Topic: Fortran Programming

Objectives

∙ Basics of Fortran programming

∙ IF conditional statement
∙ DO loops
 Topic: Fortran Programming

FORTRAN program has FOUR elements

Program name

Declaration and initialization of

variables

Main body of the program

Subprogram(s)

Structure of the FORTRAN program

Topic: Fortran Programming

IF conditional statement
Topic: Fortran Programming

Output
Sum 73.5999985
 Topic: Fortran Programming

Output
Sum 73.5999985

Introducing the arrays

Syntax: array_name(length_array) (one-dimensional)
array_name(array_length, array_length) (two-dimensional)
 Topic: Fortran Programming

How do you read this? 1D or 2D array?

Cartesian coordinates of 9 atoms (particles)
a(27) or a(9)
1.2361419 1.0137761 -0.0612424
0.5104418 0.8944555 0.5514190 …
1.9926927 1.1973129 0.4956931
-0.9957202 0.0160415 1.2422556 a(9,3) (1,1) (1,2) (1,3)
-1.4542703 -0.5669741 1.8472817
-0.9377950 -0.4817912 0.4267562 (2,1) (2,2) (2,3)
-0.2432343 -1.0198566 -1.1953808 (3,1) (3,2) (3,3)
0.4367536 -0.3759433 -0.9973297
-0.5031835 -0.8251492 -2.0957959 (4,1) (4,2) (4,3)

∙ Array operations: (5,1) (5,2) (5,3)

∙ a = a + 2.0 (6,1) (6,2) (6,3)

∙ a = a * 2.0 (7,1) (7,2) (7,3)
∙ a=a+a
(8,1) (8,2) (8,3)
∙ a=a*a
∙ a(1,:) = a(1,:) * 2 or a(1,:) = a(1,:) + 2 (9,1) (9,2) (9,3)
 Topic: Fortran Programming

DO Loops

DO LOOP is used to repeat a block of statements.

Syntax

DO index_variable = start, end, step

---
---
END DO

•Index_variable must be 'integer' type

•'step' is optional
Topic: Fortran Programming

Example of DO Loops

do x = 1, 10
m=1
! block 1
n=10
enddo
x=1
do x= m, n*x
m=1
! block 1
n=10
enddo
do x = m, n
! block 1
enddo

m=1
n=10
do x = m, n, 1
! block 1
enddo
 Topic: Fortran Programming

CYCLE and EXIT Statements

• EXIT statement helps in transferring the control outside the DO loop

• CYCLE statement takes the control to the beginning of the next
iteration in the DO loop

Syntax

DO index_variable = start, end, step

! block 1 statements
exit
---
! block 2 statements block 2 statements will not
END DO be executed

Usually both CYCLE and EXIT statements are used along with IF condition
Topic: Fortran Programming

CYCLE and EXIT Statements

• EXIT statement helps in transferring the control outside the DO loop

• CYCLE statement takes the control to the beginning of the next
iteration in the DO loop

do i = 1, 5
if (mod(i, 2) == 0) then
cycle ! Skip even numbers
end if
write (*,*) "Current value:", i
end do
Topic: Fortran Programming

CYCLE and EXIT Statements

• EXIT statement helps in transferring the control outside the DO loop

• CYCLE statement takes the control to the beginning of the next
iteration in the DO loop

do i = 1, 10
if (i > 5) then
exit ! Exit the loop when i exceeds 5
end if
write (*,*) "Current value:", i
end do
 Topic: Fortran Programming

DO WHILE Loops

Syntax

DO WHILE (logical argument)

! block statements

END DO
Topic: Fortran Programming

Example of DO WHILE Loops

i=0
n=10
do while ( i < n)
! block 1
enddo

n=10
i=20
do while (.not. i < n)
! block 1
enddo
 Topic: Fortran Programming

Infinite DO Loops

Syntax
do
DO count = count + 1
! block statements write (*,*) "Loop iteration:",
count
If (logical expression) then if (count >= 5) then
exit exit ! Exit the loop
endif end if
end do
! block statements

END DO
 Topic: Fortran Programming

nested DO loops
Syntax

DO index_variable = start1, end1 do i = 1, 2

! block 1 statements do j = 1, 3
do k = 1, 4
DO index_variable = start2, end2 write (*,*) "i:", i,
! block 2 statements "j:", j, "k:", k
end do
DO index_variable = start3, end3 end do
! block 3 statements end do
END DO
! block 4 statements

END DO
! block 5 statements

END DO
Topic: Fortran Programming

Output
Sum 5050.00000
Topic: Fortran Programming

Output
sum = 0
do i = 1, 5
sum = sum + i
end do

write (*,*) "The SUM is:", sum

Topic: Fortran Programming

Output
do i = 1, 3
do j = 1, 2
write (*,*) i, " * ", j, " = ", (i * j)
end do
end do
Topic: Fortran Programming

Output

do i = 3, 2
write (*,*) i
end do
Topic: Fortran Programming

Write a program that computes the distance a ball travels when thrown at a certain
speed (v0) and angle (θ). Given the initial velocity input by the user, calculate the range
for angles ranging from 5 to 85 degrees in increments of 5 degrees.

Range = -(2*v02/g)cosθsinθ

Note that here θ is radians.

 Topic: Fortran Programming

Tips
∙ Don’t worry about declaring variables initially. Identify the main part of the program
and start writing
∙ All real numbers should be in double precision (add d0 in the end), eg. 10.0d0
∙ Always use indentation, leave black spaces to improve readability
∙ Always use ‘parameter’ in case when assigning the values to integer datatype
∙ Use internal functions to convert datatypes, eg. real(x)
∙ Read compiler error messages more carefully
∙ For debugging, use ‘write’ statement at several places in the program and check for
the output
∙
Topic: Fortran Programming

FORTRAN – Reading material

● Please go through this FORTRAN program for a quick overview,
● https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/fortran95/
● Please go through this document for quick overview of FORTRAN
● https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~mspieg/mmm/Fortran.pdf
● Book: Computer Programming in Fortran 90 and 95, V. Rajaraman