Unit 2D
D) Theorems-IF Hk ane the subspace of v then:
that Hak t6 4 sebpae of v- Hok 's reed ek
subspace of cp
ST. intersection of a. subspaces fsa subspace
union OF 4t need not to be Subspace «Tus
Poof JE is Given ti, Kare the Subispau Of y
Hiv and kLy SUnE cv i
roe have shaw» thae HOK ba subse of y i
One subspace of v =>ocH
K 1S 4 Supspat fv => o€k
OeH, Ser => BEHDE
© tet ay €Hok
GE Hok = Gep lane tex
VE HOK > VeH and vek
UEH, VEH and H % a subspace of
= av ey , avery —® .
UecH, Vek Lae % subipau of
= UW ex Vavex —®
rao £98
UtVe fk VOT eno
: poet EL ay Henne }2).af ltange ie are! hoo. gubiprie Bb
ED. Hee 8 ala a gubspae ‘of vs e
$0)$- DES giver H amd: k cee deo adapt
Htle=} Bi =H 40 Who. Gen, aes
Hey and keV = Hk Sv
We have to show ‘that | Htk Weasley
OV 4 $ a subspace af y dey ae
KB asbhpne OV Seep 4
O=046 = Wher DM, deg K ‘
=o CH+k :
v Ett
G eneg =5%j = =At+k, hee § Bee
V EHtk Veh
@ set G,
+Ka whore het & Ber |
hex, hey and HK Clune under Afoltion
hithey V6ibs HB
f, eK
BEk and kK ke closed Merely ade
tk, =k VE Bek a)
ff (Bit ACB AR, )
= (bib) (GR) ey
eH tk
"=> Kk
vey
Chk, Sine
Fehey
cand Eth ee 4cu ch = Cf ARF
= chrtek, CH4K ‘Sint ch
and thex - een
(GH EHtk ¥ceR, voeeih
TTR 1S a subspaw of :
-3) Define Uavar tomtinatlons. Ard of H-(9 & 4)
wf detarntine whew 6 =; 3] ts or lineon combination
of 6) b,Be or not a
gol Linear combination: Givers 4%... Sp ae
ard given GC. Cy are Sclars ther the vectors 4 of
16 defied by ce - tepy, 8 Called {ryan
m4 7 WY
Ben 3-f ] of) a ia an
Fa e a o8 er Such ia,
eH
Tyo 2CV, + GY, +03¥
d ‘
3 4 s i
dpe Mh alte +. [2 1p ce
B)-<)*Fisl
Gm Waciirtet 2G =p’ es
55st nls ae a =
GPG 8G-UG = 25 can not be expressed 06. fc of Invaiy a
pe A (ov) P : 3
EX [Ad Hie o .
Augqueynto meactrx (8) [3383] G>hite, 4
43
[oe a)
O'8 C-3
7 OO, Og ts
_ NO,
~ Rank (0) = rank (ox
The S4starn 2 ‘nwomsistont . 9) .#
: “BE bau 0 Stet
“a Subspae of v.
eee Spon; debt Gia. Bho
$P0@ V° H=spenty,,
S215 Span (on iHEH D> Fascalar Ger sich that —
ka}
F=aytoy—_O -
Get Fa sealar dids€k such thabi =
Gadi rd.% f
aty =O +0, 4+ 4,Vj+4,V),
2Gitd y+ Cotd)%
= eV, TOV, Where GE atd, +S catean
at coo be wrAtten a3 fineai comb nahin,
{
Hi Vy
1+ Eby 3 VAT ey
H satisty the closure. ON wat +
@® de ceR, aeH
Fens Ja scalar 6, € such thak
KOM + yy
Ca =C {Ovit vp
= (eq Hee
HA t dpi, whew Of = Ce) are)
: dy=cty
cach Veer View1223-74
a4eg-y
PA =6 [ies mn EE) :
A4og 4 0 Le
84, +6q)- AstAy-Jac =o aa *
mM “RAF 24 tay 45-0 —@ °
Qx 7 Wt FI -Yacs | AO
So vine “4.0 €, 4 ® ria
bby Ag F9y—F =O
wy ts tay Been
SAgtIOr, -
SS [Spe
Se hte Gren fis: a | and le
a
lOre =e
93+ 2Ay-2y¢~0 —6)
a 4 @ 6@.
ic 4-4 Yast bay Daca,
BEN iow
WAN t Re ©
© ond 4 © repretend
GZ slits Ay Oy
+ 0 2 Sy #8 tytaty Ye tty-Ne
BM HOA, 134 — Pps’
ie| joofbheot 3] iti cep ' :
spanning Set foe tule
6+ The nul] tits of an MAN Math rn as
of R Show that the set of all solutions oe
A =0 of rm homegenss linear ae a”
Unknoon 4 subsea of Q%
Sols" De & ghe A MXM mate's i
Koch elernent tr) aula by n erties ©
“Nua 6 a subset of 24)
fe nul F CR) 3
a : ped n Pg!
pile oi P) Laveaaged ain tren}
A an 1%, “5 / ra é :
i
sterVenus = av a]
A (OH )= 4 PU+tEY V
j =b40.
alatia5
Oty. Entulp *
® nu cer
FOV ented
G enulp Oe v,
4 (ca) = eae)
ace a
>on a.
CH =O.
NulA is @ Subspace 6p).
z af woz a alors} tien ci ee wes a
* subgpa
So- Ate ae we | EPleavera} abcek
A-3b-C7O D> AzBbte.
BI -FS)
“(Jef
wer age a whew af} ee ‘ai
Meee Vieng“Hoe wort oe
“(2 ]ee sine ease
°
OO -
O deh Gv ew!” , Ms
a- Fi %) eo 2 Ar-3b4i0,
' a
es ‘a t . \
¥ (e| en ' ansbyG=d
a
a Qa
GW = [& ]+fe - Ae:
Gy Gs, 4
Bite |e aay ; 4 fe
o ¢ i
bth &
tes.
ayta,— 3(bi the )- (orrty/)
(ay3bi-) + larder)
=O+0 =0 ‘
U*¥=0° “
ut eto V GV Ee
6 Leb CER and Tew
ae O
ac [ *)
: “
w= [C
i Jew
tt,
Sine cap acby—e6= ¢{ Ar3br-G} adoy
=. CFE, VER | Vqaew -
Ew % 4 Subspace of 3Ps eeu lee) a a
(0%) - HH apes Ry a
YOY Ry Bm rate,
“Oa 4 9 :
eet aue ; Ree
O lS i
[: cole
alee
DQ1a ;
-$ 412]
O 2 Wd.
© 000
fonk (8) = Rank[oaj}
P enup
9) pre
{ri, ellowing eenditions
(2) eh Rose tty) rt Vt Vay ee?
(% 1eB),- ¢T(5) VHER”. Amd cer. |
ee (i) i .
ee rn iy" “fy im tee
ey een an
> Geri => rea) ~r[ gs oe
vers => 105)~ {i} fi 4
* {3} AE) }- [3%
Ait2y,
+(aG+¥) = " ayy -)
drys
Ryt2y,
ne
With 2,2,
= [‘s2*) a [i] 8 me
abet. Sant —
“ tar)=r(g eee va.vee |
ese)oer ey
Tlet)=er(a)’ yoers and ¥ cee: a
“TMS @ finean tronsformatfon rt ;
10) Define keanal AT and fet Ti V00 | bv a Ipieay
tronfrmotion thon. keanal of T 489 Subpawe af y
SOl- kernel of rT; Lek ¥,00, be too vector spews ang
Ti Vow a (ney tram frmalon «The kernloy
ts denoted by fear and defined ae :
ken T=1R fre) =O whew B is the entity 4m of
0 ker TOV ;
© bevesrld)=6 '
0 Ekery
ker? g. ‘ ea ‘
2 Tt Given 1: V0 b a ‘Ueyan, transfor mation
ket ={Gev/Ta)=o toh. Sew}
hy know that Kev T cy :
We have to shove thet Kerr g Subspoe of
® bev > Ted vale
OF kery
, ‘Shea tepe
@ oe Gv CRT at, a
: Géker=sTlaeoyee (uals b Ae
a Vicer, j Me ékerqi “eh
7) Ker & asubspae sof ve F
akof Bal egy ty
of pivot ee inp Sled ut a |
TONKA td try =
N= (no.of Piret Bern) sre oe ron pivot idem
Profe. Th, ANimenSon of tte’ colurevy Space of Di the
numbers of Brot colepns nh
he ganka is thy a. of pi
ivOL colureng of the
Ran leons Rank 4% the ap
an echelon form B of B
Furtha, Sine B has a non-7
of pivot positions in
Lexy LO fos each
Prot posfHor and Sin@ these wos -forn: basis fo
the 2010 spau fy 2, Te Tank of A) 2s oly Be
direen$on of the vow Space,
Thus
Th dimenSon of thy to tren spau of py =The dirernsion of the
Splrte of db,
tne Know
that the dimension °.
number of 8 Varfables 4 ) th
On =0
Snr otter roords thy ATmension
number of wolunene of 8 that ane not
The no-af columns Se ie
De ER
oe non pivot Columns.
F Nu 26 the
uation -a
Sol Be 1 ived Bf Biba} “ane eae
basis foo @ vector space v en
Pa
peer o> “Col. ofS). ae ™
b= TH = CL 14) i ‘ :
charge of Erte be matrix trie Poe |
Ce PU Pile CBJ} ‘
ee: j a
4
® Oren H =-3h +&h, f j | ‘ |
(5), 7 36; +2b+]
86). +806),
~ (Co). 63. (3)]
Paty [2]
= [7 Bhs (2a
seaOG
lue of camesponding i
¥
Is gm o-(3 3] cand Art ands.
det ae fi) G9 a
Ai = AR => (h-al)Ez0
o-ad > .3)-a(i2]
| [ada Bein Sine
feral ale di} 5
owen = FY SEE]
(37) ile (elie care ea
Ant384 20 ; '
aayta,=o —D)
8,147 —@)
4D = >7%=-3,
ala]
=f 3) whew 9, ee
-. ANon-Zery Vector g ~C2) ae oa ;
Di 2AT a sl
Yes A> 215 a Chen vaio of fy
Eigenspez py fsJaee}nie pivot colrpng oh
rank (p)~ Th no- of nen~ cern. sous ofp: Vee
Given p- damm Ze aN
+ Q-Y ) ae
5-6 (0°? RS Gte)
mit rap “ R> Rev SR,
S| ak eee ae *
o-Q's B2& ied
OY 25 ur +
ey 44 ee
o 5, -6-) :
be a eC e RRR,
rietia ba he ' a eoe a
SWO.n2 -«| SSR
(2) Toyaaies
abi ;
‘rank (O)=Th n0-OF pivot columns’ |
ee a8 ;
Basis for Be ! 3)
Beh
& The ago nee
on sts main salud. 4 ts
gol et “Guns id RAY angle cuales» hala
het B vin am | B an Soren fe
2 i ‘
‘
>
Fee ee ah
oe a :
Pee aie
Beat 2 [ M4, 47
: [2 4a. G33 aya a “8 }
oO 45me tae
0 O° aA?" Ave
4 4 , tae Py ee 3
barindin, teatte Oe oa
(ard), t 4240 am acne
(45-2) X3 40 —®, a
Yayta ata 4, tA ttn fom g(p)
Panta Da adD
"qed es; :
40> (a) a2 <0 = 120 (G#, )
> (4A)u-0 A=0 (usa)
he @-a3)% =D base Piviel Solictfon
We know that a % an eigen valye ofp
& 6-aryted hs ¢ Taivial sal ution
Ths (H-a4)¥ Ho. hes a TOP TetVviel solution
OnE A equals one of the devo! entriar Hente
We conclude thet fA % an elaen value of. »- :
Teo A pels diego, eoty of a bony
€) Define similar meatotoes and ff two, :
and B are Similar then they
polynomial aad ‘hen thy same elgen valita.
spit IES given & and B Bre sihyylqy Matrices of
ores nx
A ts smiley BD Jan invertible matrix
Such that Seat
Pees: ee
det (ead nde rto-aa) p) o
» ofelet PY) det (p-a)Gut2)
x ue det Co “al del
= det(p -a?)
The charactevistle a spalyrortal of P and, Bare Same
> The characteristic uation of feo, sel one ie
and B ade Same. 3
“The Eigen valies (oa ace sol of B and. 8
are game Cor eynal ),
4) Consider a non—matstx 0 llth the property that the
property that the colunn Crows) sums all equal to the °
gary number $+ Show “that S& IM agen value of 9.
Dr We given b= CAI nxn Matafx: and ler wf a
AB
than ej nD veely
casresponding to the eigen value 9. f Ef
WW Agi Sint PP)
pe |. Begs
1 a Arg Sp !
93) 432 gee Gay J MD
a % an elgen velox of => Aaear
Oy es Ny DEA, 4,
Osi Oss. “Ap ay Ot
4%) egusiia ay ae
WEA, At -- TAtnin= 4%, —O , a
SiMtaretr--t Unin~ ay, —O)
_—™ir
STR iy ea: a
% ‘D> Aas
6% adh ‘ef, 3 value of #-
& Find ite yaa ae aind apna ;
i eae pe
“t Ws
"liga: Corl
) nt i .
“7d 1% dt (b-a)=0
(3-A)(1-a) +a =6
3 3A-A TAQ 2H
AW -uaes=0
choradenstic
"bE Witae
24
= Yt VSS
vt «eee
aaia
(3-a)(1-a)+220
-3-BALAHA2 =O
N-arl=0 ,
9) heb be Band kt Bef GiT ih and c={ Bi se 1)
be fr b25'5 fos RS wher w-{s] 2)
Oo
°~ dhinactinstle diagonal ten chats det(p-ar)zo
(val es-ar(ra) +4) -3(-ai-9)+4) +3(. 1-(26-89)
a -s- SA-aAtD P+-4)—aCatsaty)+3(-141s-3a) =0
(a) ( auat4) GAtOe a sar pas,
Zs td tJ JAK aye =0
: 0 “Anrayeo Wee
al 1A AHR °
case it Lek a=] Ord hie @- 1a a
a3 tae + #
_ Go) Cea oe 3 aS
[* 3 3
[-s- 76S [Je
a 6h p
5%tR3=O-D =) A, =-
~By- 64 34,=0 —@) => 4 we
3N +31, =o —@ N+AL =O => Ay=Ay_
fe) [a] i) hae eR1S 3.
(3 23)8)-
ae s\ Ss Xi
BA, +B, 1343 =O.
7, Haty=0 ;
Apa Mag 8, vhesthesteds
gakiieeen
See le eae
es fees (3 J tae D
Eeperandicy to the ego valu 3» ne : q
BO hes ge agen veel, yee a es
By choggoa lection theoreny B 16 diego
bagornl mat p i ae J amd intetibe metrig
Oo-r
fer ft
fv . oO
Uy‘ ee siisicbien “a
-(4a, Ava - iin J <—
pp as Vor: 2 WeSC an ae
= [a as ee de®
Paar tat 46 age we ee
ghow that:
Aw diegoralizabl, > J an tovertiole wnatiix P amd
altegana mabix: Dguch - thet
A > Ppp
Ae = (PDP) P
A < pp,(PP)
IA ETS
(etre. : Av | 4 Av ay. Ani}
epatig the corespording 1 tolurons we Pere
AY=ay, » AY=A,V,. .. Wp AM —s)
Sina P is invertfnlk rte elumny
hene the wlurmng, we NON)~2¢:
Sie Vy oe LD
ay Pr 4® See
Ay are igen valug of A.
v, eae tomespond fag ayn “tins
“A ban Lp een vectors er 2
Bich Ao. cyl ia
mei Wom eign vector of pT” 7”
DIF asealar An such thet: Ay =AoVy —
Av FAV, Be 2 ae ol AY AMD
(avi AVs-0¥0') = Ca" Lae ania)
: = pe ea
ACay-<. %) = [WS %) [sxe]
j bah fo ee ae
vee :
i Sma Vii Va-:-% ase Caen vectors of 8
2iy- -+Vp are LBs cond ‘non 200 vector.
Poids -- Wo} ts an. Snvertible
> p'ts cage "
(ap) e! (Pp) 5! eCPp')~ PDP”
‘ACD )=Popt
av-wp! @
Zz ‘an Gannytblas anata and | aicgona archi D
Such that
be ppp!
bok “a apeeicbibaee ee et
: To. Fi gp eagen value of 6. 23 9 Meme eah veto,
Yo gach thot Ob, =a’ i} i
Bi ack sree pik colts ih Ye, nk
ati amatix D ay ie
sith agonal enbia Dedige aad ae
p> (WM Pa) De [ oon w °[ Aa- Ay
ao = j
AW=aM Ay, PAY 4.4 AV. Ay —D ri
29D. be mitten 28%» moabix Form |
(Ay ee PI fam sy +> anv)
A(W¥,, Vp) [v¥---%) Ai O...d } re
ever
0 0--an dee
AP=PD - ". id
a the colin of p “yh oe woe. Pom 2070 vrety
BY isi Vy nye 2) eet , 3
DP & imerhbl antmacbix D such that f= pop!
oe ae teppei
Theorem: DF 0) ¥2---. Vp are ‘eigen vectors “cortapondh 7
distin eigen values A, ,Ay--» An Of am NXP nee
eer Ce Vy HP :
Proofs- 2k % given % ++ --Vpy ave eigen value Lortspondt
ko chetince Op values Anar-dn of an nxn Mable B-
We have tp show that the set f tute Yay % LP we
possitole assume that these 71%. ..Uape LP
We can Find atteast the integers F e such that APp a4
Ec of PF procectt ing vectors
Tin Ja scalars 4, %..-.Gp such tes
Vou =a"; TQ 7+... tap anes (Wy)
MS ply %O with An both side we ge E-
AY 4, = 28% COA. . bapa —@©
BCE ine
Buk fb 15 Given Ay 8 an eigen value of
fox Yoh 2,3--.- 1D ;
9, %an gen value es => F4 Non2er vi .
that Ay 2aAy
a? 7 % 7 wey a —o j
Apt "9 Ob 2D BMA, OF
f Fail BOAY CAMA. tApage, aeian Sto* ee
4 FA1(2/- Ap, OCIA ae
Bupa tapCap-Ap lp 20, = hme
Buk the #F {0G Ve} 45 Lop
i aC a pe=0 5 are Apr) = =O
t 1 Araptapraa. 0 &
= Bub Ay Ar +: An ore distoct eigen values ”
Ape, FO 1 Maye, HO oy
ara, eo
20 3,20 5 -4- -OpzO
gubstitide a0). 4,=0.:.-.Ap=0 me@
ond we get Voey =O Vp OVab .0.Vp x
ry vibe i
Vp4) 72 ;
ub V+. 0, ae non Zem vectors
= tahiehs ts an cortradiction to Vpe- Ban Ron-zew
vectyy oun assumption % nrg ihe
The seb of Gwe. vy a ids
| Stat..and \Pivve Drewes Hoe matty: theoreny: 1 Pet
Treorims het 8 6 an nen martix then At i 1
-fnvertfol. ee only f ‘O's & not an een “
rte know that Deptt an eigen value re
Sf ang only 1 Tf -the eypation on
Si An =0% has & non tival solution
Pne=5 has ‘non _baivel soluchonCael Supfose 0 is any eke Valu of Bey
; hn AT=5 bas a non- bivial solution
Sq Ho FO such thet AR = ,
“DE posstbk asume that exist :
and ux qt O(n’, j-80 :
(Ab)a =O
Tite 2d.“
> F=5 ta wabiadiction to #0
> s does nck existe det (P-02)>0
(o-03)-d has mon thal Suction)
Coes
= Anon has aaa tevial soutivey
> 0 ban degen value OF D
Df p 8 00 tnverhbe thes oan ae ep
Henw 0 %$ nok an.elgen: valuo fp:
# aind ory £-P % vawertible |
Define Ts Rg* by TIAJ=RAK Find a basis of '* With the
peopel thet (yg ts diogonal when 92/53)”
gale De ahve PRR defined by tay
and gen 4 = (oes ;
Ae as eer [3 eI
FSP aeah BAL 4u20
i os )+3[9-8)=0
oe Ur eb AR ont 3 i} ota
Bor? 3 (5 hy o
ot A 8) HO
2 ior “a, t3y=0 —@
40> SA, = 7)
esha,
Pe Rego
efye0 Spat “hi ars] bthe
“fa } re th are en
a apart to the efgn value at ee! \
BBL 95° cing 7-[3)) oa ai
E ‘g “a6 | > (3.3) 0
7 HED
oot 847-34 =0 - =) Anaad
= fi) ‘a a Aya
>
nigh «ih LD
Se | agele do ipo of 3 Ener} a
% + [4 | tan ago oe “srt ft I
value ae
tawertloe roa p» (% fa] = re > eg
ores
alsa Ha 64
pop” “i iC 7
EE) ay mae)
15(3 1
i
fer pes
: a Fy = PoP? arg B= | 3 ; 5 18 a boiS
Thay by the previous theozenn) B-inodl wit
egal to Hegonel THK
end .
deb T8284 we th brantfbeiation rsa
Polynomial ALL) Prato tty Polpoorial AL), te,
@ Find ty vamp of phys apy ye
} Show thak Tha [.7
© Pind thy matty of 1 relative ty ‘iis pace
B-{I tb} and oA ube, aeg-bt et) (atte
ae rear Bee)
o aE tse E Bee!
PLE), 4Cbd EPL :
teh) 7 PLE) ht ple):
alice, > (40k) =] yf)
PEEP, .4(LIEP, > PLEL+4Lt) EP,
@ Weck tg ley) =PleJtyler+ bg reel |
= Plt Hlboe E ple} eee)
=e) +E PCE) + pL FY)
-Trp]thcm) veln,ben
dee Cor amd p(t) ep.
TP) Je cet) +t Perle) rf ‘ “RG
= cele rly : hee
4 -erfrley) Nick vewer a
eT: P, Peas P, 6 a ltoray Tianstnnatin
© co Fae Toye ya
is, = 14%)
eae
= (hobble Ete: oe
Ga. tal
‘jae
vi)eo : be oe. eieth fae KA) Gama ae :
ye tales rie et ae
pe eps rae g LE Pltdag
Ott +O-o 4 LEO
ao. an
MO TH EY EY
eet hae
= oto tee 8 4h
EE
/
The matix of + Felative to the basis Booed c
Er * [Feod, cra, (ree).
PP aia
Dis Oe.
Mor 7 ‘
Bein, - |
Qiao chic Rpeeaeoe
Suppose Ae Pop’ whore Pfs an Inver Hbl matbiy
and D% adiiagone matir fers. the: order nxn
of Bt tty basis for R” formed Lor the lum
of Pp then Dts the B matrty tos the transformation |
T1R°9R? defied by TLA)=AT
poott ket bys b+ By denate Uy Colunys of p
such that B-{ bb. Bh ts abesis of po
det KER Faq scalars a, %-
7H Ip Ck
Such that 4% = yb t2bst.. . teby
a [bubs bo) : x]
ayit gion TCH] 4,
),-CT eon), (reste
Gen >b, ent 5 Tlé Je =8b:
- [Coe Pe}, ~ “ud
-(P’pw Pl ops. - Py]
but h - ppp!
+r ce giter
=Pp =ppppijp
Cb Uee) = Teorey S vb
py Glg~b, ne By
Define complex, Rigen value «Find the egen values
ond cign vectors of 0 - ae : ae eg
BY |
BF Complex Gigen value -— Ba matyix of Orda nxp |
Md 2EC Aa non- ‘Rev vector FEC Such thet
fRAX then we say thet A6° called nee 419%
Wilt and y % called Eigen vectoy.
iL me f= j
4 E33) 3
+a) - a 3) [et ;
uw
[2 eo)BAITED
ae 201)
= -§2feqanp |"
ie
= SANe3e Bid
PRE hah
» tig . ;
Ay are Arg
case OF het A= Mie aces aa 41 hf lec*
gfe AD) i= ot - Ganja ee.
f sea Is) ty eh i
*y
ABiyt3n, 0. =: fate 0)
“Its os apap es Be
1) a @ Dpracd some ee
; 90 DARI
Taek
a ee ee434, 4395° es ta ae |
BA, +4342 =O =D 1H =o Hy)
48.2, © represent gare a
C10) D>rA= =a,
HG)
igen Spawe = 1» (4) piedh
8 (-4) is any ale eigen vector
Lowesponding to thy, Cormpler eigen
value AQ= 4-43protucts det iT be vectaxs ony RP2E7
mobices the numb, UY ts called thy Gnner
Produel of Tandy Db i written AG |
alto reffered os dot poodiuct. a
at ts i ta. vel B.
nae
a: a a Unig eee
= EI i{2] = ity =6
V0 -Vy
= fit )(%) = bt36 = 5.9 |
& Theorems ket 4,09 ond be vectors 2 RY and
het C be @ scalar, Thep
uv -v-a la) = YWyeah
2(u4a-°
~ UV, EU gy, HUgvyts |e es
> SVU EMU, EVgugh. - «
™
safer, =
-(y Wen wf)
LMG J.
mesa)
Go <0 or
5 6 Gay = af vy Utvy
| 4 +] v2 ee a
Tun Yo Unt .
=u") 0, tO) wp Untty) 25
= Ul, tv + Ywot... . tip)
= ula +V0 "
es 4,
(ath) a = to +¥i0
© 8) [2]
7 (ar aegr go.
po © (eur, cy - eo) (#1),
be(ea) Vets oO,
¢(a.- ODec(te) at
vay fat nf) ~
2 chars Yet TUD% ny}
© uy (eudrucerres er unto“)
—{u, Ma “vo ee a afew) %
Cun J.
=O '(v)—@
From 0&8 q
(ca )-¥ =c(a-v) =U (ai)
@ tisily - Pitts. nll)
‘ un
7 NER = uP unt Yn 20
a4 =o S&S aty2... . tee Lay
<> UFO, ua carey
SPO. ite) a
AERIS
OGD aud -Tgepettoe parallelogram buy
—atpomernt Let aw TERM Ther WO WG-yy% = allay
| woof St tg given, GV ER? nN +2 GR
Na+" = (G4¥)- cur) *
eO0 +474 04 407 |
-Wa+a0-0 HI o> _@
ya-vll? > (5-0,)(G-0)
“GU -GV-ey VV 4 pie
Nar aav He —O ,
paltng 40 Ea
aes HG Wg waa V+ Ilva 29H
my? a] VII :
‘Mal heya 2 be? alla ey
i
i
& Define distanw of two vectors and pidot Py tage
theorer.
G0\- Dstane of roo vectors 7 If G7, ER? then the distor
between -two vectors Gard 7% 1s denoted by
Atek(G,9) and defined a8 follows,
dist(a7)=lla- vy
Pythagorean theoverny- TO vectors GV In Rare
Orthogonal if ond arly if ig +¥N oI GH eI Vien?
Povofs— tt ig aren a, VER? -
We axsurne that Gv ang oxthoganal vectors |
We have tp show thaf- Lit Walia me ba Viren
UV one orthogi nef =) 20re ae Fer?
ale assume that
Ngee raPHNVI Vane
We hare 4p Show that a,V ao orthogonal
We know that get? oll GIP eA GVA GYR
Bub yay? +4 qt 25 U V4 THe
au-V-6 ;
Wired Meee Cem
UY ane orth
thogenal vector
8: Fok wf] ¥ (4) bonpule Wl? vil? and
DP
YW Gav ven Pythagorean theorem
$oli- at 6 given a [2] Ve [3] a. a
be A a Se aed
you > aa
2=Otq
fall flyoru? = tqis)(a+3)
lath) Cay)
-fe-4 Wey ~ 2548
yall “rier: 80 tl0) - Bi
213) =pg+vy- 5
- NGEVIY = nel eye VOU eR”
: Bee yihajcan theorem. 13 velfied ae :
1H ar[3] w-(9) on a> (L) ana fs]
show that (4 14 Gey 8 an Orthogorn} basis of Rand
Jirear ombination
express 3 a abe Of th Uy Us143
Goes given Se fOr whee & =
Be dy : (3)
* Gre, aha,
aie 5 a (3 2)
,
ig
Py.«ings |
§ & ip and aim. 323 shag
68 a atic for ae 4
aie ;
. {- see Je sola Gaus €e
Such thet roe
peel
Cl ealeregiy tyett as
Ce 1G
ay he aa a
rae adi f pal 7
i og Onl ay
. °I(8) ~ ae “OE “3S
de i a
oe aD se
UBtn
Tk 44 (2 2 ae
sin aa 5a) 7
~ $18 an ‘otthonesmd get:
os
be YL ti
Te is YR 5
16 VIS [=]
a
cet a6 +. %
16 Tig a
Af ey
ow
Eh (5 0 apeiwoins to F v Km
det He dg, whore
8) say
Sol’
=
a & agra \
He @<3/8)
my HA >
fe SEO Oe
Geeta
a1(paro pp
Doron 2 '
at = OF;
=4-2 ‘) 2
3
=F+ri0-Ig”
oe
* 8 tsan ovther esl Set
aya {a - 3) [& 5
me
= Yrastq
> 3¢ 1 eee
oait, eee) {8} viet
BS fa 7 2
2 Ierute ga
a mee
. §% not an tite, see
Line = geb and solve re , " vector
ge tuirta-- Ug} vohwle Gy = “(4 paid = a]
soit Orthogonal sets 4 set of vectors Mass fig }in
R” 4% said to be osthogonel of Gy +i =0 ae et
Fer A subset of BP? % ike f each por of
vectoss %m. the Sk %s
fimo [4] & 0] ls
rr) OE ae (3]
G4, = 47g, !
D
2 (I-21
( 1/2]
= 0-2t2 =O |
= (01 a] 3]
= D-Aat9 20
Yujed for FF +
: aS* Gi, te} 4 8 fan crthrpre set.
Overn;. See, 2 Op} be an orthogonal bosis fy
_& Shpace wo Af RP. Fox each gr 10. tr ways
>, G's be the & cblcients of ays in the Brean
) DeGj it for jr 9,3. P
4
; re os
prof, Tk is Gren £G1%~. Gp} be an ov thogorn{
Bass for asubspae 1 of R?
Hew > Ja wedights Ci,Cs.. Cp such that,
ye Guy tGGi+... + (Op
e/a < ie
4a (Sears rape) yp pia )
= Surg) +6 (Go)+ + Cay Gr “tole
we hgess Nags UT -G=o, ge in : ‘|
ey GO) telO)+.. +G(4p-G +--+ 6).
Pom caCay-Or) +0 Ga tag a Jr Aeplepih
4 tj Nes heat, i
wok Teo” ow pape
aoe
1 =f aC) tece)r tee a iye. ; +eplef
e4i > G04) |
a = 4G; i‘
J a4 fou frug. p
4= wi bee Tq.
ae ee ast
ut dee w be a subspoe of RO. Then wot 44 @ subspae,
cf RO? ;
gpl Jk & ghen lo 8 Gea ei gee
a abao iat Wis a subse of pq
wap GED [49-0 Hye eop
o-o-[8 ep and let vB lew wn wh
fehl : “ ee i}He > 27-4 <5. Va
% Eat > m4 ~d ya ewe
(4t)U - 24 4RG 7 3
= 046. 7
=0 Vo
Em test! NPS) ae
wT & closed unde edd iting, °
(eke cer pie RX eet
Bes DRG . Yoew
(eR) 8 = c(3-G)
=60
=O ¥ cee = Weeur
ne the Scalay multiplicecti ow
OM by Cram shrnjath orthegone/
a y
om |