𝟐𝒚−𝟑𝒙) x 3 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 0
(𝐱,𝐲)→(𝟎,𝟎)

Sol: Take the limit along the curve 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 = mx 3 ⇒ 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 = mx 3

x(3𝑥 + mx 3 )2
xy 2 4 x 3 (3 + mx 2 )2 9
lim ( 3 ) = lim ( 3 3
) = lim ( 3
)=
(x,y)→(0,0) x + 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 x→0 x + mx x→0 4x (1 + 𝑚) 4(1 + 𝑚)

Which attains different values as m varies. Thus limit of the function does not exist.

𝐱𝟑
11. Evaluate the following limit 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐱𝟑 +𝐲𝟑 −𝒙)
(𝐱,𝐲)→(𝟎,𝟎)
x3 + y3 − 𝑥 = 0
Sol: Take the limit along the curve y 3 − 𝑥 = mx 3
3 3
⇒ y 3 − 𝑥 = mx 3
x x 1
lim ( ) = lim ( 3 )=
(x,y)→(0,0) x3 3
+y −𝑥 x→0 x + mx 3 1+𝑚
Which attains different values as m varies. Thus limit of the function does not exist

𝐱 𝟐 −𝐲 𝟐
12. Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒚 ( 𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟐 ) = 𝟎
(𝐱,𝐲)→(𝟎,𝟎)

Sol: Let 𝜖 > 0, ∃ 𝜕 > 0 ∋ |𝑥 − x0 | < 𝛿, |𝑦 − y0 | < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥| < 𝛿, |𝑦| < 𝛿
x2 − y2 x2 − y2
|f(x, y) − L| = |f(x, y) − 0| = |(𝑥𝑦) − 0| = |𝑥||𝑦| | |
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
x2 −y2
|f(x, y) − 0| ≤ |𝑥||𝑦| = 𝛿. 𝛿 = 𝜖 since | x2 +y2 | < 1
x2 −y2
Hence we have |f(x, y) − 0| < 𝜖 when ever |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿 Thus lim (𝑥𝑦 )=0
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 +y2

(OR)
Let x = rcosθ & y = rsinθ then x 2 + y 2 = r 2 and r < 𝛿
x2 − y2 (rcosθ )2 − (rsinθ)2
|f(x, y) − L| = |f(x, y) − 0| = |(𝑥𝑦) | = |(rcosθ rsinθ) ( )|
x2 + y2 r2
2 cos2 θ − sin2 θ r2 r2 𝛿 2
|f(x, y) − 0| = |r 2 ( cosθ sinθ) r 2 ( )| = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2θ. cos2θ < = =𝜖
2 r2 2 2 2
∀ 𝜖 > 0, ∃ 𝜕 > 0 ∋ |f(x, y) − 0| < 𝜖 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟 < 𝛿
x2 −y2 (𝑟 cos θ)(r sin θ)(r2 sin2 θ−r2 cos2 θ) r2
i.e; lim 𝑥𝑦 ( x2 +y2 ) = lim = lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛2θ. cos2θ = 0
(x,y)→(0,0) r→o 𝑟2 r→o 2

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 5 of 47

 𝟏 𝐱𝐲
13. Prove that 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒚) + )=𝟎
(𝐱,𝐲)→(𝟎,𝟎) √𝐱 𝟐 +𝐲 𝟐

Sol: Let 𝜖 > 0, ∃ 𝜕 > 0 ∋ |𝑥 − x0 | < 𝛿, |𝑦 − y0 | < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥| < 𝛿, |𝑦| < 𝛿
1 xy
|f(x, y) − L| = |f(x, y) − 0| = | xsin ( ) + − 0|
y √x 2 + y 2
1 1
|f(x, y) − 0| = |𝑥| |sin ( )| + |𝑥||𝑦| | |
𝑦 √x 2 + y 2
1 1
|f(x, y) − 0| ≤ |𝑥|(1) + |𝑥||𝑦|(1) since |sin (𝑦)| < 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 | |<1
√x2 +y2

|f(x, y) − 0| ≤ 𝛿 + 𝛿 = 2𝛿 = 𝜖
Hence we have |f(x, y) − 0| < 𝜖 when ever |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿
1 xy
Thus lim (xsin (y) + )=0
(x,y)→(0,0) √x2 +y2

Exercise Problems: Check whether the limit of the following functions exist or not.
𝑥−2𝑦
(a) lim ( 𝑥+𝑦 )
(x,y)→(0,0)

𝑥𝑦 2
(b) lim (𝑥 2 +𝑦 4 )
(x,y)→(0,0)

𝑥𝑦 2
(c) lim (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )
(x,y)→(0,0)

𝑥 2 +𝑦2
(d) lim (𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (𝑥−𝑦)2 )
(x,y)→(0,0)

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 6 of 47

Continuity of a function of two variables:
A function f(x, y) is said to be continuous at a point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) if
(a) f(x, y) is defined at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
(b) lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) exist
(x,y)→(0,0)

(c) lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )

(x,y)→(0,0)

(OR)
A function f(x, y) is said to be continuous at a point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ), if for every 𝜖 > 0 (however small it
may be), there exist 𝛿 > 0 such that |f(x, y) − f(x0 , y0 )| < ϵ whenever |𝑥 − 𝑥0 | < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 𝑦0 | < 𝛿
and it is denoted by lim f(x, y) = 𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
(x,y)→(x0 ,y0 )

Note:
1. If a function is not continuous at a point, then we say that function is discontinuous at that point
2. Polynomials in two variables are continuous functions.
3. Rational functions, i.e., ratios of polynomials, are continuous functions provided they are well
defined.
4. constant multiples, sum, difference, product, quotient, and rational powers of continuous
functions are continuous whenever they are well defined

Note:
1. 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 is continuous at all points in the plane.
𝑥𝑦
2. cos (1+𝑥 2 ) and ln(1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) are continuous on R2
𝑦
3. At which points is tan−1 𝑥 continuous?

Well, the function y/x is continuous everywhere except when x = 0

𝑦
The function tan−1 is continuous everywhere on R So, tan−1 𝑥 is continuous everywhere except

when x = 0
4. The function (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 1)−1 is continuous everywhere except on the sphere 𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 where it is not defined

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 7 of 47

 𝐱𝐲
; (𝐱, 𝐲) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
14. Show that function f is discontinuous at (0,0). 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = { 𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟐
𝟎 ; (𝐱, 𝐲) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
Sol: Given that f(0,0)=0
Take the limit along the curve y = mx
xy x(mx) 𝑚
lim ( ) = lim ( ) =
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y2 x→0 x 2 + m2 x 2 1 + m2
Which attains different values as m varies. Thus limit of the function does not exist.
Hence function is not continuous at (0,0)
𝒙𝒚
𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟐 ) ; (𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
15. Check whether function is continuous at (0,0) or not. 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = {
𝟎 ; (𝒙, 𝒚) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
Sol: Given that f(0,0)=0
Take the limit along the curve y = mx
xy x(mx) 𝑚
lim sin (x2 +y2 ) = lim sin (x2 +m2x2 ) = sin (1+m2 )
(x,y)→(0,0) x→0

Which attains different values as m varies. Hence limit of the f(x,y) is not unique.
Thus limit does not exist.
Hence given function f(x, y) is not continuous at (0,0)
𝟏
𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝐱) ; (𝐱, 𝐲) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
16. Prove that the function is continuous at origin. 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = {
𝟎 ; (𝐱, 𝐲) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
Sol: Given that f(0,0)=0
Let 𝜖 > 0, ∃ 𝜕 > 0 ∋ |𝑥 − x0 | < 𝛿, |𝑦 − y0 | < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥| < 𝛿, |𝑦| < 𝛿
1 1 1
|f(x, y) − f(0,0)| = | ysin ( ) − 0| = |y| |sin ( )| ≤ |y| = 𝛿 = 𝜖 Since |sin (𝑥)| < 1
x x

Hence we have |f(x, y) − f(0,0)| < ϵ when ever |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿

Thus lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 = f(0,0)
(x,y)→(0,0)

Hence f is continuous at (0,0)

𝐱𝐲
; (𝐱, 𝐲) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
17. Discuss the continuity of the function at (0,0) 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = {√𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟐
𝟏 ; (𝐱, 𝐲) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
Sol: Given that f(0,0)=1
Take the limit along the curve y = mx
xy x(mx) mx 2
lim ( ) = lim ( ) = lim ( )=0
(x,y)→(0,0) √x 2 + y 2 x→0 √x 2 + m2 x 2 x→0 𝑥√1 + m2

Hence lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 but f(0,0)=1

(x,y)→(0,0)

lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

(x,y)→(0,0)

Hence function is not continuous at (0,0)

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 8 of 47

 𝐱𝐲
; (𝐱, 𝐲) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
18. Show that function f is continuous at (0,0). 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = {√𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟐
𝟎 ; (𝐱, 𝐲) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
Sol: Given that f(0,0) = 0
Let 𝜖 > 0, ∃ 𝜕 > 0 ∋ |𝑥 − x0 | < 𝛿, |𝑦 − y0 | < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥| < 𝛿, |𝑦| < 𝛿
xy y 1 y2
|f(x, y) − f(0,0)| = | − 0| = |x| | | = |x||y| | | ≤ |x||y| Since |x2 +y2 | < 1
√x2 +y2 √x2 +y2 √x2 +y2

|f(x, y) − f(0,0)| < |𝑥||y| = 𝛿 2 = 𝜖

Hence we have |f(x, y) − f(0,0)| < ϵ when ever |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿
Thus lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 = f(0,0)
(x,y)→(0,0)

Hence f is continuous at (0,0)

𝐱𝐲(𝐱 𝟐 −𝐲 𝟐 )
; (𝐱, 𝐲) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
19. Show that f is continuous at (0,0). 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = { 𝐱 𝟐 +𝐲 𝟐
𝟎 ; (𝐱, 𝐲) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
Sol: Given that f(0,0) = 0
Let 𝜖 > 0, ∃ 𝜕 > 0 such that |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥| < 𝛿, |𝑦| < 𝛿
xy(x2 −y2 ) x2 −y2 x2 −y2
|f(x, y) − f(0,0)| = | − 0| = |x||y| |x2 +y2| ≤ |x||y| < 𝛿. 𝛿 = 𝛿 2 = ϵ Since |x2 +y2 | < 1
x2 +y2

Hence we have |f(x, y) − f(0,0)| < ϵ when ever |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿

Thus lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 = f(0,0), Hence f is continuous at (0,0)
(x,y)→(0,0)

𝐱 𝟑 −𝐲 𝟑
; (𝐱, 𝐲) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
20. Discuss the continuity of the function at origin. 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = {𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟐
𝟎 ; (𝐱, 𝐲) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
Sol: Given that f(0,0)=0
Take the limit along the curve 𝑦 = mx
x3 − y3 x 3 − (mx)3
lim ( ) = lim ( )=0
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y2 x→0 x 2 + (mx)2

The limit value exists and unique for the path y=mx. But we cannot say by this test that limit exists
or not.
To check whether the limit exist or not, we can proceed always like the following way.
Sol: Let 𝜖 > 0, ∃ 𝜕 > 0 such that |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥| < 𝛿, |𝑦| < 𝛿
x3 − y3 x3 y3 x2 y2
|f(x, y) − f(0,0)| = | − 0| = | | + | | = |𝑥| | | + |𝑦| | |
x2 + y2 x2 + y2 x2 + y2 x2 + y2 x2 + y2
x2
|f(x, y) − f(0,0)| =≤ |𝑥| + |𝑦| = 2𝛿 = 𝜖 Since |x2 +y2 | < 1

Hence we have |f(x, y) − f(0,0)| < ϵ when ever |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿

Thus lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 = f(0,0) Hence f is continuous at (0,0)
(x,y)→(0,0)

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 9 of 47

 𝐱𝟐
; (𝐱, 𝐲) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
21. Show that function f is discontinuous at (0,0). 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = { 𝐱 𝟐 +𝐲 𝟒 −𝒙
𝟎 ; (𝐱, 𝐲) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
Sol: Given that f(0,0)=0
Take the limit along the curve y 4 − 𝑥 = mx 2
x2 x2 1
lim ( 2 4
) = lim ( 2 2
)=
(x,y)→(0,0) x + y − 𝑥 x→0 x + mx 1+m
Limit do not exist at (0,0). Hence function is not continuous at (0,0)
𝐱𝟒𝐲𝟒
𝟑 ; (𝐱, 𝐲) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
22. Show that function f is discontinuous at (0, 0). 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = {(𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟒 )
𝟎 ; (𝐱, 𝐲) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
Sol: Given that f(0,0)=0
(x 2 + y 4 )𝟑 = 0
Take the limit along the curve y 4 = mx 2
⇒ x2 + y4 = 0
4 4 4 2
x y x (𝑚x ) 𝑚
lim ( ) = lim ( 2 )= ⇒ y 4 = mx 2
(x,y)→(0,0) (x 2 4
+y ) 3 2
x→0 (x + (mx )) 3 (1 + m)3
Limit do not exist at (0,0). Hence function is not continuous at (0,0)
𝐱𝐲 𝟐
; (𝐱, 𝐲) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
23. Show that function f is discontinuous at (0,0). 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = { 𝐱𝟑 +𝐲𝟑
𝟎 ; (𝐱, 𝐲) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
Sol: Take the limit along the curve y= mx
xy 2 x m2 x 2 m2
lim ( ) = lim ( ) =
(x,y)→(0,0) x3 + y3 x→0 x 3 + m3 x 3 1 + m3
Limit do not exist at (0,0). Hence function is not continuous at (0,0)
𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝐲) ; (𝐱, 𝐲) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
24. Discuss the continuity of the function at origin. 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = {
𝟎 ; (𝐱, 𝐲) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
Sol: Given that f(0,0)=0
Let 𝜖 > 0, ∃ 𝜕 > 0 such that |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥| < 𝛿, |𝑦| < 𝛿
1 1
|f(x, y) − f(0,0)| = | sinx sin ( ) − 0| = |sinx| |sin ( )| ≤ |sinx| < |𝑥| < 𝛿 = 𝜖
y y
1
Since |sin (𝑦)| ≤ 1 and |sinx| < |𝑥|

|f(x, y) − 0| ≤ 𝜖
Hence we have |f(x, y) − f(0,0)| < ϵ when ever |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿
Thus lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 = f(0,0)
(x,y)→(0,0)

Hence f is continuous at (0,0)

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 10 of 47

25. Discuss the continuity of the following function at the point (0,0)
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
, (𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = { 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙𝒚)
𝟎 , (𝒙, 𝒚) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
Sol: Given that f(0,0)=0
Take the limit along the curve y= mx
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + m2 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 (1 + m2 )
lim ( ) = lim ( ) = lim ( )
(x,y)→(0,0) tan(𝑥𝑦) x→0 tan(𝑥. mx ) x→0 tan(𝑚𝑥 2 )

1 + m2 2)
1 1 1 + m2
⟹ lim ( ) = (1 + m =
x→0 tan(𝑚𝑥 2 ) 𝑚 tan(𝑚𝑥 2 ) 𝑚
2 lim ( 2 )
𝑥 x→0 𝑚𝑥
Limit do not exist at (0,0). Hence function is not continuous at (0,0)

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 11 of 47

Partial Derivatives:
We know that, if y is a continuous function of the independent variable x, and ∆y the increment in y
∆y
corresponding to an increment ∆x in x, then lim if exists, is called the differential coefficient or
∆x→0 ∆x

the derivative of y with respect to x.

Let f(x,y) be a function of two independent variables x and y and let ∆f be the increment in f
corresponding to an increment in x, y remaining constant. If f is a continuous function of x, the limit
∆f 𝜕𝑓
lim if exists is called the partial derivative of f with respect to x, and is represented by 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑥 .
∆x→0 ∆x 𝜕𝑥

∂f f(x + ∆x, y) − f(x, y)

∴ = ux = lim ( )
∂x ∆x→0 ∆x
In the same way, if u is a continuous function of y, the increment ∆f in f, corresponding to an
∆f
increment ∆y in y, x remaining constant, then the limit lim if exists is called the partial
∆y→0 ∆y
𝜕𝑓
derivative of f with respect to y, and is represented by 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦 .
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑓 𝑓(𝑥, y + ∆y) − 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

∴ = 𝑓𝑦 = lim ( )
𝜕𝑦 ∆y→0 ∆y
Note:
1. The partial derivative of f(x, y) with respect to x at the point (x0, y0) is
∂f f(x0 + h, y0 ) − f(x0 , y0 )
( ) = fx (x0 , y0 ) = lim
∂x (x0 ,y0) h→0 h
provided the limit exists.
2. The partial derivative of f(x,y) with respect to y at the point (x0, y0) is
∂f f(x0 , y0 + k) − f(x0 , y0 )
( ) = fy (x0 , y0 ) = lim
∂y (x k→0 k
0 ,y0 )

provided the limit exists.

𝛛𝐟
3. The partial derivative 𝛛𝐱 at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) gives the rate of change of f(x, y) w.r.to x, when y is held

fixed at 𝑦0 . This is the rate of change of f(x, y) in the direction of the positive x-axis at
(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
𝛛𝐟
4. The partial derivative 𝛛𝐲 at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) gives the rate of change of f(x, y) w.r.to y, when x is held

fixed at 𝑥0 . This is the rate of change of f(x, y) in the direction of the positive y-axis at
(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 12 of 47

Second and higher order partial derivatives:
Let u=f(x,y) be a function of two independent variables x and y. The first order partial derivative of
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
u denoted by 𝜕𝑥 & 𝜕𝑦. We can also find the second and higher order derivatives

∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u
, , , … … … . ..
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
They are evaluated as follows.
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
2
= ( ) & 2
= ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
= ( )& = ( )
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
These derivatives are usually denoted by 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑦 , 𝑓𝑦𝑥 . Generally, 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

The third and higher orders of the partial derivatives can be obtained similarly.

𝛛𝐟 𝛛𝐟
26. Find the value of & at the point (4,-5), if 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟑𝐱𝐲 + 𝐲 − 𝟏
𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐲

Sol: Given that f(x, y) = x 2 + 3xy + y − 1

∂f ∂f
Differentiate w.r.t x we get = 2x + 3y ⟹ ( ∂x) = −7
∂x (4,−5)
∂f ∂f
Differentiate w.r.t y we get = 3x + 1 ⟹ ( ∂y) = 13
∂y (4,−5)

(OR)
𝑓(𝑥0 + h, 𝑦0 ) − 𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
𝑓𝑥 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) = lim
h→0 h
f(4 + h, −5) − f(4, −5)
fx (4, −5) = lim
h→0 h
{(4 + h)2 + 3(4 + h)(−5) + (−5) − 1} − (−50)
fx (4, −5) = lim
h→0 h
h2 − 7h h(h − 7)
fx (4, −5) = lim = lim = lim (h − 7) = −7
h→0 h h→0 h h→0

f(x0 , y0 + k) − f(x0 , y0 ) f(4, −5 + k) − f(4, −5)

fy (x0 , y0 ) = lim ⟹ fy (4, −5) = lim
k→0 k k→0 k
16 + 3(4)(k − 5) + (k − 5) − 1 − (−50) 13𝑘
fy (4, −5) = lim = lim = 13
k→0 k h→0 k
𝛛𝐟 𝛛𝐟
27. Find the value of 𝛛𝐱 & if 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = 𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐱𝐲)
𝛛𝐲

Sol: Given that f(x, y) = 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥𝑦)

∂f ∂ ∂f
= y cos(xy) (𝑥𝑦) ⟹ = y cos(xy) (𝑦) = 𝑦 2 cos(𝑥𝑦)
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂f ∂ ∂f
= y cos(xy) (𝑥𝑦) + sin(𝑥𝑦) ⟹ = y cos(xy) (𝑥) + sin(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 cos(𝑥𝑦) + sin(𝑥𝑦)
∂y ∂x ∂y

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 13 of 47

 𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐
; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ (𝟏, −𝟏)
28. If 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = { 𝒙−𝒚 Find 𝒇𝒙 (𝟏, −𝟏)𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒚 (𝟏, −𝟏).
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = (𝟏, −𝟏)
Sol: Given that f(1,-1)=0
f(x0 + h, y0 ) − f(x0 , y0 )
fx (x0 , y0 ) = lim
h→0 h
f(1 + h, −1) − f(1, −1)
fx (1, −1) = lim
h→0 h
(1 + h)2 − (−1)2
−0 1 + h2 + 2h − 1 h(h + 2
(1 + h) − (−1)
fx (1, −1) = lim ( ) = lim ( ) = lim ( )=1
h→0 h h→0 h(2 + h) h→0 h(2 + h)

f(x0 , y0 + k) − f(x0 , y0 ) f(1, −1 + k) − f(1, −1)

fy (x0 , y0 ) = lim = lim
k→0 k k→0 k
1 − (−1 + k)2
−0 1 − (1 + k 2 − 2k −k 2 + 2k
1 − (−1 + k)
fy (1, −1) = lim ( ) = lim ( ) = lim ( )=1
k→0 k k→0 k(2 − k) k→0 k(2 − k)

𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐱 𝟑 +𝐲 𝟒 )
; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎
29. Let 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = { 𝐱 𝟐 +𝐲 𝟐 compute 𝐟𝐱 & 𝐟𝐲 at (0,0)
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
Sol:
f(x0 + h, y0 ) − f(x0 , y0 )
fx (x0 , y0 ) = lim
h→0 h
sin(h3 )
∂f f(h, 0) − f(0,0) 2 −0 sin(h3 )
(0,0) = lim = lim h = lim =1
∂x h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h3
f(x0 , y0 + k) − f(x0 , y0 )
fy (x0 , y0 ) = lim
k→0 k
sin(k 4 )
∂f f(0, k) − f(0,0) 2 −0 sin(k 4 ) sin(k 4 )
(0,0) = lim = lim k = lim = lim ( )k = 0
∂y k→0 k k→0 k k→0 k3 k→0 k4

Hence fx (0,0) ≠ fx (0,0)

𝛛𝐟 𝛛𝐟 𝛛𝐟 𝛛𝐟
30. find the value of (𝒂) 𝛛𝐱 (𝒙, 𝟎) (𝒃) 𝛛𝐱 (𝟎, 𝒚) (𝒄) 𝛛𝐲 (𝒙, 𝟎) (𝒅) 𝛛𝐲 (𝟎, 𝒚) if
𝒙𝒚(𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐲 𝟐 )
; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎
𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = { 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
Sol:
∂f f(x + h, 0) − f(x, 0) 0−0
(x, 0) = lim = lim =0
∂x h→0 h h→0 h

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 14 of 47

 hy(h2 −y2 ) hy(h2 −y2 )
∂f f(h,y)−f(0,y) −0 −0 y(h2 −y2 )
h2 +y2 h2 +y2
(0, y) = lim = lim = lim = lim = −y
∂x h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h2 +y2
xk(x2 −k2 ) xk(x2 −k2 )
∂f f(x,k)−f(x,0) −0 −0 x(x2 −k2 )
x2 +k2 x2 +k2
(x, 0) = lim = lim = lim = lim =x
∂y k→0 k k→0 k k→0 k k→0 x2 +k2

∂f f(0, y + k ) − f(0, y) 0−0

(0, y) = lim = lim =0
∂y k→0 k k→0 k

31. find the slope of the line tangent to the surface 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟒 at the point (2,-1)
and lying in the (a) plane x=2 (b) plane y=-1.
Sol: Given that 𝑓(x, y) = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4
∂f
(a) Along a plane x=2: 𝑓 = 3𝑦 ⟹ ∂y = 3

Slope of f(x,y) at (2,-1) is 3

∂f
(b) Along a plane y=-1: 𝑓 = 2𝑥 − 7 ⟹ ∂x = 2

Slope of f(x,y) at (2,-1) is 2

32. find the slope of the line tangent to the surface 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 at the point (-1,1) and
lying in the (a) plane x=-1 (b) plane y=1.
Sol: Given that 𝑓(x, y) = x 2 + y 3
∂f
(a) Along a plane x=1: 𝑓(𝑦) = 1 + y 3 ⟹ ∂y = 3y 2

Slope of f(x,y) at (-1,1) is 3

∂f
(b) Along a plane y=1: 𝑓(𝑥) = x 2 + 1 ⟹ = 2𝑥
∂x

Slope of f(x,y) at (-1,1) is -2

𝒙𝐲 𝟐
; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎
33. Show that the function 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = { 𝐱 𝟐 +𝐲 𝟒 is not continuous at (0,0) but its
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
partial derivatives 𝒇𝒙 , 𝒇𝒚 exist at (0,0)
Sol: Given that f(0,0)=0 x2 + y4 = 0

Take the limit along the curve y 2 = mx y 2 = 𝑚𝑥

x(mx) 𝑚
lim ( )=
(x,y)→(0,0) x 2 2
+m x 2 1 + m2
Hence limit is not unique thus limit does not exist at (0,0).
Hence function is not continuous at (0,0)
∂f f(h, 0) − f(0,0) 0−0
(0,0) = lim = lim =0
∂x h→0 h h→0 h

∂f f(0, k ) − f(0,0) 0−0

(0,0) = lim = lim =0
∂y k→0 k k→0 k

Thus the partial derivative fx , fy exist at (0,0) but f(x,y) is not continuous at (0,0)

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 15 of 47

 𝑥y
; 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ 0
34. Show that the function 𝑓(x, y) = { x2 +2y2 is not continuous at (0,0) but its
0 ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
partial derivatives 𝒇𝒙 , 𝒇𝒚 exist at (0,0)

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 16 of 47

Differentiable function:
A function f(x, y) is said to be differentiable at a point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ), if 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) exist
f(𝐱𝟎 +h, 𝐲𝟎 +𝐤)−f(𝐱𝟎 ,𝐲𝟎 )−h𝐟𝐱 (x0 ,y0 )−k𝐟𝐲 (x0 ,y0 )
and lim √h2 +k2
exist
(h,k)→(x0 ,y0 )

Note:
1. If the first order partial derivatives 𝑓𝑥 & 𝑓𝑦 of a function f(x,y) are continuous at a point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ),
then f(x,y) is differentiable at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ).
2. If a function f(x,y) is differentiable at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ), then f(x,y) is continuous at(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ).
3. If f(x,y) is not continuous at(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) then f(x,y) is not differentiable at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ).

Note: Let f (x y) be a function of two independent variables x and y and dx, dy are the increments
in x and y respectively then the differential of f(x,y) is called the total differential and is
𝛛𝐟 𝛛𝐟
denoted by 𝐝𝐟 = 𝛛𝐱 𝐝𝐱 + 𝛛𝐲 𝐝𝐲

𝒙𝐲+𝐲 𝟐
; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎
35. Show that the function 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = {𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟐 is not differentiable at the origin.
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
Sol: Given that f(0,0)=0
Take the limit along the curve y = mx
xy + y 2 x(mx) + (mx)2 𝑚 + m2
lim ( ) = lim ( ) =
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y2 x→0 x 2 + m2 x 2 1 + m2
The different of m we get different limits Thus limit of the function does not exist.
Hence function is not continuous at (0,0) thus f(x,y) is not differentiable at (0,0)

36. The dimensions of a rectangular box are measured to be 75cm, 60cm, and 40 cm, and
each measurement is correct to within 0.2cm. Use differentials to estimate the largest
possible error when the volume of the box is calculated from these measurements.
Sol: Given That x=75, y=60, z=40cm and dx = dy = dz = 0.2
The volume of the box is V = xyz
∂V ∂V ∂V
= 𝑦𝑧, = 𝑥𝑧, = 𝑥𝑦
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂V ∂V ∂V
dV = dx + dy + dz
∂x ∂y ∂z
The largest error in cubic cm is dV = (60 ∗ 40 ∗ 0.2) + (40 ∗ 75 ∗ 0.2) + (75 ∗ 60 ∗ 0.2) = 1980
Notice that the relative error is 1980/(75* 60* 40) which is about 1%

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 17 of 47

 𝐱𝐲
; (𝐱, 𝐲) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
37. Show that 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = {√𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟐 is continuous but not differentiable at (0,0)
𝟎 ; (𝐱, 𝐲) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
Sol: Given that f(0,0) = 0
Let 𝜖 > 0, ∃ 𝜕 > 0 such that |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥| < 𝛿, |𝑦| < 𝛿
xy 1 1
|f(x, y) − f(0,0)| = | − 0| = |x||y| | | ≤ |x||y| < 𝛿. 𝛿 = ϵ Since |x2 +y2 | < 1
√x2 +y2 √x2 +y2

Hence we have |f(x, y) − f(0,0)| < ϵ when ever |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿

Thus lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 = f(0,0), Hence f is continuous at (0,0)
(x,y)→(0,0)

f(x0 + h, y0 ) − f(x0 , y0 ) f(h, 0) − f(0,0) 0−0

⟹ fx (x0 , y0 ) = lim = lim = lim =0
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h

f(x0 , y0 + k) − f(x0 , y0 ) f(0, k) − f(0,0) 0−0

⟹ fy (x0 , y0 ) = lim = lim = lim =0
k→0 k k→0 k k→0 k

f(x0 + h, y0 + k) − f(x0 , y0 ) − hfx (x0 , y0 ) − kfy (x0 , y0 )

⟹ lim
(h,k)→(x0 ,y0 ) √h2 + k 2
hk
f(h, k) − f(0,0) − hfx (0,0) − kfy (0,0) − 0 − h. 0 − k. 0
√h2+ k2
⟹ lim ⟹ lim
(h,k)→(0,0) √h2 + k 2 (h,k)→(0,0) √h2 + k 2
hk
= lim
(h,k)→(0,0) h2 + k 2

Take the limit along the curve h = mk

hk (mk)k mk 2 m
lim 2 2
= lim ( 2 2 2
) = lim ( 2 2
)= 2
(h,k)→(0,0) h + k k→0 m k + k k→0 k (m + 1) m +1
The different of m we get different limits Thus limit of the function is not unique.
Hence f(x,y) is not differentiable at (0,0)

𝐱 𝟑 −𝐲 𝟑
; (𝐱, 𝐲) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
38. Show that 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = {𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟐 is continuous but not differentiable at origin
𝟎 ; (𝐱, 𝐲) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
𝛛𝐟 𝛛𝐟
although partial derivatives 𝛛𝐱 & exists at (0,0)
𝛛𝐲

Sol: Given that f(0,0) = 0

Let 𝜖 > 0, ∃ 𝜕 > 0 such that |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿 ⟹ |𝑥| < 𝛿, |𝑦| < 𝛿
x3 −y3 x3 y3 x2 y2
|f(x, y) − f(0,0)| = | − 0| = |x2 +y2| + |x2 +y2 | |𝑥| |x2 +y2| + |y| |x2 +y2| ≤ |𝑥| + |𝑦| = 2𝛿 = 𝜖
x2 +y2

Hence we have |f(x, y) − f(0,0)| < ϵ when ever |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿

Thus lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 = f(0,0) Hence f is continuous at (0,0)
(x,y)→(0,0)

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 18 of 47

 h3 − 0
f(x0 + h, y0 ) − f(x0 , y0 ) f(h, 0) − f(0,0) 2 −0 h
⟹ fx (x0 , y0 ) = lim = lim = lim h + 0 = lim = 1
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h

0 − k3
f(x0 , y0 + k) − f(x0 , y0 ) f(0, k) − f(0,0) 2−0 −k
⟹ fy (x0 , y0 ) = lim = lim = lim 0 + k = lim = −1
k→0 k k→0 k k→0 k k→0 k

f(x0 + h, y0 + k) − f(x0 , y0 ) − hfx (x0 , y0 ) − kfy (x0 , y0 )

⟹ lim
(h,k)→(x0 ,y0 ) √h2 + k 2
h3 − k 3
f(h, k) − f(0,0) − hfx (0,0) − kfy (0,0) 2 2 − 0 − h. 1 − k. (−1)
⟹ lim ⟹ lim h + k
(h,k)→(0,0) √h2 + k 2 (h,k)→(0,0) √h2 + k 2
h3 − k 3
2 2−h+k (h3 − k 3 ) + (k − h)(h2 + k 2 )
⟹ lim h + k ⟹ lim
(h,k)→(0,0) √h2 + k 2 (h,k)→(0,0) (h2 + k 2 )√h2 + k 2
(h3 − k 3 ) + (k − h)(h2 + k 2 )
⟹ lim … … … . . (1)
(h,k)→(0,0) √(h2 + k 2 )3
Take the limit along the curve h = mk
(m3 k 3 − k 3 ) + (k − mk)(m2 k 2 + k 2 ) k 3 {(m3 − 1) + (1 − 𝑚)(m2 + 1)}
lim = lim ( )
(h,k)→(0,0) √(m2 k 2 + k 2 )3 k→0 k 3 √(𝑚2 + 1)3
{(m3 − 1) + (1 − 𝑚)(m2 + 1)}
=
√(𝑚2 + 1)3
The different of m we get different limits. Thus limit does not exist.
Hence f(x,y) is not differentiable at (0,0)

(OR)
From (1)
(h3 − k 3 ) + (k − h)(h2 + k 2 )
lim
(h,k)→(0,0) √(h2 + k 2 )3

Let h = rcosθ, k = rsinθ ⟹ h2 + k 2 = r 2

(r 3 cos 3 θ − r 3 sin3 θ) + (rsinθ − rcosθ)(r 2 )

⟹ lim
r→o r3

r 3 {(cos3 θ − sin3 θ) + (sinθ − cosθ)}

⟹ lim
r→o r3

⟹ lim(cos3 θ − sin3 θ) + (sinθ − cosθ)

r→o

⟹ (cos3 θ − sin3 θ) + (sinθ − cosθ)

Limit value depend on θ so that imit does not exist. f(x,y) is not differentiable

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 19 of 47

 𝟏 𝟏
𝐱 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒙) + 𝐲 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒚) ; (𝐱, 𝐲) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
39. Show that 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = { is differentiable at origin.
𝟎; (𝐱, 𝐲) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
Sol:
𝑓(𝒙𝟎 + h, 𝒚𝟎 ) − 𝑓(𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 ) ∂f 𝑓(ℎ, 0) − 𝑓(𝟎, 𝟎)
⟹ 𝒇𝒙 (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 ) = lim ⟹ (0,0) = lim
h→0 h ∂x h→0 h
1
∂f h2 sin ( ) − 0
(0,0) = lim h =0
∂x h→0 h

f(x0 , y0 + k) − f(x0 , y0 ) ∂f f(0, k) − f(0,0)

⟹ fy (x0 , y0 ) = lim ⟹ (0,0) = lim
k→0 k ∂y k→0 k
1
∂f k2 sin( )−0
y
(0,0) = lim =0 Hence fx & fy exist at (0,0)
∂y k→0 k

f(x0 + h, y0 + k) − f(x0 , y0 ) − hfx (x0 , y0 ) − kfy (x0 , y0 )

⟹ lim
(h,k)→(x0 ,y0 ) √h2 + k 2
1 1
f(h, k) − f(0,0) − hfx (0,0) − kfy (0,0) h2 sin ( ) + k 2 sin ( )
lim = lim h k
(h,k)→(0,0) √h2 + k 2 (h,k)→(0,0) 2
√h + k 2

Let h = rcosθ and k = rsinθ ⟹ h2 + k 2 = r 2

1 1
r 2 cos2 θ sin (rcosθ) + r 2 sin2 θ sin (rsinθ)
⟹ lim
r→o √r 2
1 1
r2 (cos2 θ sin( )+sin2 θ sin( ))
rcosθ rsinθ
⟹ lim =0
r→o r

Hence f(x,y) is differentiable at (0,0)

𝐱𝐲(𝐱 𝟐 −𝐲 𝟐 )
; (𝐱, 𝐲) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
40. Show that f is continuous and differentiable at (0,0) 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = { 𝐱 𝟐 +𝐲 𝟐 .
𝟎 ; (𝐱, 𝐲) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
Sol: Given that f(0,0) = 0
Let 𝜖 > 0 to be given such that |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿
xy(x2 −y2 ) x2 −y2 x2 −y2
|f(x, y) − f(0,0)| = | − 0| = |x||y| | | ≤ |x||y| < 𝛿 + 𝛿 = 2𝛿 = ϵ Since | |<1
x2 +y2 x2 +y2 x2 +y2

Hence we have |f(x, y) − f(0,0)| < ϵ when ever |𝑥 − 0| < 𝛿, |𝑦 − 0| < 𝛿

Thus lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 = f(0,0), Hence f is continuous at (0,0)
(x,y)→(0,0)

𝑓(𝒙𝟎 + h, 𝒚𝟎 ) − 𝑓(𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 ) ∂f 𝑓(ℎ, 0) − 𝑓(𝟎, 𝟎)

⟹ 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) = lim ⟹ (0,0) = lim
h→0 h ∂x h→0 h
∂f 0−0
(0,0) = lim =0
∂x h→0 h

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 20 of 47

 f(x0 , y0 + k) − f(x0 , y0 ) ∂f f(0, k) − f(0,0)
⟹ fy (x0 , y0 ) = lim ⟹ (0,0) = lim
k→0 k ∂y k→0 k
∂f 0−0
(0,0) = lim =0
∂y k→0 k

f(x0 + h, y0 + k) − f(x0 , y0 ) − hfx (x0 , y0 ) − kfy (x0 , y0 )

⟹ lim
(h,k)→(x0 ,y0 ) √h2 + k 2
f(h, k) − f(0,0) − hfx (0,0) − kfy (0,0)
⟹ lim
(h,k)→(0,0) √h2 + k 2
hk(h2 − k 2 )
− 0 − ℎ. 0 − 𝑘. 0 hk(h2 − k 2 )
⟹ lim h2 + k 2 ⟹ lim
(h,k)→(0,0) √ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 (h,k)→(0,0) (h2 + k 2 )√ℎ2 + 𝑘 2

hk(h2 − k 2 )
⟹ lim
(h,k)→(0,0) (h2 + k 2 )√ℎ2 + 𝑘 2

Let h = rcosθ and k = rsinθ ⟹ h2 + k 2 = r 2

(𝑟 cos θ)(r sin θ)(r 2 sin2 θ − r 2 cos2 θ) r 4 {(cos θ)(sin θ)(sin2 θ − cos2 θ)}
⟹ lim = lim =0
r→o 𝑟 2 . √𝑟 2 r→o 𝑟3
Thus f(x,y) is differentiable at (0,0)

𝐱 𝟐 −𝐲 𝟐
; (𝐱, 𝐲) ≠ (𝟏, −𝟏)
41. Show that function 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = { 𝐱−𝐲 is continuous and differentiable at
𝟎 ; (𝐱, 𝐲) = (𝟏, −𝟏)
(1,-1)
Sol:
Continuity at (1,-1):
Given that f(1,-1)=0
x2 − y2
lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = lim ( )= lim (x + y) = 1 + (−1) = 0
(x,y)→(1,−1) (x,y)→(1,−1) x−y (x,y)→(1,−1)

lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 = 𝑓(1, −1)

(x,y)→(1,−1)

Hence f(x,y) is continuous at(1,1)

Partial derivatives at (1,-1):
f(x0 + h, y0 ) − f(x0 , y0 ) f(1 + h, −1) − f(1, −1)
⟹ fx (x0 , y0 ) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
1 (1 + h)2 − 1 1 ℎ2 + 2ℎ
⟹ fx (x0 , y0 ) = lim ( ) = lim ( )=1
h→0 h (1 + ℎ) + 1 h→0 ℎ ℎ+2

f(x0 , y0 + k) − f(x0 , y0 ) f(1, k − 1) − f(1, −1) 2−ℎ

⟹ fy (x0 , y0 ) = lim = lim = lim =1
k→0 k k→0 k h→0 2 − ℎ
D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 21 of 47
Therefore, the partial derivatives exists at (1,−1)
Differentiability at (1,-1):
f(x0 + h, y0 + k) − f(x0 , y0 ) − hfx (x0 , y0 ) − kfy (x0 , y0 )
⟹ lim
(h,k)→(x0 ,y0 ) √h2 + k 2
f(1 + h, −1 + k) − f(1, −1) − hfx (1, −1) − kfy (1, −1)
⟹ lim
(h,k)→(0,0) √h2 + k 2
{(1 + ℎ) + (−1 + 𝑘)} − 0 − ℎ. 1 − 𝑘. 1 0
⟹ lim ⟹ lim =0
(h,k)→(0,0) √ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 (h,k)→(0,0) √ℎ2 + 𝑘2
Hence, , is differentiable at (1,-1)

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 22 of 47

Note:
𝑥𝑎𝑦𝑏
1. A function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑐+𝑦 𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅 > 𝟎 then
𝑎 𝑏
(a) continuous at (0,0) if +𝑑 >1
𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 1
(b) Differentiable at (0,0) if +𝑑 > 1+𝑐
𝑐

(c) if a>0 and b>0 then the value of fx (0,0) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 fy (0,0) = 0

2. If f(x, y) is symmetric function then fx = fy

1 1
3. A function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑚 sin (𝑥 𝑛) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑚 cos (𝑥 𝑛) then

(a) continuous if 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚, 𝑛 > 0

(b) Differentiable if only 𝑚 > 𝑛

f (x,y)
4. A function f(x, y) = f1 (x,y) and
2

(a) If deg(𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟) > deg(denominator) then f is continuous at point (x, y)

(b) If deg(𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜) ≤ deg(enominator) then f is not continuous at point (x, y)

Objective Type Questions:

𝐱𝟒 𝐲𝟐
; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎
1. 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = {𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟒
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
Sol: a=4, b=2, c=2, d=4
𝑎 𝑏 4 2
+ 𝑑 = 2 + 4 > 1 hence f(x, y) is continuous at (0,0).
𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 1 4 2 1
+ 𝑑 > 1 + 𝑐 ⟹= 2 + 4 > 1 + 2 hence f(x, y) is differentiable at (0,0)
𝑐

If f(x,y) is differentiable at then directional derivative exist. But convers not sure
Since a>0 and b>0 hence fx (0,0) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 fy (0,0) = 0

𝐱𝐲
; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎
2. 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = {𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟒
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
Sol: a=1, b=1, c=2, d=4
𝑎 𝑏 1 1 3
+ 𝑑 = 2 + 4 = 4 ≯ 1 hence f(x, y) is not continuous at (0,0).
𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 3
+ 𝑑 = 2 + 4 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 + 𝑐 = 1 + 2 = 2 ⟹ 4 ≯ 2 hence f(x, y) is not differentiable at (0,0)
𝑐

Since a>0 and b>0 hence fx (0,0) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 fy (0,0) = 0

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 23 of 47

 𝐱𝟐𝐲
; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎
3. 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = {𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟐
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
Sol: a=2, b=1, c=2, d=2
𝑎 𝑏 2 1 3
+ 𝑑 = 2 + 2 = 2 > 1 hence f(x, y) is continuous at (0,0).
𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 3 1 1 3 3 3
+ 𝑑 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 + 𝑐 = 1 + 2 = 2 ⟹ 2 ≯ 2 hence f(x, y) is not differentiable at (0,0)
𝑐

Since a>0 and b>0 hence fx (0,0) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 fy (0,0) = 0

𝒙𝐲 𝟐
; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎
4. 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = { 𝐱 𝟐 +𝐲 𝟐
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
Sol: a=1, b=2, c=2, d=2
𝑎 𝑏 1 2 3
+ 𝑑 = 2 + 2 = 2 > 1 hence f(x, y) is continuous at (0,0).
𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 3 1 1 3 3 3
𝑐
+ 𝑑 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 + 𝑐 = 1 + 2 = 2 ⟹ 2 ≯ 2 hence f(x, y) is not differentiable at (0,0)

Since a>0 and b>0 hence fx (0,0) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 fy (0,0) = 0

𝐱𝟑𝐲𝟑
; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎
5. 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = {𝐱𝟔 +𝐲𝟔
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
Sol: a=3, b=3, c=6, d=6 and f(x,y) is symmetric function
𝑎 𝑏 3 3
+ 𝑑 = 6 + 6 = 1 ≯ 1 hence f(x, y) is not continuous at (0,0). And f(x,y) not differentiable at (0,0)
𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 1 7 7
i.e + 𝑑 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 + 𝑐 = 6 ⟹ 1 ≯ 6 hence f(x, y) is not differentiable at (0,0)
𝑐

Since a>0 and b>0 hence fx (0,0) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 fy (0,0) = 0

𝐱𝟐𝐲𝟐
; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎
6. 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = {𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟒
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
Sol: a=2, b=2, c=2, d=4 and f(x,y) is symmetric function
𝑎 𝑏 2 2 3
+ 𝑑 = 2 + 4 = 2 > 1 hence f(x, y) is continuous at (0,0).
𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 3 1 3 3 3
+ 𝑑 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 + 𝑐 = 2 ⟹ 2 ≯ 2 hence f(x, y) is not differentiable at (0,0)
𝑐

Since a>0 and b>0 hence fx (0,0) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 fy (0,0) = 0

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 24 of 47

 𝐱𝟓𝐲𝟓
; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎
7. 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = {𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟐
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
Sol: a=5, b=5, c=2, d=2 and f(x,y) is symmetric function
𝑎 𝑏 5 5
+ 𝑑 = 2 + 2 = 5 > 1 hence f(x, y) is continuous at (0,0).
𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 1 3 3
+ 𝑑 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 + 𝑐 = 2 ⟹ 5 > 2 hence f(x, y) is differentiable at (0,0) and all directional
𝑐

derivative exists.
Since a>0 and b>0 hence fx (0,0) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 fy (0,0) = 0

𝐱𝟑𝒚
; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎
8. 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = { 𝐱 𝟐 +𝐲 𝟐
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
Sol: a=3, b=1, c=2, d=2
𝑎 𝑏 3 1
+ 𝑑 = 2 + 2 = 2 > 1 hence f(x, y) is continuous at (0,0).
𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 1 3 3
+ = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 + = ⟹ 2 > hence f(x, y) is differentiable at (0,0) and all directional
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 2 2

derivative exists.
Since a>0 and b>0 hence fx (0,0) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 fy (0,0) = 0

𝐱𝐲
𝜶 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
9. If 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = {(𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟐 ) then which of the following is TRUE.
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
(a) For 𝜶 = 𝟏 , f is continuous but not differentiable.
𝟏
(b) For 𝜶 = 𝟐 , f is continuous and differentiable.
𝟏
(c) For 𝜶 = 𝟒 , f is continuous and differentiable.
𝟑
(d) For 𝜶 = 𝟒 , f is neither continuous nor differentiable.

Sol: a = 1, b = 1, c = 2α, d = 2α
𝑎 𝑏 1 1 1
Continuous 𝑐 + 𝑑 > 1 = 2α + 2α > 1 ⟹ α > 1 ⟹ α < 1
𝑎 𝑏 1 1 1 1 1 1
Differentiable 𝑐 + 𝑑 > 1 + 𝑐 ⟹ 2α + 2α > 1 + 2α ⟹ 2α > 1 ⟹ α < 2

Hence (C) is correct answer.

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 25 of 47

 𝐱 𝟐 |𝒙|𝜷 𝐲
; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ (𝟎, 𝟎)
10. If 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = { 𝐱𝟒 +𝐲𝟐 then f(x,y) is.
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
(a) f is continuous for 𝜷 = 𝟎
(b) f is continuous for 𝜷 > 𝟎
(c) f is continuous for 𝜷 < 𝟎
(d) not differentiable for any 𝜷
Sol: a = 2 + β, b = 1, c = 4, d = 2
𝑎 𝑏 2+β 1
Continuous 𝑐 + 𝑑 > 1 = +2>1 ⟹2+β+2 >4⟹β>0
4
𝑎 𝑏 1 2+β 1 1
Differentiable 𝑐 + 𝑑 > 1 + 𝑐 ⟹ +2> 1+4⟹ 2+β+2> 5⟹ β> 1
4

Hence (B) is correct answer.

𝟐𝐱𝐲
; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎
11. If 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = {𝐱𝟐 +𝐲𝟐 then
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
(a) 𝐟𝒙 , 𝐟𝒚 exist at (0,0) and f is continuous at (0,0)
(b) 𝐟𝒙 , 𝐟𝒚 exist at (0,0) and f is discontinuous at (0,0)
(c) 𝐟𝒙 , 𝐟𝒚 does not exist at (0,0) and f is continuous at (0,0)
(d) 𝐟𝒙 , 𝐟𝒚 does not exist at (0,0) and f is discontinuous at (0,0)
Sol: a=1, b=1, c=2, d=2 and f(x,y) is symmetric function
𝑎 𝑏 1 1
+ 𝑑 = 2 + 1 = 1 ≯ 1, f(x, y) is not continuous at (0,0). So that f(x, y) is not differentiable at (0,0)
𝑐

Since a>0 and b>0 hence fx (0,0) = fy (0,0) = 0

Hence (B) is correct answer.
(𝐱 𝟐 −𝐲 𝟐 )
𝒙𝒚 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎
12. If 𝒇: 𝐑 ⟶ 𝑹 defined by 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = {
𝟐 𝐱 𝟐 +𝐲 𝟐 then at (0,0)
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
(a) f is not continuous
(b) f is continuous and both 𝐟𝒙 , 𝐟𝒚 exist
(c) f is differentiable
(d) 𝐟𝒙 , 𝐟𝒚 exist but f is not differentiable
Sol:
(x 2 − y 2 ) x3𝑦 xy 3
f(x, y) = xy = − = 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦)
x2 + y2 x2 + y2 x2 + y2
x3 𝑦 𝑥𝑎𝑦𝑏
𝑓1 = x2 +y2 = 𝑥 𝑐+𝑦 𝑑 ⟹ 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 2, 𝑑 = 2
𝑎 𝑏 3 1
𝑓1 ⟹ 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 2 + 2 = 2 > 1 Hence 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦) is continuous.
𝑎 𝑏 1 3 1 1 2
𝑓1 = 𝑐 + 𝑑 > 1 + 𝑐 ⟹ 2 + 2 > 1 + 2 ⟹ 2 > 2 Hence 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦) is differentiable.

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 26 of 47

𝑓1𝑥 = 0 & 𝑓1𝑦 = 0
xy 3 𝑥𝑎 𝑦𝑏
𝑓2 = = ⟹ 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑐 = 2, 𝑑 = 2
x2 + y2 𝑥 𝑐 + 𝑦 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 1 3
𝑓2 ⟹ 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 2 + 2 = 2 > 1 Hence 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦) is continuous.
𝑎 𝑏 1 1 3 1 3
𝑓2 = 𝑐 + 𝑑 > 1 + 𝑐 ⟹ 2 + 2 > 1 + 2 ⟹ 2 > 2 Hence 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦) is differentiable.

𝑓2𝑥 = 0 & 𝑓2𝑦 = 0

Hence (B & C) are correct answers.
𝐱𝟑
; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≠ 𝟎
13. If 𝒇(𝐱, 𝐲) = { 𝐱 𝟐 +𝐲 𝟐 then
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟎
(a) f is discontinuous at (0,0)
(b) f is continuous at (0,0)
(c) 𝐟𝒙 (𝟎, 𝟎) = 𝟎, 𝐟𝒚 (𝟎, 𝟎) = 𝟎
(d) 𝐟𝒙 (𝟎, 𝟎) = 𝟏, 𝐟𝒚 (𝟎, 𝟎) = 𝟎
x3 𝑥𝑎𝑦𝑏
Sol: 𝑓(x, y) = x2 +y2 = 𝑥 𝑐+𝑦 𝑑 ⟹ 𝑎 = 3, 𝐛 = 𝟎 ≯ 𝟎, 𝑐 = 2, 𝑑 = 2

Since Degree of numerator > Degree of Denominator. Hence f(x,y) is continuous

𝑓(𝒙𝟎 + h, 𝒚𝟎 ) − 𝑓(𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 ) ∂f 𝑓(ℎ, 0) − 𝑓(𝟎, 𝟎)
𝒇𝒙 (𝒙𝟎 , 𝒚𝟎 ) = lim ⟹ (0,0) = lim
h→0 h ∂x h→0 h
h−0
fx (0,0) = =1
h
f(x0 , y0 + k) − f(x0 , y0 ) ∂f f(0, k) − f(0,0)
fy (x0 , y0 ) = lim ⟹ (0,0) = lim
k→0 k ∂y k→0 k
0−0
fy (0,0) = =0
=k
Hence (B & D) are correct answers.
𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒙) ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
(14) If the function 𝒇: 𝑹 ⟶ 𝑹 defined by 𝒇(𝐱) = { then which of the
𝟎 ; 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟎
following statements are true.
(a) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐟(𝐱) 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭
𝐱→𝟎

(b) f(x) is continuous at x=0

(c) f(x) is differentiable at x=0
(d) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇𝟏 (𝐱) 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕
𝒙→𝟎

(e) 𝒇𝟏 (x) is continuous at x=0

(f) 𝒇𝟏 (x) is differentiable at x=0
1 1
Sol: Since A function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑚 sin (𝑥 𝑛) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑚 cos (𝑥 𝑛) then

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 27 of 47

 (a) continuous if 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚, 𝑛 > 0
(b) Differentiable if only 𝑚 > 𝑛
Given that m=2, n=1 hence m, n >0 and m>n so that f is continuous and differentiable
Since f is continuous so that limit exists.
1 1
1 𝑥 sin( ) sin( )
i.e lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑥 sin (𝑥) = lim
2
1
𝑥
= lim 𝑥 . lim 1
𝑥
= 0 ∗ 1 = 0 limit exist
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 ( ) 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 (𝑥)
𝑥

1
𝑓(x) = 𝑥 2 sin ( )
𝑥
1 1 1 1 1
𝑓 1 (x) = 2x sin ( ) + 𝑥 2 cos ( ) (− 2 ) = 2x sin ( ) − cos ( )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 1 1 1
lim 𝑓 1 (𝑥) = lim {2x sin ( ) − cos ( )} = lim {2x sin ( )} − lim {cos ( )}
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
1
Since lim {cos ( )} does not exist
𝑥→0 𝑥

lim 𝑓 (𝑥) does not exist.

1
𝑥→0
1 1
𝑓 1 (x) = 2x sin ( ) − cos ( )
𝑥 𝑥
1 1 1
Now 𝑥 0 cos (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑚 sin (𝑥 𝑛) 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑚 cos (𝑥 𝑛) then 𝑚 = 0 ≯ 0, 𝑛 = 1 > 0 & 𝑚 ≯ 𝑛 .
1
Hence 𝑥 0 cos (𝑥) is not continuous and not differentiable so that 𝑓 1 (x) not continuous and not

differentiable.

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 28 of 47

Homogeneous function: A function f (x, y) is said to be a homogeneous function in x and y of
degree n if it can be written in any one of the following forms
(a) f(kx, ky) = k n f(x, y), k > 0
y x
(b) f(x, y) = x n g (x) or y n g (y)

Example: (1) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in x and y.

𝑦
(2) If 𝑢 = tan−1 (𝑥 ) then u is a homogeneous function of degree 0.

Euler’s Theorem:
1. If f (x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree n in x and y having continuous partial
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
derivatives then 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑛𝑓

Note: if f(x1 , x2 , x3 , … … , xn ) is a homogeneous function of degree n in x1 , x2 , x3 , … … , xn then

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
x1 + x2 + ⋯ … … … + xn = 𝑛𝑓
𝜕x1 𝜕x2 𝜕xn
2. If f (x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree n in x and y then
𝜕 2𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓
𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
= 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑓
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥. 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
Note: If u is not homogeneous but f(u) is homogeneous then

2
𝜕 2𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓 2
𝜕 2𝑓
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢){𝑓 𝐼 (𝑢) − 1}
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥. 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
𝐲 𝐳 𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝐮
42. If 𝐮 = 𝐱 + 𝐱 then find the value of 𝐱 𝛛𝐱 + 𝐲 𝛛𝐲 + 𝐳 𝛛𝐳
𝑦 𝑧
Sol: 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑥
𝜕𝑢 −𝑦 −𝑧 𝜕𝑢 −𝑦 −𝑧
= 2 + 2 ⟹𝑥 = +
𝜕x 𝑥 𝑥 𝜕x 𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝑦
= ⟹𝑦 =
𝜕y 𝑥 𝜕y 𝑥
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝑧
= ⟹𝑧 =
𝜕z 𝑥 𝜕z 𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 −𝑦 −𝑧 𝑦 𝑧
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = + + +
𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 =0
𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z
(OR)
𝑘𝑦 𝑘𝑧 𝑦 𝑧
𝑢(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑘 0 (𝑥 + 𝑥) = 𝑘 0 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)

Hence u is a homogeneous function in x, y, z of degree n=0.

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
By Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 𝜕x + 𝑦 𝜕y + 𝑧 𝜕z = 𝑛𝑢 = 0(𝑢)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 =0
𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 29 of 47

 𝒙 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
43. If 𝒖 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒚) then prove that 𝒙 𝝏𝐱 + 𝒚 𝝏𝐲 = 𝟎
𝑥
Sol: 𝑢 = tan−1 (𝑦)

𝜕𝑢 1 1 𝜕𝑢 𝑥𝑦
= 2 ( ) ⟹𝑥 = 2
𝜕x 𝑥 𝑦 𝜕x 𝑥 + 𝑦 2
1 + (𝑦)

𝜕𝑢 1 −𝑥 𝜕𝑢 −𝑥𝑦
= ( 2) ⟹ 𝑦 = 2
𝜕y 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝜕y 𝑥 + 𝑦 2
1 + (𝑦)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑦 += 2 2
− 2 =0
𝜕x 𝜕y 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 =0
𝜕x 𝜕y
𝑘𝑥 𝑥
(OR) 𝑢(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = tan−1 ( ) = 𝑘 0 (tan−1 ( )) = 𝑘 0 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑘𝑦 𝑦

Hence u is a homogeneous function of degree n=0.

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
By Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 𝜕x + 𝑦 𝜕y = 𝑛𝑢 = 0(𝑢)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 =0
𝜕x 𝜕y
𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
44. If 𝒖 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) then find the value of 𝒙 𝝏𝐱 + 𝒚 𝝏𝐲
𝒙+𝒚
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3
Sol: Given that 𝑢 = log ( ) ⟹ 𝑒𝑢 =
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥+𝑦

(𝑘𝑥)3 + (𝑘𝑦)3 𝑥3 + 𝑦3
𝑒 𝑢(𝑘𝑥,𝑘𝑦) = = 𝑘2 ( ) = 𝑘2𝑒 𝑢
𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
Hence eu is a homogeneous function in x, y of degree n=2.
𝜕 𝜕
By Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 𝜕x 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑦 𝜕y 𝑒 𝑢 = 2𝑒 𝑢

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑢 = 2𝑒 𝑢 ⟹ 𝑥 +𝑦 =2
𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕x 𝜕y
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
45. If 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝒙+𝒚 ) show that 𝒙 𝝏𝐱 + 𝒚 𝝏𝐲 = 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒖
𝑥2𝑦2
Sol: Given that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 = 𝑥+𝑦

(𝑘𝑥)2 (𝑘𝑦)2 3
𝑥2𝑦2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = =𝑘 ( ) = 𝑘 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
Hence sinu is a homogeneous function in x, y of degree n=3.
𝜕 𝜕
By Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 𝜕x (sinu) + 𝑦 𝜕y (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢) = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
𝜕x 𝜕y
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 =3 = 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝜕x 𝜕y 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 30 of 47

 𝒙+𝒚 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝟏
46. If 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( ) prove that 𝒙 𝝏𝐱 + 𝒚 𝝏𝐲 = 𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒖
√𝒙+√𝒚
x+y x+y
Sol: Given that u = sin−1 ( ) ⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 =
√x+√y √x+√y

(𝑘𝑥) + (𝑘𝑦) 1 x+y 1

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = = 𝑘2 ( ) = 𝑘 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
√kx + √ky √x + √y
Hence sinu is a homogeneous function in x, y of degree n=1/2.
𝜕 𝜕 1
By Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 𝜕x sinu + 𝑦 𝜕y 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢

∂u ∂u 1
x cosu + ycosu = sinu
∂x ∂y 2
∂u ∂u sinu 1
x +y =2 = tanu
∂x ∂y cosu 2

𝐱+𝟐𝐲+𝟑𝐳 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
47. If 𝐮 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 ( ) then find 𝒙 𝝏𝐱 + 𝒚 𝝏𝐲 + 𝒛 𝝏𝐳
√𝐱 𝟖 +√𝐲 𝟖 +√𝐳 𝟖
x+2y+3z x+2y+3z
Sol: Given that u = sec −1 ( ) ⟹ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢 =
√x8 +√y8 +√z8 √x8 +√y8 +√z8

kx + 2ky + 3kz x + 2y + 3z
secu(kx, ky) = = k −3 ( ) = k −3 secu
8 8
√(kx) + √(ky) + √(kz) 8 8 8
√x + √y + √z 8

Hence secu is a homogeneous function in x, y of degree n=-3.

∂ ∂ ∂
By Euler’s theorem, x ∂x secu + y ∂y secu + z ∂z secu = −3 secu

∂u ∂u ∂u
x secu. tanu + y secu tanu + z secu tanu = −3 secu
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂u ∂u ∂u secu
x +y +z = −3 = −3 cotu
∂x ∂y ∂z secu tanu

𝒚 𝒙 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
48. If 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 then find the value of 𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝝏𝒙.𝝏𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝑦 𝑥
Sol: Given that 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 tan−1 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 tan−1 𝑦

𝑘𝑦 𝑘𝑥
𝑢(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = (𝑘𝑥)2 tan−1 − (𝑘𝑦)2 tan−1
𝑘𝑥 𝑘𝑦
𝑦 𝑥
u(kx, ky) = k 2 (𝑥 2 tan−1 − 𝑦 2 tan−1 ) = k 2 u
𝑥 𝑦
Hence u is a homogeneous function in x, y of degree n=2.
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
By Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥.𝜕𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2 = 2(2 − 1)𝑢 = 2𝑢

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 31 of 47

 𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑 𝛛𝟐 𝐮 𝛛𝟐 𝐮 𝛛𝟐 𝐮
49. If 𝒖 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) prove that 𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐱𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱𝐲 𝛛𝐱.𝛛𝐲 + 𝐲 𝟐 𝛛𝐲𝟐 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒𝐮 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐮
𝒙+𝒚
x3 +y3 x3 +y3
Sol: Given that u = tan−1 ( ) ⟹ tanu =
x+y x+y

(𝑘𝑥)3 + (𝑘𝑦)3 𝑥3 + 𝑦3
tan u(kx, ky) = = 𝑘2 ( ) = 𝑘 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
Hence tanu is a homogeneous function in x, y of degree n=2
𝜕 𝜕
By Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 𝜕x tanu + 𝑦 𝜕y 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢

∂u ∂u
x 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 + y 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 = 2 tanu
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u tanu
x +y =2 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢
∂x ∂y 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢
∂u ∂u
x +y = sin2u … … … (1)
∂x ∂y
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x we get
𝜕 2 𝑢 ∂u 𝜕 2𝑢 ∂u
𝑥 2
+ + 𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢
𝜕𝑥 ∂x 𝜕𝑥. 𝜕𝑦 ∂x
Multiplying by x we get
𝜕 2𝑢
2
∂u 𝜕 2𝑢 ∂u
𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑥 … … … . . (2)
𝜕𝑥 2 ∂x 𝜕𝑥. 𝜕𝑦 ∂x
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. y we get
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢 ∂u ∂u
𝑥 +𝑦 2+ = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∂y ∂y
Multiplying by y we get
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 ∂u ∂u
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 + 𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑦 … … … . . (3)
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∂y ∂y
Adding (2) and (3) we get
𝜕 2𝑢 ∂u 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 ∂u ∂u ∂u
𝑥2 2
+ 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
2
+𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 ∂x 𝜕𝑥. 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∂y ∂x ∂y
𝜕 2𝑢
2 2
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
𝑥 2
+𝑦 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥. 𝜕𝑦 ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
𝑥2 + 𝑦 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 + (sin2u) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 (sin2u)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥. 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
= sin2u(2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 − 1)2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥. 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑢 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢 (𝑜𝑟)2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑢
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥. 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 32 of 47

 𝒚𝟐 𝛛𝟐 𝐮 𝛛𝟐 𝐮 𝛛𝟐 𝐮
50. If 𝒖 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 prove that 𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐱𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱𝐲 𝛛𝐱.𝛛𝐲 + 𝐲 𝟐 𝛛𝐲𝟐 = −𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐮 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒖
𝒙
y2 y2
Sol: Given that u = tan−1 ( x ) ⟹ tanu = x

(𝑘𝑦)2 y2
tan u(kx, ky) = = 𝑘1 ( ) = 𝑘1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝑘𝑥 x
Hence tanu is a homogeneous function in x, y of degree n=1
𝜕 𝜕
By Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 𝜕x tanu + 𝑦 𝜕y 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢

∂u ∂u
x 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 + y 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 = tanu
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u tanu 2 1
x +y =2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢
∂x ∂y 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 2 2
∂u ∂u 1
x +y = sin2u … … … (1)
∂x ∂y 2
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. x we get
𝜕 2 𝑢 ∂u 𝜕 2𝑢 1 ∂u
𝑥 2+ +𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢
𝜕𝑥 ∂x 𝜕𝑥. 𝜕𝑦 2 ∂x
Multiplying by x we get
𝜕 2𝑢 ∂u 𝜕 2𝑢 1 ∂u
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑥 … … … . . (2)
𝜕𝑥 2 ∂x 𝜕𝑥. 𝜕𝑦 2 ∂x
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. y we get
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢 ∂u 1 ∂u
𝑥 +𝑦 2+ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∂y 2 ∂y
Multiplying by y we get
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 ∂u 1 ∂u
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 2 + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑦 … … … . . (3)
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∂y 2 ∂y
Adding (2) and (3) we get
𝜕 2𝑢 ∂u 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 ∂u ∂u ∂u
𝑥2 2
+ 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
2
+𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 ∂x 𝜕𝑥. 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ∂y ∂x ∂y
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
𝑥2 + 𝑦 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 (𝑥 + 𝑦 )
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥. 𝜕𝑦 ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 1 1 1
𝑥2 2
+ 𝑦 2
2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 + ( sin2u) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 ( sin2u) = ( sin2u) (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 − 1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥. 𝜕𝑦 2 2 2
𝜕 2𝑢
2
𝜕 2𝑢 2
𝜕 2𝑢 1
𝑥 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢 (−2sin2 u)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥. 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
= −sin2u sin2 u
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥. 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 33 of 47

Exercise Problems:
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
1. If u = sec −1 ( ),then prove that 𝑥 𝜕x + 𝑦 𝜕y = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢
x+y
1
1 1 2
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u 1
2. If 𝑢 = sin−1 ( ) prove that x 2 ∂x2 + 2xy ∂x.∂y + y 2 ∂y2 = 144 tanu(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 + 12)
√𝑥+√ 𝑦
𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
3. If 𝑢 = √𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 sin−1 (𝑥 ), then prove that 𝑥 𝜕x + 𝑦 𝜕y = 𝑢

Laplace Equation: If u is a function of two variables x and y, then the partial differential equation
𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
∇2 𝑢 = + 𝝏𝒚 𝟐 = 𝟎 is called Laplace’s equation in two variables or Two-dimensional Laplace’s
𝝏𝒙𝟐

equation.
Harmonic function: A function u(x,y) is called harmonic, if it satisfies Laplace’s equation, The
operator ∇2 is called the Laplacian and ∇2 𝑢 is called the Laplacian of u.

1. Verify u(x,y) =x3−3xy2−5y is harmonic in the entire complex plane.

Sol: Given that u= x3−3xy2−5y
∂u ∂2 𝑢
= 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 ⟹ 2 = 6𝑥
∂x ∂𝑥
∂u ∂2 𝑢
= −6𝑥𝑦 − 5 ⟹ 2 = −6𝑥
∂y ∂𝑦
∂2 𝑢 ∂2 𝑢
+ = 6𝑥 − 6𝑥 = 0
∂𝑥 2 ∂𝑦 2
Hence u(x,y) is harmonic function.

Examples:
2. Linear functions: Any function of the form f(x, y) = ax + by is harmonic.
3. Polynomials: Functions like f(x, y) = x² - y² and f(x, y) = 2xy are harmonic.
4. Exponential and Trigonometric combinations: A function such as f(x, y) = eˣcosy is a classic
example.
5. Logarithmic functions: The function f(x, y) = ln(x² + y²) is harmonic on any domain not
containing the origin.

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 34 of 47

Chain Rule or Total Derivative of the Composite function and Implicit function:
Let u=f(x,y) is differentiable functions of x & y and x, y are differentiable
u
functions of an independent variable t {i.e; x=x(t), y=y(t)} then the total
∂u ∂u
du ∂u dx ∂u dy
derivative of u with respect to t is given by dt = + ∂y dt ∂x ∂y
∂x dt

which expresses the rate of change of u w.r.t. t along the curve x=x(t), y=y(t) x y

∂x ∂y
Note: If u=f(x,y,z) is differentiable and x, y, z are differentiable functions of t ∂t ∂t

du ∂u dx ∂u dy ∂u dz
then u is differential function of t and = + ∂y dt + ∂z dt t
dt ∂x dt

Composite functions: Let z = f (u,v) and u and v are themselves functions of the independent
variables x, y so that u = φ(x, y) and v = ψ(x, y) is called composite function. Then the partial
derivative of z w.r.t. x and y, given by z z
∂z ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂z
= + ∂z ∂z
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
∂z ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v
= + u v u v
∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
X Y
Note: z= f (u,v,w) and u,v,w are themselves functions z z
of the independent variables x, y then the partial ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
∂u ∂w
derivative of z w.r.t. x and y, given by ∂u
∂z
∂w
∂z

∂z ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂w ∂v ∂v
= + + u v w u v w
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂w ∂x ∂v ∂v
∂z ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂w ∂x ∂y
= + + ∂u ∂w ∂u ∂w
∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂w ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
x y

Implicit functions: Let f(x,y)=c where c is a constant, define y as an implicit function of x.

dy f dx fy
The derivative of f(x,y)=c is given by = − fx , Similarly ∂y = − f
∂x y x

2
𝑑2𝑦 fxx (fy ) − 2fyx . fx . fy + fyy (fx )2
=− 3
𝑑𝑥 2 (f ) y

Note: If the equation f(x,y,z)=0 such that x,y are independent and z is dependent, then
∂z fz ∂z fz
=− & =−
∂x fx ∂y fy

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 35 of 47

 𝐝𝐮
51. If 𝐮 = 𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 𝟑 , 𝐱 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐭, 𝐲 = 𝐞𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐭 u
du ∂u dx ∂u dy
Sol: we have = + ∂y dt 𝟐𝐱𝐲 𝟑 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 𝟐
dt ∂x dt

∂u ∂u
u = x2 y3 ⟹ = 2xy 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 3x 2 y 2 x y
∂x ∂y
∂x 1 ∂t
x = logt ⟹ = and y = et ⟹ ∂t = et 𝟏
∂t t
𝐞𝐭
𝐭
du ∂u dx ∂u dy 1
= + = (2xy 3 ) ( ) + (3x 2 y 2 )(et )
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt t t
du 1
= 2logt (et )3 ( ) + 3(logt)2 (et )2 (et )
dt t
du 2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡 e3t + e3t (logt)2
dt 𝑡
𝐝𝐟
52. If 𝐟 = 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐲 + 𝐞𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 = 𝐭 𝟐 + 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝐭 𝟑 + 𝒕 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐭 𝐭 = 𝟎
𝐝𝐭
df ∂f dx ∂f dy
Sol: We have dt = ∂x dt + ∂y dt

f = x cosy + ex siny & x = t 2 + 1, 𝑦 = t 3 + 𝑡

when t=o then x=1, y=0
f = x cosy + ex siny
∂f ∂f
⟹ = cosy + ex siny ⟹ ( ) =1+0=1
∂x ∂x (1,0)
∂f ∂f
⟹ = −x siny + ex cosy ⟹ ( ) =0+𝑒 =𝑒
∂y ∂y (1,0)
∂x ∂x
x = t2 + 1 ⟹ = 2t ⟹ ( ) =0
∂t ∂t 𝑡=0
∂y ∂y
𝑦 = t3 + 𝑡 ⟹ = 3t 2 + 1 ⟹ ( ) =1
∂t ∂t 𝑡=0
∂f ∂f dx ∂f dy
( ) = + = 1(0) + 𝑒(1) = 𝑒
∂t 𝑡=0 ∂x dt ∂y dt

𝐝𝐟
53. If 𝐟 = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐭 & 𝐲 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐭 𝐚𝐭 𝐭 = 𝟎
df ∂f dx ∂f dy
Sol: We have dt = ∂x dt + ∂y dt

f = x 2 + y 2 and x = cost + sint , y = cost − sint. when t=o then x=1, y=1
f = x2 + y2
∂f ∂f
⟹ = 2x ⟹ ( ) =2
∂x ∂x (1,1)
∂f ∂f
⟹ = 2y ⟹ ( ) =2
∂y ∂y (1,1)

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 36 of 47

 ∂x ∂x
x = cost + sint ⟹ = −sint + cost ⟹ ( ) =1
∂t ∂t 𝑡=0
∂y ∂y
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 ⟹ = −sint − cost ⟹ ( ) = −1
∂t ∂t 𝑡=0
∂f ∂f dx ∂f dy
( ) = + = 2(1) + 2(−1) = 0
∂t 𝑡=0 ∂x dt ∂y dt

𝐝𝐰
54. If 𝐰 = 𝐳 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱𝐲, 𝐱 = 𝐭, 𝐲 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐭, 𝐳 = 𝒆𝒕−𝟏 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐭 𝐭 = 𝟏
𝐝𝐭

Sol: Given that w = z − sinxy, x = t, y = logt, z = et−1

dw ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w dz
We have = + + w = z − sin(xy)
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
∂w
⟹ = −ycos(xy) w
∂x

∂w ∂w ∂w
⟹ = −xcos(xy)
∂y ∂x ∂z
∂w
∂w ∂y
⟹ =1
∂z x y z
∂y
∂x ∂t
x=t ⟹ =1 ∂x ∂z
∂t
∂t ∂t
∂y 1
y = logt ⟹ =
∂t 𝑡 T
∂z
z = et−1 ⟹ = et−1
∂t
dw ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w dz
= + +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
dw
= (−ycos(xy))(1) + (−xcos(xy))(1) + (1)(et−1 )
dt
Since x = t, y = logt, z = et−1
If t=1 then x=1, y=0, z=1
dw
= (0)(1) + (− cos 0)(1) + (1)(1) = 0
dt
𝛛𝐰 𝛛𝐰
55. If 𝐰 = 𝐱𝐲 + 𝐲𝐳 + 𝐳𝐱 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 = 𝐮 + 𝐯 & 𝐲 = 𝐮 − 𝐯 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐳 = 𝐮𝐯 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 ,
𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝐯

Sol: Given that w = xy + yz + zx and x = u + v & y = u − v w

∂w ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w dz
By chain rule We have = + +
du ∂x du ∂y du ∂z du y+z x+y
∂w ∂w ∂w z+x
⟹ = y+z& =z+x& = y+x
∂x ∂y ∂z x y z
∂x ∂x
⟹ = 1& =1 1 1 v
∂u ∂v
∂y ∂y
⟹ ∂u = 1 & = −1 u
∂v

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 37 of 47

 ∂z ∂z
⟹ = v& =u
∂u ∂v
∂w ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w dz
By chain rule We have = + +
du ∂x du ∂y du ∂z du

∂w
= (𝑦 + 𝑧)(1) + (𝑧 + 𝑥)(1) + (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑣) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑣 W
du
∂w y+z x+y
= 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑣 = 2𝑢 + 2𝑢𝑣 + 2𝑢𝑣 = 2𝑢 + 4𝑢𝑣 z+x
du
∂w x y z
= 2𝑢 + 4𝑢𝑣
du
∂w ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w dz 1 -1 u
By chain rule We have = + +
dv ∂x dv ∂y dv ∂z dv
v
∂w
= (𝑦 + 𝑧)(1) + (𝑧 + 𝑥)(−1) + (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑢) = 𝑦 − 𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑢
dv
∂w
= 𝑦 − 𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑢 = −2𝑣 + 2𝑢2
dv

𝛛𝐳 𝛛𝐳
56. If 𝐳 = 𝟒𝐞𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐫𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉), 𝐲 = 𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 ,
𝐝𝐫 𝐝𝛉

Sol: Given that z = 4e𝑥 logy and x = log(rcosθ), y = rsinθ

∂z x
∂z 4ex
= 4e logy and =
dx dy y
∂x cosθ 1 ∂y
= = & = sinθ
∂r rcosθ r dr
∂x rsinθ ∂y
=− = −tanθ & = rcosθ
∂θ rcosθ dθ
∂z ∂z dx ∂z dy
By chain rule We have dr = ∂x dr + ∂y dr

∂z x
1 4ex logy sinθ
= (4e logy) ( ) + ( ) (sinθ) = 4ex ( + )
∂r r y r y
∂z ∂z dx ∂z dy
By chain rule We have dθ = ∂x dθ + ∂y dθ

∂z 4ex rcosθ
= (4ex logy)(−tanθ) + ( ) (rcosθ) = 4ex (− log 𝑦 tanθ + )
∂θ y y

𝒅𝒚
57. Find at (1,1) if 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙

Sol: Given that x 3 − 2y 2 + xy = 0 and Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = x 3 − 2y 2 + xy

fx = 3x 2 + y and fy = −4𝑦 + x
𝑑𝑦 f
By the definition of implicit function we have 𝑑𝑥 = − fx
y

2
𝑑𝑦 3x + y 𝑑y
= ⟹( ) = −2
𝑑𝑥 −4𝑦 + x dx (1,1)

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 38 of 47

(OR)
Given that x 3 − 2y 2 + xy = 0
dy dy
Differentiate w.r.to x we get 3x 2 − 4y dx + (y + x dx) = 0
dy
3x 2 + y + (x − 4y) = 0
dx
dy 3x 2 + y
=
dx x − 4y
𝑑y
( ) = −2
dx (1,1)

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒚
58. Find if x and y are connected by the relation 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 = 𝒂𝟑
𝒅𝒙
2 2 2
Sol: Given that 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 𝑎3
2 2 2
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 𝑎3
−1 −1
2 2
fx = 3 𝑥 3 and fy = 3 𝑦 3
𝑑𝑦 f
By the definition of implicit function we have 𝑑𝑥 = − fx
y

2 −1 −1 1
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑥 3 𝑥 3 𝑦 3
= = ( ) = −( )
𝑑𝑥 2 −1 𝑦 𝑥
𝑦 3
3

𝒅𝒚
59. if 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒚𝒙 then find
𝒅𝒙

Sol: Given that 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑥

Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑥
fx = 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 − 𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦
fy = 𝑥 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1
𝑑𝑦 f
By the definition of implicit function we have 𝑑𝑥 = − fx
y

1
𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 − 𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 − 𝑥 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦𝑥 −1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 (𝑦 − 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦)
=− 𝑦 =− 𝑥 =− 𝑥 =−𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 −1 1 (𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥)
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 (𝑦 − 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 (𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥)

𝒅𝒚 𝒚
60. Find if 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
y
Sol: Given that f(x, y) = log(x 2 + y 2 ) + tan−1 (x)

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 39 of 47

 2x 1 y 2x − y
fx = + (− 2 ) =
x2 + y2 y2 x x2 + y2
1+
x2
2y 1 1 2y + x
fy = + ( ) =
x2 + y2 y2 x x2 + y2
1+
x2
𝑑𝑦 f
By the definition of implicit function we have 𝑑𝑥 = − fx
y

2x − y
𝑑𝑦 x 2 + y 2 y − 2x
=− =
𝑑𝑥 2y + x 2y + x
x2 + y2

𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
61. Find & at (1,1,1) if 𝐳 𝟑 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝐲 𝟑 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Sol: Given that f(x, y) = z 3 − xy + yz + y 3 − 2

fx = −y ⟹
fy = −x + z + 3y 2
fz = 3z 2 + 𝑦
𝜕𝑧 f 𝜕𝑧 fy
By the definition of implicit function we have 𝑑𝑥 = − fx & = −f
z 𝑑𝑦 z

𝜕𝑧 −𝑦 𝜕𝑧 1
=− 2 ⟹( ) =
𝑑𝑥 3z + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (1,1,1) 4
𝜕𝑧 −x + z + 3y 2 𝜕𝑧 −3
=− 2
⟹( ) =
𝑑𝑦 3z + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (1,1,1) 4

𝐝𝐮
62. Find if 𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐
𝐝𝐱

Sol: Given that u = cos(x 2 + y 2 ) and a2 x 2 + b2 y 2 = c 2

∂u 𝜕𝑢
We have 𝑑u = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∂x

𝑑u ∂u 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= + … … . . (1)
dx ∂x 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥
u = cos(x 2 + y 2 )
∂u
⟹ = −2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(x 2 + y 2 )
∂x
∂u
⟹ = −2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(x 2 + y 2 )
∂y
a2 x 2 + b 2 y 2 = c 2
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑓 = a2 x 2 + b2 y 2 − c 2
∂f ∂f
⟹ = 2a2 𝑥 & = 2b2 𝑦
∂x ∂y

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 40 of 47

 𝑑𝑦 f
By the definition of implicit function we have 𝑑𝑥 = − fx
y

𝑑𝑦 2a2 𝑥 a2 𝑥
=− 2 =− 2
𝑑𝑥 2b 𝑦 b 𝑦
From (1)
𝑑u a2 𝑥
= {−2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(x 2 + y 2 )}(1) + {−2𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛(x 2 + y 2 )} {− 2 }
dx b 𝑦
𝑑u a2 𝑥
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(x 2 + y 2 ) {−2𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 }
dx b 𝑦
𝑑u 2 2)
2(a2 − b2 )𝑥
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(x + y { }
dx b2

𝐝𝐳
63. if 𝒛 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒂𝒙𝒚 = 𝟓𝒂𝟐 then find the value of when x=y=a
𝐝𝐱

Sol: Given that z = √x 2 + y 2 and x 3 + y 3 + 3axy = 5a2

∂z 𝜕𝑧
We have 𝑑u = ∂x 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑z ∂z 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= + … … . . (1)
dx ∂x 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥
z = √x 2 + y 2
∂z 2𝑥 𝑥
⟹ = =
∂x 2√x 2 + y 2 √x 2 + y 2
∂z 𝑦
⟹ =
∂y √x 2 + y 2

x 3 + y 3 + 3axy = 5a2
Let f = x 3 + y 3 + 3axy = 5a2
∂f ∂f
⟹ = 3x 2 − 3𝑎𝑦 & = 3y 2 − 3𝑎𝑥
∂x ∂y
𝑑𝑦 f
By the definition of implicit function we have 𝑑𝑥 = − fx
y

𝑑𝑦 3x 2 − 3𝑎𝑦 x 2 − 𝑎𝑦
=− 2 =− 2
𝑑𝑥 3y − 3𝑎𝑥 y − 𝑎𝑥
From (1)
𝑑u 𝑥 𝑥 x 2 − 𝑎𝑦
={ } (1) + { } {− 2 }
dx √x 2 + y 2 √x 2 + y 2 y − 𝑎𝑥

𝑑u 1 1 2a2
( ) = + {− 2 } = 0
dx 𝑥=𝑦=𝑎 √2a2 √2a2 2a

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 41 of 47

Exercise Problems:
𝑝−𝑞 ∂u ∂u
1. if 𝑢 = , 𝑝 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑞 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 Evaluate ∂x , ∂y at the given point
𝑞−𝑟

(√3, 2,1)
∂H ∂H ∂H ∂H
2. If H=f(x,y,z) where x=u+v+w, y=uv+vw+wu, z=uvw show that 𝑢 ∂u + 𝑣 ∂v + 𝑤 ∂w = 𝑥 ∂x +
∂H ∂H
2𝑦 ∂y + 3𝑧 ∂z
𝑑𝑦
3. Find if 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 3 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + √𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 ∂u 1 ∂u 1 ∂u
4. If w = f(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 , 𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 ) then find x ∂x + y ∂y + z ∂z

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 42 of 47

Jacobian: If u and v are continuous functions of two independent variables x and y having first
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
order partial derivatives, then the determent |𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
| is called Jacobian of u and v with respect to x
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
and y and denoted by 𝐽(𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) = | 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
|
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤) | 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 |
Note: If u, v and w, are functions of x, y and z, then 𝐽(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) = = 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) | 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Jacobi implicit function: If u, v, w, are implicit functions of x, y and z, 𝑖. 𝑒; 𝑓𝑖 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0

then
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) 𝜕(𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 ) ∕ 𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= (−1)3
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕(𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 ) ∕ 𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕(𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 ) ∕ 𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)
= (−1)3
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) 𝜕(𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 ) ∕ 𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

Properties of the Jacobian:

1. If u and v are functions of independent variables r and s and r and s are functions of the
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕(𝑟,𝑠)
variables x and y, then 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) = ∗
𝜕(𝑟,𝑠) 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
∂(u,v) ∂(x,y)
2. If u and v are functions in x & y and x,y are functions in u & v then =1
∂(x,y) ∂(u,v)

𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝐼 𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐽 = &𝐽 = ⟹ 𝐽𝐽𝐼 = 1
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣)
3. If u and v are functions of x and y and if u, v are functionally dependent then Jacobian vanish.
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)
𝑖. 𝑒; =0
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)

Note: if u and v are functionally dependent then u and v are connected by a relation F(u,v)=0

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 43 of 47

 𝝏(𝒖,𝒗,𝒘)
64. If 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 & 𝒗 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘 = 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 then find 𝝏(𝒙,𝒚,𝒛)

Sol:
u = x 2 − 2xy v= x+y+z w = x − 2y + 3z
∂u ∂v ∂w
= 𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 = 1 = 𝑤𝑥 = 1
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v ∂w
= 𝑢𝑦 = 2 = 𝑣𝑦 = 1 = 𝑤𝑦 = −2
∂y ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v ∂w
= 𝑢𝑧 = 0 = 𝑣𝑧 = 1 = 𝑤𝑧 = 3
∂z ∂z ∂z
𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦 𝑢𝑧 2𝑥 2 0
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)
= | 𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑧 | = | 1 1 1| = 2𝑥(3 + 2) − 2(3 − 1) + 0
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑤𝑥 𝑤𝑦 𝑤𝑧 1 −2 3
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)
= 10𝑥 + 4
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

𝝏(𝒓,𝜽) 𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)
65. If 𝒙 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽, 𝒚 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 then prove that 𝝏(𝒙,𝒚) =𝟏
𝝏(𝒓,𝜽)

Sol:
𝑦
x = rcosθ 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 & 𝜃 = tan−1 (𝑥 )
∂x ∂y
= cos 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
∂r ∂r
∂x ∂y
= −𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
∂θ ∂θ

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝜃| = |cos 𝜃 −𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝐽= = | 𝜕𝑟 | = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) = 𝑟
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝑦
Since x = rcosθ & 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 & 𝜃 = tan−1 (𝑥 )
𝑦
𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝜃 = tan−1 (𝑥 )
∂r ∂r 𝑥 ∂θ 1 𝑦 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2𝑟 ∂x = 2𝑥 ⟹ ∂x = 𝑟 = cos 𝜃 = 𝑦 2
(− 𝑥 2 ) = − 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 = −
∂x 1+( ) 𝑟
𝑥

∂r ∂r 𝑦 ∂θ 1 1 𝑥 cos 𝜃
2𝑟 ∂y = 2𝑦 ⟹ ∂y = = sin 𝜃 = 𝑦 2
(𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 = −
𝑟 ∂y 1+( ) 𝑟
𝑥

𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) cos 𝜃 −
𝐽𝐼 =
𝜕𝑥
= | 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑥 | 𝑟 | = 1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) = 1
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝜃 = | cos 𝜃 𝑟 𝑟
sin 𝜃
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑟
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) 1
. = 𝑟. = 1
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑟
Hence 𝐽. 𝐽𝐼 = 1
(OR)

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 44 of 47

Let f1 = x − rcosθ f2 = 𝑦 − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
∂f1 ∂f2
=1 =0
∂x ∂x
∂f1 ∂f2
=0 =1
∂y ∂y
∂f1 ∂f2
= − cos 𝜃 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
∂r ∂r
∂f1 ∂f2
= 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = −𝑟 cos 𝜃
∂θ ∂θ

∂f1 ∂f1
∂x ∂y | 1 0
𝜕(𝑓1 , 𝑓2 )⁄𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) = || | =| |=1
∂f2 ∂f2 0 1
∂x ∂y
∂f1 ∂f1
− cos 𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝜕(𝑓1 , 𝑓2 )⁄𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) = | ∂r ∂𝜃 | = | |=𝑟
∂f2 ∂f2 − sin 𝜃 −𝑟 cos 𝜃
∂r ∂𝜃
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕(𝑓1 , 𝑓2 ) ∕ 𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑟
= (−1)2 = =𝑟
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝜕(𝑓1 , 𝑓2 ) ∕ 𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 1
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝜕(𝑓1 , 𝑓2 ) ∕ 𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 1
= (−1)2 =
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕(𝑓1 , 𝑓2 ) ∕ 𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑟
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) 1
. = 𝑟. = 1
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑟

𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)
66. If 𝒖 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 & 𝒗 = 𝒙𝒚 then find 𝝏(𝒖,𝒗)

Sol:
u=x+y v = xy
∂u ∂v
= 𝑢𝑥 = 1 = 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑦
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v
= 𝑢𝑦 = 1 = 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑥
∂y ∂y

𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦 1 1
= |𝑣 𝑣𝑦 | = |𝑦 |=𝑥−𝑦
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑥 𝑥
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣)
Since 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) . 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) = 1

𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 1 1
= =
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝑥 − 𝑦
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝝏(𝒖,𝒗)
67. If 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚, 𝒗 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 & 𝒙 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽, 𝒚 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 thenfind 𝝏(𝒓,𝜽)

𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑣 = 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑥 = rcosθ 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2

∂u ∂v ∂x ∂y
= 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 = cos 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
∂x ∂x ∂r ∂r
∂u ∂v ∂x ∂y
= 2𝑥 = −2𝑦 = −𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
∂y ∂y ∂θ ∂θ

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 45 of 47

 ∂(u,v) ∂(u,v) ∂(x,y)
Since we have ∂(r,θ) = ∗
∂(x,y) ∂(r,θ)

∂(u, v) 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦 2𝑦 2𝑥
= |𝑣 𝑣𝑦 | = |2𝑥 | = −4(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = −4𝑟 2
∂(x, y) 𝑥 −2𝑦
∂(x, y) 𝑥𝑟 𝑥θ cos 𝜃 −𝑟 sin 𝜃
= |𝑦 𝑦θ | = | 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 |=𝑟
∂(r, θ) 𝑟 𝑟 cos 𝜃
∂(u, v) ∂(u, v) ∂(x, y)
= ∗ = (−4𝑟 2 )𝑟
∂(r, θ) ∂(x, y) ∂(r, θ)
∂(u, v)
= −4𝑟 3
∂(r, θ)

68. If 𝒖 = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙 & 𝒗 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 & 𝒘 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 then show that u, v, w, are

functionally dependent and find relation between them.
Sol:
u = xy + yz + zx v = x2 + y2 + z2 w= x+y+z
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑣𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝑤𝑥 = 1
𝑢𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑣𝑦 = 2𝑦 𝑤𝑦 = 1
𝑢𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑣𝑧 = 2𝑧 𝑤𝑧 = 1
𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦 𝑢𝑧 𝑦+𝑧 𝑥+𝑧 𝑥+𝑦
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)
= | 𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑧 | = | 2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧 | = 0
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑤𝑥 𝑤𝑦 𝑤𝑧 1 1 1
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)
=0
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
Hence u,v,w are functionally dependent.
w 2 = (x + y + z)2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2(xy + yz + zx) = u + 2v
w 2 = 𝑢 + 2𝑣

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 46 of 47

Exercise problems:
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
1. If u = xyz, v = x 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , w = x + y + z then find 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
2. If u = x + y + z, uv = y + z, uvw = z then prove that 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤) = u2 𝑣

3. The transformation equations in spherical polar coordinates is

𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
x = r sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 & 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 & 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. Then show that 𝜕(𝑟,𝜃,𝜙 ) = r 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
4. In cylindrical polar coordinates, x = r cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 , 𝑧 = 𝑧. Show that 𝜕(𝑟,𝜃,𝑧 ) = 𝑟
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣)
5. If 𝑥 = 𝑢(1 − 𝑣)& 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 then prove that 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) ∗ 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) = 1
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣)
6. If 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 cos 𝑢 & 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑢 then prove that 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) ∗ 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) = 1

Verify which of the following are functionally dependent or not and find relation between
them.
𝑥+𝑦
7. If 𝑢 = 1−𝑥𝑦 & 𝑣 = tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦
𝑥+𝑦
Ans: 𝑣 = tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 (1−𝑥𝑦) = tan−1(𝑢) ⟹ 𝑣 = tan−1(𝑢)
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥𝑦
8. If 𝑢 = 𝑥−𝑦 & 𝑣 = (𝑥−𝑦)2

𝑥+𝑦 2 (𝑥−𝑦)2 4𝑥𝑦

Ans: 𝑢2 = (𝑥−𝑦) = (𝑥−𝑦)2 + (𝑥−𝑦)2 = 1 + 4𝑣 ⟹ 𝑢2 = 1 + 4𝑣
𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
9. If 𝑢 = 𝑦 , 𝑣 = 𝑥−𝑦
𝑥
𝑥+𝑦 +1 𝑢+1 𝑢+1
𝑦
Ans: 𝑣 = 𝑥−𝑦 = 𝑥 = 𝑢−1 ⟹ 𝑣 = 𝑢−1
−1
𝑦

10. If 𝑢 = sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑦 & 𝑣 = 𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2

Ans: 𝑢 = sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑦 = sin−1 (𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 ) = sin−1 𝑣

11. If 𝑢 = 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 2𝑧 2 , 𝑤 = 𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑦 2
Ans: 𝑤 = 𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑦 2 = 𝑣 − 2𝑧 2 − 4𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑦 2 = 𝑣 − 2(𝑦 + 𝑧)2 = 𝑣 − 2𝑢2
12. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑣 = x 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑤 = x 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
Ans: 𝑤 = x 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(x 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥)
u2 − 𝑣
𝑤 = 𝑢(𝑣 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥) = 𝑢 (𝑣 − ) ⟹ 2𝑤 = 𝑢(3𝑣 − u2 )
2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
13. If 𝑢 = 𝑦−𝑧 , 𝑣 = 𝑧−𝑥 , 𝑤 = 𝑥−𝑦

Ans: 𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣𝑤 + 𝑢𝑤 = −1
14. If u=x+2y+z, v=x−2y+3z and w=2xy−xz+4yz−2z2
Ans: u2−v2=4w.

D. Ashok Reddy, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, RGUKT- Nuzvid Page 47 of 47