DM unit-wise important questions

I. Introduction To Data Mining: Introduction, What Is Data Mining, Definition, KDD, Challenges, Data
Mining Tasks, Data Preprocessing, Data Cleaning, Missing Data, Dimensionality Reduction, Feature
Subset Selection, Discretization and Binarization, Data Transformation, Measures Of Similarity And
Dissimilarity-Basics.

Questions:

 What is Data Mining? Explain its importance in modern data analysis.

1. How does Data Mining differ from traditional data analysis techniques?
2. What are the main goals of Data Mining?
4. Define KDD. What are its key steps?
5. How is Data Mining related to the KDD process?
6. Why is the KDD process critical in handling large datasets?
7. Discuss some major challenges in Data Mining.
8. How do data quality issues affect the outcomes of Data Mining?
9. Explain the scalability challenge in Data Mining and its possible solutions.
10. What are the primary tasks of Data Mining? Provide examples for each.
11. Explain the difference between clustering and classification tasks in Data Mining.
12. How is anomaly detection used in real-world scenarios?
13. What is data preprocessing? Why is it important?
14. Describe the steps involved in data preprocessing.
15. How does data cleaning improve the quality of the dataset?
16. What is data cleaning? Mention some techniques used in data cleaning.
17. How do you handle missing data in a dataset? Provide examples of techniques used.
18. What is dimensionality reduction? Why is it used in Data Mining?
19. Explain the concept of feature subset selection with an example.
20. How does dimensionality reduction improve the efficiency of Data Mining algorithms?
21. What is discretization? Provide an example of its application.
22. Explain binarization and its importance in data preprocessing.
23. How do discretization and binarization help in Data Mining tasks?
24. What is data transformation? Discuss its role in data preprocessing.
25. Explain any two techniques used in data transformation.
26. Define similarity and dissimilarity. How are they used in Data Mining?
27. What are some common measures of similarity and dissimilarity?
28. Provide examples of applications where similarity measures are critical.What is Data Mining?
Explain its definition and how it relates to Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD).
29. Describe the major challenges faced in Data Mining.
30. Explain the concept of data preprocessing and its importance in Data Mining.
31. What are Measures of Similarity and Dissimilarity? Please provide examples of their basic
applications.
32. Define Data Mining and explain its significance.
33. What is Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD)? Explain its main steps.
34. List and explain any four challenges faced in Data Mining.
35. What are the primary tasks of Data Mining? Provide examples for each.

II.Association Rules: Problem Definition, Frequent Itemsets Generation Association

Rule Mining,
The Apriori Principle, Support and Confidence Measures, Association Generation:
Apriori Algorithm, The Partition Algorithms, FP-Growth Algorithms, Compact
Representation of Frequent Item Set-Maximal Frequent Item Set, Closed Frequent Item
Set,

1. What is the problem definition of association rule mining?

2. Why are association rules important in data mining? Provide real-world examples.
3. Define the terms "antecedent" and "consequent" in association rules.
4. What are frequent itemsets, and how are they generated in association rule mining?
5. Explain the role of frequent itemsets in generating association rules.
6. How do support and confidence measures affect the generation of association rules?
7. State and explain the Apriori Principle with an example.
8. How does the Apriori Principle reduce the computational cost in association rule mining?
9. Why is the Apriori Principle fundamental in frequent itemset generation?
10. Define support and confidence in the context of association rule mining.
11. Why are support and confidence used as measures in evaluating association rules?
12. Provide examples to calculate support and confidence for a given set of transactions.
13. What is the Apriori algorithm? Explain its steps.
14. Describe how the Apriori algorithm identifies frequent itemsets.
15. What are the limitations of the Apriori algorithm, and how can they be addressed?
16. What is the Partition algorithm in association rule mining?
17. How does the Partition algorithm improve the efficiency of frequent itemset generation?
18. Compare the Partition algorithm with the Apriori algorithm.
19. What is the FP-Growth algorithm, and how does it differ from the Apriori algorithm?
20. Explain the construction of the FP tree in the FP-Growth algorithm.
21. What are the advantages of the FP-Growth algorithm over the Apriori algorithm?
22. What is the maximal frequent itemset? How is it identified?
23. Define a closed frequent itemset and explain its significance in association rule mining.
24. Compare maximal frequent itemsets and closed frequent itemsets with examples.
25. Why is compact representation of frequent itemsets important in data mining?

III.Classification: Problem Definition, General Approaches To Solving A Classification

Problem, Evaluation Of Classifiers, Classification Techniques, Decision Trees-
Decision Tree Construction, Methods For Expressing Attribute Test Conditions,
Measures For Best Split, Algorithm For Decision Tree Induction, Naïve-Bayes Classifier,
Bayesian Belief Networks,

1. What is the problem definition of classification in data mining?

2. How does classification differ from clustering?
3. Provide examples of real-world problems where classification is applied.
4. Describe the general approaches to solving a classification problem.
5. What are the key steps in building a classification model?
6. Explain the role of training and testing datasets in classification.
7. What are the common metrics used to evaluate a classifier?
8. Explain the importance of precision, recall, and F1-score in classifier evaluation.
9. What is a confusion matrix, and how is it used in evaluating classification models?
10. Describe the concept of cross-validation and its purpose in evaluating classifiers.
11. List and briefly describe common classification techniques used in data mining.
12. Compare supervised classification with unsupervised classification.
13. Why is it important to select an appropriate classification technique for a specific
problem?
14. What are decision trees, and why are they widely used for classification tasks?
15. Explain the process of constructing a decision tree.
16. What are the methods for expressing attribute test conditions in decision trees?
17. Define and explain measures for the best split in decision tree construction (e.g.,
Gini index, information gain).
18. Outline the algorithm for decision tree induction with an example.
19. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of decision trees.
20. What is the Naïve Bayes classifier, and on what assumption is it based?
21. How is the Naïve Bayes classifier applied to a dataset? Provide an example.
22. What are the strengths and limitations of the Naïve Bayes classifier?
23. What are Bayesian Belief Networks, and how do they differ from the Naïve Bayes
 classifier?
24. Explain the components of a Bayesian Belief Network.
25. How is conditional probability used in Bayesian Belief Networks for classification?
26. Describe an application of Bayesian Belief Networks in real-world scenarios.
27. What is the K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) classification algorithm?
28. Explain the steps involved in the K-NN algorithm with an example.
29. What are the characteristics of the K-NN classification method?
30. Discuss the role of the distance metric in K-NN classification.
31. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the K-NN algorithm?
32. How does the choice of kk (number of neighbors) affect the performance of the K-
NN classifier?

IV Clustering: Problem Definition, Clustering Overview, Evaluation of Clustering

Algorithms, Partition Clustering-K-Means Algorithm, K-Means Additional Issues, PAM
Algorithm
Hierarchical Clustering-Agglomerative and Divisive Methods, Basic Agglomerative
Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm, Specific Techniques, Key Issues In Hierarchical
Clustering, Strengths And Weakness: Outlier Detection

1. What is clustering, and how does it differ from classification?

2. Define the problem of clustering in data mining with examples.
3. Why is clustering considered an unsupervised learning technique?
4. What are the main objectives of clustering in data mining?
5. Describe some common applications of clustering in real-world scenarios.
6. What are the different types of clustering methods, and how are they classified?
7. What are the key metrics used to evaluate clustering algorithms?
8. Explain the concept of intra-cluster and inter-cluster similarity in clustering
evaluation.
9. What is the silhouette coefficient, and how is it used to evaluate clustering quality?
10. Why is the choice of evaluation criteria important in clustering analysis?
11. What is the K-Means algorithm? Explain its steps with an example.
12. What are the criteria for selecting the number of clusters kk in the K-Means
algorithm?
13. Discuss the key issues associated with the K-Means algorithm, such as initialization
and convergence.
14. How does the K-Means algorithm handle outliers?
15. Compare the strengths and weaknesses of the K-Means algorithm.
16. What is the PAM (Partitioning Around Medoids) algorithm, and how does it differ
from K-Means?
17. Describe the steps of the PAM algorithm with an example.
18. What are the advantages of using PAM over K-Means in clustering?
19. What is hierarchical clustering, and how does it differ from partition clustering?
20. Explain the difference between agglomerative and divisive methods in hierarchical
clustering.
21. Outline the steps of the basic agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm.
22. What are the key issues faced in hierarchical clustering, such as time complexity and
scalability?
23. Explain specific linkage techniques used in hierarchical clustering (e.g., single
linkage, complete linkage, average linkage).
24. How does the choice of linkage method affect the clustering results?
25. Describe the role of the dendrogram in hierarchical clustering analysis.
26. What are the strengths of hierarchical clustering methods?
27. Discuss the limitations of hierarchical clustering, particularly in large datasets.
28. Compare hierarchical clustering with partition-based clustering methods.
29. How does hierarchical clustering handle outliers in the data?
30. Explain why outlier detection is important in clustering analysis.
31. Describe techniques used for identifying outliers in clustering.

V Web and Text Mining: Introduction, Web Mining, Web Content Mining, Web
Structure Mining, We Usage Mining, Text Mining- Unstructured Text, Episode Rule
Discovery For Texts, Hierarchy Of Categories, Text Clustering

1. What is web mining, and how does it differ from text mining?
2. Why are web and text mining considered essential in the current digital age?
3. Explain the challenges faced in web and text mining.
4. Define web mining and its key objectives.
5. What are the three major categories of web mining? Briefly describe each.
6. How is web mining applied in e-commerce and social media analysis?
7. What is web content mining, and what types of data does it deal with?
8. Explain how web content mining is used to extract information from multimedia data.
9. Compare web content mining with web structure and web usage mining.
10. Define web structure mining and describe its importance.
11. How does web structure mining analyse the link structure of a website?
12. Discuss the role of algorithms like PageRank in web structure mining.
13. What is web usage mining, and how does it help in understanding user behaviour?
14. Describe the process of web usage mining, including preprocessing and pattern
analysis.
15. How can web usage mining improve website design and personalization?
16. What is text mining, and how does it differ from traditional data mining?
17. Discuss the challenges of working with unstructured text in text mining.
18. Explain the importance of natural language processing (NLP) in text mining.
19. What is unstructured text, and why is it challenging to analyse?
20. Provide examples of sources of unstructured text in the real world.
21. How can unstructured text be converted into structured data for analysis?
22. What is episode rule discovery, and how is it applied to text mining?
23. Explain the concept of temporal relationships in episode rule discovery.
24. Provide an example of using episode rule discovery to analyse sequential data in texts.
25. What is a hierarchy of categories, and how is it used in text mining?
26. Describe how hierarchical classification is applied in text mining tasks.
27. Discuss the role of category hierarchies in organizing large text datasets.
28. What is text clustering, and how does it differ from traditional clustering methods?
29. Explain the key steps in performing text clustering.
30. Discuss the role of similarity measures (e.g., cosine similarity) in text clustering.
31. Provide examples of applications of text clustering in real-world scenarios.